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Mellouk A, Michel V, Lemâle O, Goossens T, Consuegra J. Glycerides of lauric acid supplementation in the chicken diet enhances the humoral and cellular immune response to infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 274:110802. [PMID: 38924873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Controlling pathogenic infections while reducing antibiotic usage is an important challenge during poultry production. In addition to vaccination strategies, several solutions to enhance the immune response against pathogens are evaluated. In this study, we aim to determine the effects of the glycerides of lauric acid (GLA) supplementation in chickens' diets on humoral and cellular immune response pathogenic infections, using an in vivo model of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). One-day-old Ross 308 broilers were vaccinated with live attenuated IBV and fed diets supplemented with or without GLA at 3 kg/ton. The levels of early (day 7) specific anti-IBV in sera were significantly increased in broilers fed GLA, compared to the control groups (P<0.05), showing a stronger primary humoral response. The secretion levels of main cytokines remained similar in spleens of all the experimental groups. However, the splenocytes from broilers fed GLA showed higher activation and effector abilities when measured by IFN-γ ELISpot in presence of N-261-280 IBV peptide or Concanavalin A (Con A), a pan T lymphocytes mitogen. In response to N-261-280 peptide, GLA group showed a 2-fold increase of spot numbers (P < 0.05) and 3-fold increase of spot surfaces (P < 0.01) compared to the control groups. Similarly, Con A stimulation showed a 2-fold increases in spot surfaces and numbers in the GLA supplemented group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). In summary, GLA supplementation in chicken feed enhances the primary humoral immune response and strengthen the T lymphocytes mediated cellular immune response. These findings demonstrate how GLA can improve chicken resilience against pathogenic challenges by enhancing their immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Mellouk
- Adisseo France S.A.S. European Laboratory of Innovation, Science & Expertise (ELISE), Department of R&I in Monogastric Animal Nutrition, 20 rue Prosper Monnet, Saint Fons 69190, France
| | - Virginie Michel
- Adisseo France S.A.S. European Laboratory of Innovation, Science & Expertise (ELISE), Department of R&I in Monogastric Animal Nutrition, 20 rue Prosper Monnet, Saint Fons 69190, France
| | - Olga Lemâle
- Adisseo France S.A.S. European Laboratory of Innovation, Science & Expertise (ELISE), Department of R&I in Monogastric Animal Nutrition, 20 rue Prosper Monnet, Saint Fons 69190, France
| | - Tim Goossens
- Adisseo France S.A.S. European Laboratory of Innovation, Science & Expertise (ELISE), Department of R&I in Monogastric Animal Nutrition, 20 rue Prosper Monnet, Saint Fons 69190, France
| | - Jessika Consuegra
- Adisseo France S.A.S. European Laboratory of Innovation, Science & Expertise (ELISE), Department of R&I in Monogastric Animal Nutrition, 20 rue Prosper Monnet, Saint Fons 69190, France.
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Shor SM, Schweig SK. The Use of Natural Bioactive Nutraceuticals in the Management of Tick-Borne Illnesses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1759. [PMID: 37512931 PMCID: PMC10384908 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is to provide an evidence-based update of the literature on the use of bioactive phytochemicals, nutraceuticals, and micronutrients (dietary supplements that provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value) in the management of persistent cases of Borrelia burgdorferi infection (Lyme disease) and two other tick-borne pathogens, Babesia and Bartonella species. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of persistent infections. These advances have increasingly enabled clinicians and patients to utilize a wider set of options to manage these frequently disabling conditions. This broader toolkit holds the promise of simultaneously improving treatment outcomes and helping to decrease our reliance on the long-term use of pharmaceutical antimicrobials and antibiotics in the treatment of tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia, and Bartonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Shor
- Internal Medicine of Northern Virginia, George Washington University Health Care Sciences, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Sunjya K Schweig
- California Center for Functional Medicine, Oakland, CA 94619, USA
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de Szalay S, Wertz PW. Protective Barriers Provided by the Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043145. [PMID: 36834554 PMCID: PMC9961209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of an epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The skin surface area is often stated to be about 1.8 to 2 m2 and represents our interface with the environment; however, when one considers that microorganisms live in the hair follicles and can enter sweat ducts, the area that interacts with this aspect of the environment becomes about 25-30 m2. Although all layers of the skin, including the adipose tissue, participate in antimicrobial defense, this review will focus mainly on the role of the antimicrobial factors in the epidermis and at the skin surface. The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is physically tough and chemically inert which protects against numerous environmental stresses. It provides a permeability barrier which is attributable to lipids in the intercellular spaces between the corneocytes. In addition to the permeability barrier, there is an innate antimicrobial barrier at the skin surface which involves antimicrobial lipids, peptides and proteins. The skin surface has a low surface pH and is poor in certain nutrients, which limits the range of microorganisms that can survive there. Melanin and trans-urocanic acid provide protection from UV radiation, and Langerhans cells in the epidermis are poised to monitor the local environment and to trigger an immune response as needed. Each of these protective barriers will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Szalay
- Sarah de Szalay Consulting, LLC, Wesy Milford, NJ 07480, USA
| | - Philip W. Wertz
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tubtimsri S, Weerapol Y, Soontaranon S, Limmatvapirat C, Limmatvapirat S. Monolaurin-Loaded Gel-Like Microemulsion for Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Treatment: Structural Characterisation and In Vitro Antifungal Property. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:87. [PMID: 35292880 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, monolaurin (ML) has received great interest due to its possible use as an alternative antifungal. However, the limited water solubility of ML is still a major obstacle to its formulation and application. Gel-like microemulsions are one of the promising carriers for low-water-solubility substances due to both the advantages of gels and microemulsions and may be applied for ML. In this study, ML was incorporated into gel-like microemulsions and evaluated for its physicochemical and antifungal properties. The results indicated that the properties of gel-like microemulsion changed after the incorporation of ML, suggesting that ML can induce the transition of internal structure. When simulating the oral cavity environment, changes in the microstructure were observed and depended on the times of dilution. The lamellar structure was formed at 1.5-2 times dilution. However, this structure was disrupted after dilution five times or more. The structural change following dilution was associated with the release profiles. After contacting the formulations with the medium, ML was promptly released, with the majority of ML being released within 2 h. Regarding the antifungal assay, the ML-loaded gel-like microemulsions decreased the survival of Candida albicans within 3 h, although ML was immediately released, suggesting that the ML-loaded in oil droplets required time to permeate through the fungal cell wall. Additionally, the gel-like microemulsions possessed acceptable stability after the temperature cycling test. Therefore, gel-like microemulsions can be a possible carrier for ML loading, and ML-loaded gel-like microemulsions may be applied as an alternative antifungal preparation in the future. Graphical abstract.
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Zhang Q, Yi D, Ji C, Wu T, Wang M, Guo S, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Monolaurin Confers a Protective Effect Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection in Piglets by Regulating the Interferon Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 12:797476. [PMID: 35095875 PMCID: PMC8793282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has reemerged as the main pathogen of piglets due to its high mutation feature. Monolaurin (ML) is a natural compound with a wide range of antibacterial and antiviral activities. However, the role of ML in PEDV infection is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ML on the growth performance, intestinal function, virus replication and cytokine response in piglets infected with PEDV, and to reveal the mechanism through proteomics analysis. Piglets were orally administrated with ML at a dose of 100 mg/kg·BW for 7 days before PEDV infection. Results showed that although there was no significant effect on the growth performance of piglets, ML administration alleviated the diarrhea caused by PEDV infection. ML administration promoted the recovery of intestinal villi, thereby improving intestinal function. Meanwhile, PEDV replication was significantly inhibited, and PEDV-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 were decreased with ML administration. Proteomics analyses showed that 38 proteins were differentially expressed between PEDV and ML+PEDV groups and were significantly enriched in the interferon-related pathways. This suggests ML could promote the restoration of homeostasis by regulating the interferon pathway. Overall, the present study demonstrated ML could confer a protective effect against PEDV infection in piglets and may be developed as a drug or feed additive to prevent and control PEDV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changzheng Ji
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Kang S, Guo Y, Rao J, Jin H, You HJ, Ji GE. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by Lactobacillus plantarum pH3A, monolaurin, and grapefruit seed extract. Food Funct 2021; 12:11024-11032. [PMID: 34657941 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01480c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the most common cause of gastritis and gastric ulcers. Considering the severe side effects of current antibiotic therapies, it is crucial to find an alternate treatment for H. pylori infection. In this study, we investigated the anti-H. pylori effects of a newly isolated strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (pH3A), monolaurin, grapefruit seed extract (GSE), and their synergies in vitro and in vivo. Monolaurin and GSE suppressed H. pylori growth and urease activity at a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 ppm. Live cells and cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of L. plantarum pH3A with or without pH adjustment also significantly inhibited H. pylori growth. Although synergy was not observed between monolaurin and GSE, the addition of CFCS significantly enhanced their anti-H. pylori activities. Moreover, L. plantarum pH3A significantly decreased the ability of H. pylori to adhere to AGS cells and interleukin (IL)-8 production in the H. pylori-stimulated AGS cell line. The addition of GSE or monolaurin strengthened these effects. In the in vivo study, H. pylori colonization of the mouse stomach and total serum IgG production were significantly reduced by L. plantarum pH3A treatment, but the addition of monolaurin or GSE did not contribute to these anti-H. pylori activities. Therefore, the L. plantarum pH3A strain can potentially be applied as an alternative anti-H. pylori therapy, but evidence of its synergy with monolaurin or GSE in vivo is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Kang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111'' Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China. .,Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Yaqing Guo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Junhui Rao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111'' Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Bio-MAX/N-BIO, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. .,Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd, Hongcheon 25117, Korea.
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Borrelli L, Varriale L, Dipineto L, Pace A, Menna LF, Fioretti A. Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:620798. [PMID: 33717009 PMCID: PMC7952302 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.620798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic misuse is greatly contributing to an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and animals. Natural and synthetic alternative strategies are being investigated in human and veterinary medicine, but little attention is paid to the antimicrobial effects of edible lipids, such as medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides. Among MCFAs, lauric acid (LA) and its monoglyceride derivative, glycerol monolaurate (GML), exhibit the strongest antimicrobial activity. Coconut and palm kernel oils are considered the main sources of LA. On the other hand, some edible insects (e.g., Hermetia illucens) are gaining interest as novel feed ingredients, due to the high amount of LA they contain as well as their numerous bioactive components, which provide many additional benefits to animal health. Although the beneficial effect of both MCFAs and LA is gradually being recognized, their high content within insects and, consequently, their possible role as antimicrobials, has not been well-reported. This mini review focuses on the anti-infective effects of the insect-derived MCFAs LA and its derivatives. We emphasize the potential of insect lipids, compared to the other vegetable sources, in the current global scenario where a sustainable and circular economy is required. Finally, we critically discuss the use and the benefits of edible insects such as favorable options as feed and food from the perspective of animal and human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Varriale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pace
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia F Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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