1
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Yin K, Büttner M, Deligiannis IK, Strzelecki M, Zhang L, Talavera-López C, Theis F, Odom DT, Martinez-Jimenez CP. Polyploidisation pleiotropically buffers ageing in hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2024; 81:289-302. [PMID: 38583492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polyploidy in hepatocytes has been proposed as a genetic mechanism to buffer against transcriptional dysregulation. Here, we aim to demonstrate the role of polyploidy in modulating gene regulatory networks in hepatocytes during ageing. METHODS We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing in hepatocyte nuclei of different ploidy levels isolated from young and old wild-type mice. Changes in the gene expression and regulatory network were compared to three independent strains that were haploinsufficient for HNF4A, CEBPA or CTCF, representing non-deleterious perturbations. Phenotypic characteristics of the liver section were additionally evaluated histologically, whereas the genomic allele composition of hepatocytes was analysed by BaseScope. RESULTS We observed that ageing in wild-type mice results in nuclei polyploidy and a marked increase in steatosis. Haploinsufficiency of liver-specific master regulators (HFN4A or CEBPA) results in the enrichment of hepatocytes with tetraploid nuclei at a young age, affecting the genomic regulatory network, and dramatically suppressing ageing-related steatosis tissue wide. Notably, these phenotypes are not the result of subtle disruption to liver-specific transcriptional networks, since haploinsufficiency in the CTCF insulator protein resulted in the same phenotype. Further quantification of genotypes of tetraploid hepatocytes in young and old HFN4A-haploinsufficient mice revealed that during ageing, tetraploid hepatocytes lead to the selection of wild-type alleles, restoring non-deleterious genetic perturbations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a model whereby polyploidisation leads to fundamentally different cell states. Polyploid conversion enables pleiotropic buffering against age-related decline via non-random allelic segregation to restore a wild-type genome. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The functional role of hepatocyte polyploidisation during ageing is poorly understood. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing and BaseScope approaches, we have studied ploidy dynamics during ageing in murine livers with non-deleterious genetic perturbations. We have identified that hepatocytes present different cellular states and the ability to buffer ageing-associated dysfunctions. Tetraploid nuclei exhibit robust transcriptional networks and are better adapted to genomically overcome perturbations. Novel therapeutic interventions aimed at attenuating age-related changes in tissue function could be exploited by manipulation of ploidy dynamics during chronic liver conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yin
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maren Büttner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Computational Health Department, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Liwei Zhang
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Talavera-López
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität Klinikum, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Computational Health Department, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Department of Mathematics, 85748 Garching. Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Duncan T Odom
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Regulatory Genomics and Cancer Evolution (B270), Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB20RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Celia P Martinez-Jimenez
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.
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2
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Nishikawa Y. Aberrant differentiation and proliferation of hepatocytes in chronic liver injury and liver tumors. Pathol Int 2024; 74:361-378. [PMID: 38837539 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury induces liver cirrhosis and facilitates hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the effects of this condition on hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation are unclear. We showed that rodent hepatocytes display a ductular phenotype when they are cultured within a collagenous matrix. This process involves transdifferentiation without the emergence of hepatoblastic features and is at least partially reversible. During the ductular reaction in chronic liver diseases with progressive fibrosis, some hepatocytes, especially those adjacent to ectopic ductules, demonstrate ductular transdifferentiation, but the majority of increased ductules originate from the existing bile ductular system that undergoes extensive remodeling. In chronic injury, hepatocyte proliferation is weak but sustained, and most regenerative nodules in liver cirrhosis are composed of clonally proliferating hepatocytes, suggesting that a small fraction of hepatocytes maintain their proliferative capacity in chronic injury. In mouse hepatocarcinogenesis models, hepatocytes activate the expression of various fetal/neonatal genes, indicating that these cells undergo dedifferentiation. Hepatocyte-specific somatic integration of various oncogenes in mice demonstrated that hepatocytes may be the cells of origin for a broad spectrum of liver tumors through transdifferentiation and dedifferentiation. In conclusion, the phenotypic plasticity and heterogeneity of mature hepatocytes are important for understanding the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases and liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nishikawa
- President's Office, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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Wilson SR, Duncan AW. The Ploidy State as a Determinant of Hepatocyte Proliferation. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:460-471. [PMID: 37967885 PMCID: PMC10862383 DOI: 10.1055/a-2211-2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver's unique chromosomal variations, including polyploidy and aneuploidy, influence hepatocyte identity and function. Among the most well-studied mammalian polyploid cells, hepatocytes exhibit a dynamic interplay between diploid and polyploid states. The ploidy state is dynamic as hepatocytes move through the "ploidy conveyor," undergoing ploidy reversal and re-polyploidization during proliferation. Both diploid and polyploid hepatocytes actively contribute to proliferation, with diploids demonstrating an enhanced proliferative capacity. This enhanced potential positions diploid hepatocytes as primary drivers of liver proliferation in multiple contexts, including homeostasis, regeneration and repopulation, compensatory proliferation following injury, and oncogenic proliferation. This review discusses the influence of ploidy variations on cellular activity. It presents a model for ploidy-associated hepatocyte proliferation, offering a deeper understanding of liver health and disease with the potential to uncover novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra R. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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4
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Yang L, Wang X, Zheng JX, Xu ZR, Li LC, Xiong YL, Zhou BC, Gao J, Xu CR. Determination of key events in mouse hepatocyte maturation at the single-cell level. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1996-2010.e6. [PMID: 37557173 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the liver's predominant cells, perform numerous essential biological functions. However, crucial events and regulators during hepatocyte maturation require in-depth investigation. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to explore the precise hepatocyte development process in mice. We defined three maturation stages of postnatal hepatocytes, each of which establishes specific metabolic functions and exhibits distinct proliferation rates. Hepatic zonation is gradually formed during hepatocyte maturation. Hepatocytes or their nuclei with distinct ploidies exhibit zonation preferences in distribution and asynchrony in maturation. Moreover, by combining gene regulatory network analysis with in vivo genetic manipulation, we identified critical maturation- and zonation-related transcription factors. This study not only delineates the comprehensive transcriptomic profiles of hepatocyte maturation but also presents a paradigm to identify genes that function in the development of hepatocyte maturation and zonation by combining genetic manipulation and measurement of coordinates in a single-cell developmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Xi Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zi-Ran Xu
- PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin-Chen Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu-Long Xiong
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bi-Chen Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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5
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Takeuchi F, Liang YQ, Shimizu-Furusawa H, Isono M, Ang MY, Mori K, Mori T, Kakazu E, Yoshio S, Kato N. Gene-regulation modules in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease revealed by single-nucleus ATAC-seq. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301988. [PMID: 37491046 PMCID: PMC10368228 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from fatty liver to steatohepatitis using single-nucleus and bulk ATAC-seq on the livers of rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Rats fed HFD for 4 wk developed fatty liver, and those fed HFD for 8 wk further progressed to steatohepatitis. We observed an increase in the proportion of inflammatory macrophages, consistent with the pathological progression. Utilizing machine learning, we divided global gene regulation into modules, wherein transcription factors within a module could regulate genes within the same module, reaffirming known regulatory relationships between transcription factors and biological processes. We identified core genes-central to co-expression and protein-protein interaction-for the biological processes discovered. Notably, a large part of the core genes overlapped with genes previously implicated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Single-nucleus ATAC-seq, combined with data-driven statistical analysis, offers insight into in vivo global gene regulation as a combination of modules and assists in identifying core genes of relevant biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Qiang Liang
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hana Shimizu-Furusawa
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Isono
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mia Yang Ang
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Mori
- Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Kakazu
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Katsuda T, Sussman J, Li J, Merrell AJ, Vostrejs W, Secreto A, Matsuzaki J, Ochiya T, Stanger BZ. Evidence for in vitro extensive proliferation of adult hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1436-1450. [PMID: 37352852 PMCID: PMC10362498 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, a method has emerged that endows adult hepatocytes with in vitro proliferative capacity, producing chemically induced liver progenitors (CLiPs). However, there is a growing controversy regarding the origin of these cells. Here, we provide lineage tracing-based evidence that adult hepatocytes acquire proliferative capacity in vitro using rat and mouse models. Unexpectedly, we also found that the CLiP method allows biliary epithelial cells to acquire extensive proliferative capacity. Interestingly, after long-term culture, hepatocyte-derived cells (hepCLiPs) and biliary epithelial cell-derived cells (bilCLiPs) become similar in their gene expression patterns, and they both exhibit differentiation capacity to form hepatocyte-like cells. Finally, we provide evidence that hepCLiPs can repopulate injured mouse livers, reinforcing our earlier argument that CLiPs can be a cell source for liver regenerative medicine. This study advances our understanding of the origin of CLiPs and motivates the application of this technique in liver regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Katsuda
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Sussman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allyson J Merrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Vostrejs
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Secreto
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juntaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Carpentier N, Urbani L, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. The native liver as inspiration to create superior in vitro hepatic models. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1091-1115. [PMID: 36594602 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the major reasons of drug withdrawal during the different phases of drug development. The later in the drug development a drug is discovered to be toxic, the higher the economical as well as the ethical impact will be. In vitro models for early detection of drug liver toxicity are under constant development, however to date a superior model of the liver is still lacking. Ideally, a highly reliable model should be established to maintain the different hepatic cell functionalities to the greatest extent possible, during a period of time long enough to allow for tracking of the toxicity of compounds. In the case of DILI, toxicity can appear even after months of exposure. To reach this goal, an in vitro model should be developed that mimics the in vivo liver environment, function and response to external stimuli. The different approaches for the development of liver models currently used in the field of tissue engineering will be described in this review. Combining different technologies, leading to optimal materials, cells and 3D-constructs will ultimately lead to an ideal superior model that fully recapitulates the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luca Urbani
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Rigual MDM, Sánchez Sánchez P, Djouder N. Is liver regeneration key in hepatocellular carcinoma development? Trends Cancer 2023; 9:140-157. [PMID: 36347768 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the largest organ of the mammalian body and has the remarkable ability to fully regenerate in order to maintain tissue homeostasis. The adult liver consists of hexagonal lobules, each with a central vein surrounded by six portal triads localized in the lobule border containing distinct parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells. Because the liver is continuously exposed to diverse stress signals, several sophisticated regenerative processes exist to restore its functional status following impairment. However, these stress signals can affect the liver's capacity to regenerate and may lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most aggressive liver cancers. Here, we review the mechanisms of hepatic regeneration and their potential to influence HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Rigual
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid, ES-28029, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez Sánchez
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid, ES-28029, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid, ES-28029, Spain.
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9
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Evidence for in vitro extensive proliferation of adult hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522656. [PMID: 36712014 PMCID: PMC9881927 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several years, a method has emerged which endows adult hepatocytes with in vitro proliferative capacity, producing chemically-induced liver progenitors (CLiPs). However, a recent study questioned the origin of these cells, suggesting that resident liver progenitor cells, but not hepatocytes, proliferate. Here, we provide lineage tracing-based evidence that adult hepatocytes acquire proliferative capacity in vitro . Unexpectedly, we also found that the CLiP method allows biliary epithelial cells to acquire extensive proliferative capacity. Interestingly, after long-term culture, hepatocyte-derived cells (hepCLiPs) and biliary-derived cells (bilCLiPs) become similar in their gene expression patterns, and they both exhibit differentiation capacity to form hepatocyte-like cells. Finally, we provide evidence that hepCLiPs can repopulate chronically injured mouse livers, reinforcing our earlier argument that CLiPs can be a cell source for liver regenerative medicine. Moreover, this study offers bilCLiPs as a potential cell source for liver regenerative medicine.
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10
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IL6 supports long-term expansion of hepatocytes in vitro. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7345. [PMID: 36446858 PMCID: PMC9708838 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are very difficult to expand in vitro. A few studies have demonstrated that chemical cocktails with growth factors or Wnt ligands can support long-term expansion of hepatocytes via dedifferentiation. However, the culture conditions are complex, and clonal expansion of hepatic progenitors with full differentiation capacity are rarely reported. Here, we discover IL6, combined with EGF and HGF, promotes long-term expansion (>30 passages in ~150 days with theoretical expansion of ~1035 times) of primary mouse hepatocytes in vitro in simple 2D culture, by converting hepatocytes into induced hepatic progenitor cells (iHPCs), which maintain the capacity of differentiation into hepatocytes. IL6 also supports the establishment of single hepatocyte-derived iHPC clones. The summation of the downstream STAT3, ERK and AKT pathways induces a number of transcription factors which support rapid growth. This physiological and simple way may provide ideas for culturing previously difficult-to-culture cell types and support their future applications.
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11
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De Chiara L, Conte C, Semeraro R, Diaz-Bulnes P, Angelotti ML, Mazzinghi B, Molli A, Antonelli G, Landini S, Melica ME, Peired AJ, Maggi L, Donati M, La Regina G, Allinovi M, Ravaglia F, Guasti D, Bani D, Cirillo L, Becherucci F, Guzzi F, Magi A, Annunziato F, Lasagni L, Anders HJ, Lazzeri E, Romagnani P. Tubular cell polyploidy protects from lethal acute kidney injury but promotes consequent chronic kidney disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5805. [PMID: 36195583 PMCID: PMC9532438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent, often fatal and, for lack of specific therapies, can leave survivors with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We characterize the distribution of tubular cells (TC) undergoing polyploidy along AKI by DNA content analysis and single cell RNA-sequencing. Furthermore, we study the functional roles of polyploidization using transgenic models and drug interventions. We identify YAP1-driven TC polyploidization outside the site of injury as a rapid way to sustain residual kidney function early during AKI. This survival mechanism comes at the cost of senescence of polyploid TC promoting interstitial fibrosis and CKD in AKI survivors. However, targeting TC polyploidization after the early AKI phase can prevent AKI-CKD transition without influencing AKI lethality. Senolytic treatment prevents CKD by blocking repeated TC polyploidization cycles. These results revise the current pathophysiological concept of how the kidney responds to acute injury and identify a novel druggable target to improve prognosis in AKI survivors. Acute kidney injury is frequent, often fatal and can leave survivors with chronic kidney disease. Here the authors show that tubular cell polyploidy reduces early fatality sustaining residual function but promotes chronic kidney disease, which can be prevented by blocking YAP1
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia De Chiara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Carolina Conte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Roberto Semeraro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Paula Diaz-Bulnes
- Translational immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias ISPA, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzinghi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Alice Molli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy.,Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Giulia Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Samuela Landini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Melica
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Anna Julie Peired
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Marta Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Gilda La Regina
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Marco Allinovi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Ravaglia
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Santo Stefano Hospital, Prato, 59100, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Luigi Cirillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy.,Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Francesca Becherucci
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Francesco Guzzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Santo Stefano Hospital, Prato, 59100, Italy
| | - Alberto Magi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy.,Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy (CDCI), Careggi University Hospital, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU Hospital, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Elena Lazzeri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy. .,Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
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12
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Polyploidy and Myc Proto-Oncogenes Promote Stress Adaptation via Epigenetic Plasticity and Gene Regulatory Network Rewiring. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179691. [PMID: 36077092 PMCID: PMC9456078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid cells demonstrate biological plasticity and stress adaptation in evolution; development; and pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The nature of ploidy-related advantages is still not completely understood. Here, we summarize the literature on molecular mechanisms underlying ploidy-related adaptive features. Polyploidy can regulate gene expression via chromatin opening, reawakening ancient evolutionary programs of embryonality. Chromatin opening switches on genes with bivalent chromatin domains that promote adaptation via rapid induction in response to signals of stress or morphogenesis. Therefore, stress-associated polyploidy can activate Myc proto-oncogenes, which further promote chromatin opening. Moreover, Myc proto-oncogenes can trigger polyploidization de novo and accelerate genome accumulation in already polyploid cells. As a result of these cooperative effects, polyploidy can increase the ability of cells to search for adaptive states of cellular programs through gene regulatory network rewiring. This ability is manifested in epigenetic plasticity associated with traits of stemness, unicellularity, flexible energy metabolism, and a complex system of DNA damage protection, combining primitive error-prone unicellular repair pathways, advanced error-free multicellular repair pathways, and DNA damage-buffering ability. These three features can be considered important components of the increased adaptability of polyploid cells. The evidence presented here contribute to the understanding of the nature of stress resistance associated with ploidy and may be useful in the development of new methods for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and oncological diseases.
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13
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Dehn AS, Losick VP. Binucleation ramps up gene expression meeting the physiological demands of an organism. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001639. [PMID: 35613076 PMCID: PMC9132275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ari S. Dehn
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vicki P. Losick
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Polyploidy as a Fundamental Phenomenon in Evolution, Development, Adaptation and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073542. [PMID: 35408902 PMCID: PMC8998937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication during cell proliferation is 'vertical' copying, which reproduces an initial amount of genetic information. Polyploidy, which results from whole-genome duplication, is a fundamental complement to vertical copying. Both organismal and cell polyploidy can emerge via premature cell cycle exit or via cell-cell fusion, the latter giving rise to polyploid hybrid organisms and epigenetic hybrids of somatic cells. Polyploidy-related increase in biological plasticity, adaptation, and stress resistance manifests in evolution, development, regeneration, aging, oncogenesis, and cardiovascular diseases. Despite the prevalence in nature and importance for medicine, agri- and aquaculture, biological processes and epigenetic mechanisms underlying these fundamental features largely remain unknown. The evolutionarily conserved features of polyploidy include activation of transcription, response to stress, DNA damage and hypoxia, and induction of programs of morphogenesis, unicellularity, and longevity, suggesting that these common features confer adaptive plasticity, viability, and stress resistance to polyploid cells and organisms. By increasing cell viability, polyploidization can provide survival under stressful conditions where diploid cells cannot survive. However, in somatic cells it occurs at the expense of specific function, thus promoting developmental programming of adult cardiovascular diseases and increasing the risk of cancer. Notably, genes arising via evolutionary polyploidization are heavily involved in cancer and other diseases. Ploidy-related changes of gene expression presumably originate from chromatin modifications and the derepression of bivalent genes. The provided evidence elucidates the role of polyploidy in evolution, development, aging, and carcinogenesis, and may contribute to the development of new strategies for promoting regeneration and preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
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15
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Abstract
Hepatocytes are liver parenchymal cells involved in performing various metabolic reactions. During the development of therapeutic drugs, toxicological assays are conducted using hepatocyte cultures before clinical trials. However, since primary hepatocytes cannot proliferate and rapidly lose their functions in vitro, many efforts have been put into modifying culture conditions to expand primary hepatocytes and induce hepatocyte functions in intrinsic and extrinsic stem/progenitor cells. In this chapter, we summarize recent advances in preparing hepatocyte cultures and induction of hepatocytes from various cellular sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Okumura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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16
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Anatskaya OV, Vinogradov AE. Whole-Genome Duplications in Evolution, Ontogeny, and Pathology: Complexity and Emergency Reserves. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321050022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Donne R, Sangouard F, Celton-Morizur S, Desdouets C. Hepatocyte Polyploidy: Driver or Gatekeeper of Chronic Liver Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205151. [PMID: 34680300 PMCID: PMC8534039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy, also known as whole-genome amplification, is a condition in which the organism has more than two basic sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy frequently arises during tissue development and repair, and in age-associated diseases, such as cancer. Its consequences are diverse and clearly different between systems. The liver is a particularly fascinating organ in that it can adapt its ploidy to the physiological and pathological context. Polyploid hepatocytes are characterized in terms of the number of nuclei per cell (cellular ploidy; mononucleate/binucleate hepatocytes) and the number of chromosome sets in each nucleus (nuclear ploidy; diploid, tetraploid, octoploid). The advantages and disadvantages of polyploidy in mammals are not fully understood. About 30% of the hepatocytes in the human liver are polyploid. In this review, we explore the mechanisms underlying the development of polyploid cells, our current understanding of the regulation of polyploidization during development and pathophysiology and its consequences for liver function. We will also provide data shedding light on the ways in which polyploid hepatocytes cope with centrosome amplification. Finally, we discuss recent discoveries highlighting the possible roles of liver polyploidy in protecting against tumor formation, or, conversely, contributing to liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Donne
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Precision Immunology Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Flora Sangouard
- Laboratory of Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Laboratory of Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (S.C.-M.); (C.D.)
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Laboratory of Proliferation, Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (S.C.-M.); (C.D.)
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18
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Bailey EC, Kobielski S, Park J, Losick VP. Polyploidy in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040881. [PMID: 34187807 PMCID: PMC8485745 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy is defined as a cell with three or more whole genome sets and enables cell growth across the kingdoms of life. Studies in model organisms have revealed that polyploid cell growth can be required for optimal tissue repair and regeneration. In mammals, polyploid cell growth contributes to repair of many tissues, including the liver, heart, kidney, bladder, and eye, and similar strategies have been identified in Drosophila and zebrafish tissues. This review discusses the heterogeneity and versatility of polyploidy in tissue repair and regeneration. Polyploidy has been shown to restore tissue mass and maintain organ size as well as protect against oncogenic insults and genotoxic stress. Polyploid cells can also serve as a reservoir for new diploid cells in regeneration. The numerous mechanisms to generate polyploid cells provide an unlimited resource for tissues to exploit to undergo repair or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Bailey
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Sara Kobielski
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - John Park
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Vicki P Losick
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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19
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Richter ML, Deligiannis IK, Yin K, Danese A, Lleshi E, Coupland P, Vallejos CA, Matchett KP, Henderson NC, Colome-Tatche M, Martinez-Jimenez CP. Single-nucleus RNA-seq2 reveals functional crosstalk between liver zonation and ploidy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4264. [PMID: 34253736 PMCID: PMC8275628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the role of pathogenic cell populations in development and progression of chronic diseases. In order to expand our knowledge on cellular heterogeneity, we have developed a single-nucleus RNA-seq2 method tailored for the comprehensive analysis of the nuclear transcriptome from frozen tissues, allowing the dissection of all cell types present in the liver, regardless of cell size or cellular fragility. We use this approach to characterize the transcriptional profile of individual hepatocytes with different levels of ploidy, and have discovered that ploidy states are associated with different metabolic potential, and gene expression in tetraploid mononucleated hepatocytes is conditioned by their position within the hepatic lobule. Our work reveals a remarkable crosstalk between gene dosage and spatial distribution of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Richter
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - I K Deligiannis
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K Yin
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A Danese
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E Lleshi
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P Coupland
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C A Vallejos
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - K P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - N C Henderson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Colome-Tatche
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - C P Martinez-Jimenez
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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20
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He L, Pu W, Liu X, Zhang Z, Han M, Li Y, Huang X, Han X, Li Y, Liu K, Shi M, Lai L, Sun R, Wang QD, Ji Y, Tchorz JS, Zhou B. Proliferation tracing reveals regional hepatocyte generation in liver homeostasis and repair. Science 2021; 371:371/6532/eabc4346. [PMID: 33632818 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organ homeostasis is orchestrated by time- and spatially restricted cell proliferation. Studies identifying cells with superior proliferative capacities often rely on the lineage tracing of a subset of cell populations, which introduces a potential selective bias. In this work, we developed a genetic system [proliferation tracer (ProTracer)] by incorporating dual recombinases to seamlessly record the proliferation events of entire cell populations over time in multiple organs. In the mouse liver, ProTracer revealed more hepatocyte proliferation in distinct zones during liver homeostasis, injury repair, and regrowth. Clonal analysis showed that most of the hepatocytes labeled by ProTracer had undergone cell division. By genetically recording proliferation events of entire cell populations, ProTracer enables the unbiased detection of specific cellular compartments with enhanced regenerative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Maoying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ximeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Lai
- Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yong Ji
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jan S Tchorz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Wilkinson PD, Duncan AW. Differential Roles for Diploid and Polyploid Hepatocytes in Acute and Chronic Liver Injury. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:42-49. [PMID: 33764484 PMCID: PMC8056861 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the primary functional cells of the liver that perform essential roles in homeostasis, regeneration, and injury. Most mammalian somatic cells are diploid and contain pairs of each chromosome, but there are also polyploid cells containing additional sets of chromosomes. Hepatocytes are among the best described polyploid cells, with polyploids comprising more than 25 and 90% of the hepatocyte population in humans and mice, respectively. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate hepatic polyploidy have been uncovered, and in recent years, diploid and polyploid hepatocytes have been shown to perform specialized functions. Diploid hepatocytes accelerate liver regeneration induced by resection and may accelerate compensatory regeneration after acute injury. Polyploid hepatocytes protect the liver from tumor initiation in hepatocellular carcinoma and promote adaptation to tyrosinemia-induced chronic injury. This review describes how ploidy variations influence cellular activity and presents a model for context-specific functions for diploid and polyploid hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Wilkinson
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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In Search of Zonation Markers to Identify Liver Functional Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9374896. [PMID: 33425221 PMCID: PMC7775176 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9374896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A substantial amount of research is being conducted on zonation markers to identify hepatic injuries and disorders based on the structural and functional zonation of the liver. In contrast to metabolic zonation, hepatocyte ploidy reflects the capability of liver regenerative turnover. Nonetheless, many knowledge gaps remain in the understanding of the links between liver disorders and altered zonation and ploidy, partially owing to the lack of sufficient zonation markers. Under this setting, we recapitulated the currently known and prospective markers used to identify normal and altered liver zonation in different disorders. Furthermore, we discussed new findings from studies that have used advanced methodologies to identify potential markers with greater accuracy. We also elaborated on the perspectives and future applications of zonation research in the early detection of various liver diseases.
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23
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Mak KM, Shin DW. Hepatic sinusoids versus central veins: Structures, markers, angiocrines, and roles in liver regeneration and homeostasis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1661-1691. [PMID: 33135318 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The blood circulates through the hepatic sinusoids delivering nutrients and oxygen to the liver parenchyma and drains into the hepatic central vein, yet the structures and phenotypes of these vessels are distinctively different. Sinusoidal endothelial cells are uniquely fenestrated, lack basal lamina and possess organelles involved in endocytosis, pinocytosis, degradation, synthesis and secretion. Hepatic central veins are nonfenestrated but are also active in synthesis and secretion. Endothelial cells of sinusoids and central veins secrete angiocrines that play respective roles in hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis. The list of markers for identifying sinusoidal endothelial cells is long and their terminologies are complex. Further, their uses vary in different investigations and, in some instances, could be confusing. Central vein markers are fewer but more distinctive. Here we analyze and categorize the molecular pathways/modules associated with the sinusoid-mediated liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy and chemical-induced acute or chronic injury. Similarly, we highlight the findings that central vein-derived angiocrines interact with Wnt/β-catenin in perivenous hepatocytes to direct gene expression and maintain pericentral metabolic zonation. The proposal that perivenous hepatocytes behave as stem/progenitor cells to provoke hepatic homeostatic cell renewal is reevaluated and newer concepts of broad zonal distribution of hepatocyte proliferation in liver homeostasis and regeneration are updated. Thus, this review integrates the structures, biology and physiology of liver sinusoids and central veins in mediating hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Da Wi Shin
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Prieto-Vila M, Ochiya T, Yamamoto Y. Single-cell qPCR Assay with Massively Parallel Microfluidic System. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3563. [PMID: 33659534 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-cell transcriptome is the set of messenger RNA molecules expressed in one cell. It is extremely variable and changes according to external, physical and biochemical conditions. Due to sensitivity shortages, most of genetic studies use bulk samples, providing only the average gene expression. Single-cell technologies have provided a powerful approach to a more detailed understanding of the heterogenic populations and minority cells. However, since it is still a quite novel technique, standardized protocol has to be established. Single-cell qPCR, although partly limited by the number of genes, is relatively simple to analyze. Therefore, its use is accessible without the necessity to recourse to complex bioinformatics analyses. The main steps for single-cell qPCR, as illustrated in this protocol, are composed by single-cell isolation, cell lysate, cDNA reverse-transcription synthesis, amplification for cDNA library generation, and finally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Prieto-Vila
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Single-Cell and Bulk Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Unique Features of Diploid and Polyploid Hepatocytes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:193-194. [PMID: 31654613 PMCID: PMC6926295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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