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Kondili LA, Lazarus JV, Jepsen P, Murray F, Schattenberg JM, Korenjak M, Craxì L, Buti M. Inequities in primary liver cancer in Europe: The state of play. J Hepatol 2024; 80:645-660. [PMID: 38237866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Given the increasing burden of liver cancer in Europe, it is crucial to investigate how social determinants of health (SDoH) affect liver cancer risk factors and access to care in order to improve health outcomes equitably. This paper summarises the available evidence on the differential distribution of liver cancer risk factors, incidence, and health outcomes in the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom from an SDoH perspective. Vulnerable and marginalised populations have low socio-economic and educational levels and are the most affected by liver cancer risk factors. Reasons for this include varied access to hepatitis B virus vaccination and limited access to viral hepatitis B and C screening, harm reduction, and treatment. Additionally, alcohol-related liver disease remains highly prevalent among individuals with low education, insecure employment, economic instability, migrants, and deprived populations. Moreover, significant variation exists across Europe in the proportion of adults with steatotic liver disease, overweight/obesity, and diabetes, based on geographical area, gender, socio-economic and educational background, and density of ultra-processed food outlets. Inequities in cirrhosis mortality rates have been reported, with the highest death rates among individuals living in socio-economically disadvantaged areas and those with lower educational levels. Furthermore, insufficient healthcare access for key populations with primary liver cancer is influenced by complex healthcare systems, stigmatisation, discrimination, low education, language barriers, and fear of disclosure. These challenges contribute to inequities in liver cancer care pathways. Future studies are needed to explore the different SDoH-interlinked effects on liver cancer incidence and outcomes in European countries. The ultimate goal is to develop evidence-based multilevel public health interventions that reduce the SDoH impact in precipitating and perpetuating the disproportionate burden of liver cancer in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta A Kondili
- National Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, UniCamillus International Medical University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH), New York, NY, USA; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Jepsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Murray
- Beaumont Private Clinic, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Lucia Craxì
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebrón, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Santos JD, Dawson S, Conefrey C, Isaacs T, Khanum M, Faisal S, Paramasivan S. Most UK cardiovascular disease trial protocols feature criteria that exclude ethnic minority participants: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2024; 167:111259. [PMID: 38215800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We systematically reviewed UK cardiovascular disease (CVD) randomized controlled trial (RCT) protocols to identify the proportion featuring eligibility criteria that may disproportionately exclude ethnic minority (EM) participants. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, January 2014-June 2022, to identify UK CVD RCT protocols. We extracted nonclinical eligibility criteria from trial protocols and inductively categorized the trials by their language, consent, and broad (ambiguous) criteria. Findings are narratively reported. RESULTS Of the seventy included RCT protocols, most (87.1%; 61/70) mentioned consent within the eligibility criteria, with more than two-thirds (68.9%; 42/61) indicating a requirement for 'written' consent. Alternative consent pathways that can aid EM participation were absent. English language requirement was present in 22.9% (16/70) of the studies and 37.1% (26/70) featured broad criteria that are open to interpretation and subject to recruiter bias. Only 4.3% (3/70) protocols mentioned the provision of translation services. CONCLUSION Most UK CVD trial protocols feature eligibility criteria that potentially exclude EM groups. Trial eligibility criteria must be situated within a larger inclusive recruitment framework, where ethnicity is considered alongside other intersecting and disadvantaging identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhulia Dos Santos
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shoba Dawson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carmel Conefrey
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Talia Isaacs
- UCL Centre for Applied Linguistics, IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahwar Khanum
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Saba Faisal
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sangeetha Paramasivan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Brockhoven F, Raphael M, Currier J, Jäderholm C, Mody P, Shannon J, Starling B, Turner-Uaandja H, Pashayan N, Arteaga I. REPRESENT recommendations: improving inclusion and trust in cancer early detection research. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1195-1208. [PMID: 37689805 PMCID: PMC10575902 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting cancer early is essential to improving cancer outcomes. Minoritized groups remain underrepresented in early detection cancer research, which means that findings and interventions are not generalisable across the population, thus exacerbating disparities in cancer outcomes. In light of these challenges, this paper sets out twelve recommendations to build relations of trust and include minoritized groups in ED cancer research. The Recommendations were formulated by a range of stakeholders at the 2022 REPRESENT consensus-building workshop and are based on empirical data, including a systematic literature review and two ethnographic case studies in the US and the UK. The recommendations focus on: Long-term relationships that build trust; Sharing available resources; Inclusive and accessible communication; Harnessing community expertise; Unique risks and benefits; Compensation and support; Representative samples; Demographic data; Post-research support; Sharing results; Research training; Diversifying research teams. For each recommendation, the paper outlines the rationale, specifications for how different stakeholders may implement it, and advice for best practices. Instead of isolated recruitment, public involvement and engagement activities, the recommendations here aim to advance mutually beneficial and trusting relationships between researchers and research participants embedded in ED cancer research institutions.
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Grants
- EICEDAAP\100011 Cancer Research UK
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK)
- The International Alliance for Cancer Early Detection, an alliance between Cancer Research UK [EICEDAAP\100011], Canary Center at Stanford University, the University of Cambridge, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, University College London and the University of Manchester.
- This work was supported by the International Alliance for Cancer Early Detection, an alliance between Cancer Research UK [EICEDAAP\100011], Canary Center at Stanford University, the University of Cambridge, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, University College London and the University of Manchester.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Raphael
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Currier
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christina Jäderholm
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Perveez Mody
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jackilen Shannon
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Bella Starling
- Vocal, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ignacia Arteaga
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Early Cancer Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Wallace N, O'Keeffe S, Gardner H, Shiely F. Underrecording and underreporting of participant ethnicity in clinical trials is persistent and is a threat to inclusivity and generalizability. J Clin Epidemiol 2023; 162:81-89. [PMID: 37634704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People from ethnic minority groups are underserved by randomized trials, and poor representation of these groups reduces generalizability of results. There is no guidance on which ethnicity categories are appropriate for use in trials and thus inconsistency exists. The purpose of this study is to establish, in a large sample of trials, if participant ethnicity is recorded, how it is obtained (categories used), and if its reporting varies from its recording. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We reviewed trial documentation for 407 randomized controlled trials published in the UK National Institute of Health Research library from 2016 to 2021. We extracted data on the recording (if it was recorded and the categories used) and reporting (if the categories remained the same as those obtained, or not) of ethnicity for each trial along with demographics. In the analysis we categorized the manner of recording and reporting of ethnicity in the trials according to UK Census ethnicity categories. RESULTS Ethnicity was recorded in 67.3% (n = 274) of trials. The location in the trial report where ethnicity was recorded was available for 42% (n = 116) of trials. The details on how ethnicity was collected (predefined categories or self-defined) was available for 54/274 (20%) of trials and details on the specifics of the categories recorded was available for 44 (16%) trials. Of the 44, 6 of those did not go on to report on ethnicity in the trial report. Of the remaining 38, only 13 reported ethnicity exactly as it had been recorded. Taken as a whole from the 407 trial reports examined 9.3% (38/407) of trials demonstrated exactly how they both recorded, and reported, ethnicity. Authors made reference to whom results were relevant in terms of ethnicity in 80/407 (19.7%). CONCLUSION Ethnicity is underrecorded and underreported in clinical trials. This is a threat to the generalizability of the findings and needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Wallace
- TRAMS (Trials Research and Methodologies Unit), HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stacey O'Keeffe
- TRAMS (Trials Research and Methodologies Unit), HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Heidi Gardner
- Health Services Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Frances Shiely
- TRAMS (Trials Research and Methodologies Unit), HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; HRB Trials Methodology Research Network (TMRN), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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