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Fukase T, Dohi T, Fujimoto S, Nishio R, Nozaki YO, Kudo A, Takeuchi M, Takahashi N, Chikata Y, Endo H, Kawaguchi YO, Doi S, Nishiyama H, Hiki M, Okai I, Iwata H, Yokoyama T, Okazaki S, Miyauchi K, Daida H, Li D, Xie Y, Minamino T. Relationship between coronary high-intensity plaques on T1-weighted imaging by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and vulnerable plaque features by near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound: a prospective cohort study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2023; 25:4. [PMID: 36710360 PMCID: PMC9885661 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-023-00916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the coronary plaque characterization by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) (NIRS-IVUS), and to determine whether pre-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) evaluation using CMR identifies high-intensity plaques (HIPs) at risk of peri-procedural myocardial infarction (pMI). Although there is little evidence in comparison with NIRS-IVUS findings, which have recently been shown to identify vulnerable plaques, we inferred that CMR-derived HIPs would be associated with vulnerable plaque features identified on NIRS-IVUS. METHODS 52 patients with stable coronary artery disease who underwent CMR with non-contrast T1-weighted imaging and PCI using NIRS-IVUS were studied. HIP was defined as a signal intensity of the coronary plaque-to-myocardial signal intensity ratio (PMR) ≥ 1.4, which was measured from the data of CMR images. We evaluated whether HIPs were associated with the NIRS-derived maximum 4-mm lipid-core burden index (maxLCBI4mm) and plaque morphology on IVUS, and assessed the incidence and predictor of pMI defined by the current Universal Definition using high-sensitive cardiac troponin-T. RESULTS Of 62 lesions, HIPs were observed in 30 lesions (48%). The HIP group had a significantly higher remodeling index, plaque burden, and proportion of echo-lucent plaque and maxLCBI4mm ≥ 400 (known as large lipid-rich plaque [LRP]) than the non-HIP group. The correlation between the maxLCBI4mm and PMR was significantly positive (r = 0.51). In multivariable logistic regression analysis for prediction of HIP, NIRS-derived large LRP (odds ratio [OR] = 5.41; 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 1.65-17.8, p = 0.005) and IVUS-derived echo-lucent plaque (OR = 5.12; 95% CIs 1.11-23.6, p = 0.036) were strong independent predictors. Furthermore, pMI occurred in 14 of 30 lesions (47%) with HIP, compared to only 5 of 32 lesions (16%) without HIP (p = 0.005). In multivariable logistic regression analysis for prediction of incidence of pMI, CMR-derived HIP (OR = 5.68; 95% CIs 1.53-21.1, p = 0.009) was a strong independent predictor, but not NIRS-derived large LRP and IVUS-derived echo-lucent plaque. CONCLUSIONS There is an important relationship between CMR-derived HIP and NIRS-derived large LRP. We also confirmed that non-contrast T1-weighted CMR imaging is useful for characterization of vulnerable plaque features as well as for pre-PCI risk stratification. Trial registration The ethics committee of Juntendo Clinical Research and Trial Center approved this study on January 26, 2021 (Reference Number 20-313).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukase
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Fujimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ryota Nishio
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yui O Nozaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ayako Kudo
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Norihito Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuichi Chikata
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Endo
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuko O Kawaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Doi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Makoto Hiki
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Iwao Okai
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinya Okazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Debiao Li
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yibin Xie
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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Sato S, Matsumoto H, Li D, Ohya H, Mori H, Sakai K, Ogura K, Oishi Y, Masaki R, Tanaka H, Kondo S, Tsujita H, Tsukamoto S, Isodono K, Kitamura R, Komori Y, Yoshii N, Sato I, Christodoulou AG, Xie Y, Shinke T. Coronary High-Intensity Plaques at T1-weighted MRI in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Comparison with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Intravascular US. Radiology 2021; 302:557-565. [PMID: 34904874 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.211463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The histologic nature of coronary high-intensity plaques (HIPs) at T1-weighted MRI in patients with stable coronary artery disease remains to be fully understood. Coronary atherosclerosis T1-weighted characterization (CATCH) enables HIP detection by simultaneously acquiring dark-blood plaque and bright-blood anatomic reference images. Purpose To determine if intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) or lipid is the predominant substrate of HIPs on T1-weighted images by comparing CATCH MRI scans with findings on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) intravascular US (IVUS) images. Materials and Methods This study retrospectively included consecutive patients who underwent CATCH MRI before NIRS IVUS between December 2019 and February 2021 at two facilities. At MRI, HIP was defined as plaque-to-myocardium signal intensity ratio of at least 1.4. The presence of an echolucent zone at IVUS (reported to represent IPH) was recorded. NIRS was used to determine the lipid component of atherosclerotic plaque. Lipid core burden index (LCBI) was calculated as the fraction of pixels with a probability of lipid-core plaque greater than 0.6 within a region of interest. Plaque with maximum LCBI within any 4-mm-long segment (maxLCBI4 mm) greater than 400 was regarded as lipid rich. Multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate NIRS IVUS-derived parameters associated with HIPs. Results There were 205 plaques analyzed in 95 patients (median age, 74 years; interquartile range [IQR], 67-78 years; 75 men). HIPs (n = 42) at MRI were predominantly associated with an echolucent zone at IVUS (79% [33 of 42] vs 8.0% [13 of 163], respectively; P < .001) and a higher maxLCBI4 mm at NIRS (477 [IQR, 258-738] vs 232 [IQR, 59-422], respectively; P < .001) than non-HIPs. In the multivariable model, HIPs were independently associated with an echolucent zone (odds ratio, 24.5; 95% CI: 9.3, 64.7; P < .001), but not with lipid-rich plaque (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI: 0.7, 5.4; P = .20). Conclusion The predominant substrate of T1-weighed MRI-defined high-intensity plaques in stable coronary artery disease was intraplaque hemorrhage, not lipid. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Stuber in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Sato
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Hidenari Matsumoto
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Debiao Li
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Hidefumi Ohya
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Mori
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Koshiro Sakai
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Kunihiro Ogura
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Yosuke Oishi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Ryota Masaki
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Seita Kondo
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Hiroaki Tsujita
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Shigeto Tsukamoto
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Koji Isodono
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Ryoji Kitamura
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Yoshiaki Komori
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshii
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Ikumi Sato
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Anthony G Christodoulou
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Yibin Xie
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Toshiro Shinke
- From the Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan (S.S., H. Matsumoto, K.S., K.O., Y.O., R.M., H. Tanaka, S.K., H. Tsujita, S.T., T.S.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif (D.L., A.G.C., Y.X.); Departments of Cardiology (H.O., K.I., R.K.) and Radiological Technology (I.S.), Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (H. Mori); MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Radiological Technology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (N.Y.)
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