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Matsui C, Escandón JM, Mohammad A, Tanaka T, Wynn ET, Mizuno H, Roche N. Clinical applications of the chimeric anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap in head and neck reconstruction. Acta Chir Belg 2023; 123:473-480. [PMID: 35499297 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2022.2073016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication following head and neck surgery. Dead space at the excision site can increase the risk of infection, abscess formation, and mortality. Herein, we evaluated the performance of the chimeric anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap in addressing these concerns. METHODS Patients who underwent oncologic head and neck reconstruction between October 2016 and November 2021 were divided in two groups: a normal ALT flap and a chimeric dead space filling (DSF) ALT-vastus lateralis flap group. We evaluated the postoperative outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-five patients treated with normal ALT flaps (34.7%) and 47 with DSF ALT flap group (65.2%) were included. Only one ALT per case was necessary. Most of the cases involved tongue (31.9%) and lower gingival reconstruction (27.8%). The time to harvest the DSF ALT flap was 134.3 min when compared to the normal ALT flap (116.2 min, p < .001). Vascular occlusion, flap loss, partial necrosis, and fat necrosis were not observed among the different groups. CONCLUSION The DSF process can be used as a preventive measure for SSI or vessel exposure due to radiation-induced skin damage. This flap allows same-site reconstruction if the primary tumor recurs by using the pedicle of the chimeric flap for reattachment of another free flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Matsui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph M Escandón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Strong Memorial Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arbab Mohammad
- Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Ei Thinzar Wynn
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK
| | - Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nathalie Roche
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Kim H, Cha IH, Kim HJ, Nam W, Yang H, Shin G, Lee C, Kim D. Perforators Detected in Computed Tomography Angiography for Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap: Am I the Only One Who Feels Inaccurate? J Clin Med 2023; 12:4139. [PMID: 37373832 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number, location, and pattern of perforators in anterolateral thigh(ALT) flap vary and predicting them preoperatively will aid in reconstructing complex head and neck defects. This article suggests guidelines for utilizing CTA imagery to predict perforators of ALT-free flaps. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 53 Korean patients who underwent reconstruction with ALT flap in our department from March 2021 to July 2022. The location, course, origin, and pedicle lengths predicted in CTA and confirmed in the operation field were recorded and compared. RESULTS Among the 85 intraoperatively-found perforators, 79 were also identified in CTA. Six perforators unidentified in CTA were newly found intraoperatively. The positive predictive value of CTA for the perforator was 100%, with a sensitivity of 79/85 = 92.9%. Of the 79 perforators depicted by the CTA for the flap, CTA and intraoperative findings for the course were consistent in 52 cases, a 9.6 mm median discrepancy being noted between the actual location and CTA. CONCLUSIONS The overall pattern or location of perforation was not significantly different between the two, although some differences were observed. It is suggested that the addition of Doppler imaging, in conjunction with CTA, can aid in perforator detection and help minimize such discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyounmin Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Cha
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Nam
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Yang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibum Shin
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chena Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Bashorun OH, Johnson RM, Johnson EA. Flap Debulking and Secondary Revisions in Head and Neck Reconstruction: A Systematic Review with Clinical Applications. Semin Plast Surg 2023; 37:73-82. [PMID: 36776802 PMCID: PMC9911221 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Flap debulking and secondary revisions are an integral factor in providing optimum outcomes to reconstructive patients. This review article summarizes systematically the available literature on flap debulking in head and neck reconstruction. The clinical applications of debulking techniques are discussed, including fractional direct excision, liposuction, and single-stage excision or planning with skin grafting. New technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunde H. Bashorun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Miami Valley Hospital, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - R. Michael Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Miami Valley Hospital, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Elise A. Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Miami Valley Hospital, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Ross University Medical School, Bridgetown, Barbados
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Shen Y, Li X, Zhang C, Zhong H, Dou W. Differential Subsampling with Cartesian Ordering Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography for the Preoperative Assessment of Anterolateral Thigh Flap. Korean J Radiol 2022; 23:803-810. [PMID: 35762181 PMCID: PMC9340230 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2021.0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinical application of differential subsampling with Cartesian ordering (DISCO) contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance angiography for anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap transplantation, using operative findings as a reference. Materials and Methods Thirty patients (21 males and nine females; mean age ± standard deviation, 45.5 ± 15.6 years) who were scheduled to undergo reconstruction with ALT flaps between June 2020 and June 2021 were included in the prospective study. Before ALT flap transplantation, patients were scanned using CE-DISCO imaging. All acquired DISCO images of the 60 lower limbs (both sides from each patient) were analyzed using maximum intensity projection and volume rendering methods. Two experienced radiologists were employed to examine the patterns of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), its branches, and perforators and their skin termini, which were compared with the operative findings. Results Using CE-DISCO, the patterns of the LCFA and its branches were clearly identified in all patients. Four different origins of the LCFA were found among the 60 blood vessels: type I (44/60, 73.3%), type II (6/60, 10.0%), type III (8/60, 13.3%), and type IV (2/60, 3.3%). Owing to a lack of perforators entering the skin, two patients did not undergo ALT flap transplantation. For the remaining 28 patients, the ALT flaps in 26 patients were successfully operated without flap re-selection during the operation, while the remaining two patients underwent other surgical procedures due to the thin diameter of the perforator or injury of the perforator during the operation. The success rate of flap transplantation was 92.8% (26/28). All transplanted flaps exhibited good blood supply and achieved primary healing without infection or delayed healing. Conclusion CE-DISCO imaging can be an effective method for preoperative perforator imaging before ALT flap transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo Colleage of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiucun Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo Colleage of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo Colleage of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hai Zhong
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo Colleage of Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Weiqiang Dou
- MR Research China, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
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Cohen OD, Abdou SA, Nolan IT, Saadeh PB. Perforator Variability of the Anterolateral Thigh Flap Identified on Computed Tomographic Angiography: Anatomic and Clinical Implications. J Reconstr Microsurg 2020; 36:616-624. [PMID: 32643763 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is a useful flap with minimal donor site morbidity. Preoperative computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for lower extremity reconstruction can determine vessel integrity and plan for recipient vascular targets. This study reviews lower extremity CTAs to further characterize ALT vascular anatomy and associated clinical implications thereof. PATIENTS AND METHODS Lower extremity CTA studies were retrospectively reviewed, and information on ALT cutaneous perforator location, origin, and course was collected. RESULTS A total of 58 lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) systems in 31 patients were included. Average age was 38.8 ± 15.9 years with mean body mass index of 27.2 ± 5.7 kg/m2. The majority of patients were females (23, 74.2%). The LCFA most commonly originated from the profunda femoris artery (87.3%), followed by the distal common femoral artery (9.1%). On average, there were 1.66 ± 0.69 cm perforators per extremity, with an average of 5.38 cm between adjacent perforators. Perforators originated from the descending branch of the LCFA in 89.6% of studies. Perforator caliber was <1 mm (29, 30.2%), 1 to 2 mm (55, 57.3%), or >2 mm (12, 12.5%). Mean distance from the most proximal perforator to the anterior superior iliac spine was 20.4 ± 4.82 cm. Perforators were musculocutaneous (46.9%), septocutaneous (34.4%), or septomyocutaneous (18.8%). In 58.1% of patients, only one thigh had easily dissectable septocutaneous and/or septomyocutaneous perforators, in which case preoperative CTA aided in donor thigh selection. CONCLUSION ALT flap cutaneous perforator anatomy varies considerably. Using CTA, we report on rates of septocutaneous, myocutaneous, and septomyocutaneous perforators and underscore its utility in perforator selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana D Cohen
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Salma A Abdou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ian T Nolan
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Pierre B Saadeh
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
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Abstract
Soft tissue free flaps are used for a variety of head and neck reconstructions. The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has been a versatile tool in head and neck reconstruction since the mainstream use of microvascular anastomosis for free tissue transfer. The ALT flap has a known history of variable vascular anatomy. Most of this variability lies within perforator anatomy and vascular aberrations distal to the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCF). Few vascular aberrancies have been described proximal to the LCF. Here we present a case of report of an ALT whose arterial vascular pedicle was a branch directly off the femoral artery. The case highlights an unusual anatomical variant of the ALT flap, and the importance of a thorough and meticulous dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hamad Sagheer
- Otolaryngology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | - William Reschly
- Otolaryngology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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Zhao F, Chen W, Zhao H, Zhang H, Chen Z, Luo Y, Chen T. Therapeutic effects of anterolateral thigh flap transfer in repairing oral and maxillofacial defects after ablative surgery of neoplasms. MINERVA CHIR 2019; 74:452-457. [PMID: 30600961 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4733.18.07820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the therapeutic effects of anterolateral thigh flap transfer in repairing oral and maxillofacial defects after ablative surgery of neoplasms and to discuss perioperative psychological care. METHODS A total of 80 patients who received oral and maxillofacial surgery for tumor resection in Nanfang Hospital from October 2014 to August 2016 were selected. Patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group, 40 patients in each group. Patients in control group received forearm flap transfer, while patients in observation group were treated with anterolateral thigh flap transfer. RESULTS The survival rate of flap, food intake ability, quality of life and incidence of complication were compared between groups. There was no significant difference in survival rate of the flaps between two groups (P>0.05). No significant difference in food intake was found between groups at 3 months after operation (P>0.05). The UW-QOL scores of the two groups at 1 year after operation were significantly higher than those before operation (P<0.05), and no significant differences in UW-QOL scores were found between two groups at 1 year after operation (P>0.05). Incidence of temporary dysfunction, hyperplastic scar, permanent dysfunction, pigmentation and pruritus was significantly lower in observation group than in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of necrosis between two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that anterolateral thigh flap transfer has similar therapeutic effects to those of forearm flap transfer in repairing oral and maxillofacial defects after ablative surgery of neoplasms and improving food intake and quality of life. But Anterolateral thigh flap transfer can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, so this treatment should be popularized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital (The First School of Clinical Medicine), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China -
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanfang Hospital (The First School of Clinical Medicine), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital (The First School of Clinical Medicine), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital (The First School of Clinical Medicine), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital (The First School of Clinical Medicine), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital (The First School of Clinical Medicine), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang F, Pradhan P, Li N, Jiang C, liu W, Zeng L. Tripaddled Anterolateral Thigh Flap for the Reconstruction of Extensively Full-Thickness Cheek Defects by Stacking Two Skin Paddles as Kiss Pattern. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29:651-654. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lianjun W, Huiming W. [Application of preoperative vascular localization techniques for perforator flaps]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:659-662. [PMID: 29333783 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of microvascular technology, perforator flaps have gradually become a good alternative for reconstruction of tissue defects. However, the major limitations of perforator flaps include uncertainty in predicting anatomical location of perforators and high variability in perforator size and course, which require preoperative localization techniques. Recently, as one of the preoperative localization techniques, computed tomography angiography was used to determine the number, size, course, and exact emerging point of perforator flaps. Clinicians can reduce surgical complications and shorten operative time by using computed tomography angiography. However, only several studies reported clinical applications of computed tomography angiography. This article reviews characteristics, classification, and preoperative location techniques for perforator flaps and its problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lianjun
- Dept. of Implantation, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China;Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wang Huiming
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Yao Z, Huang K, Luo S, Sun L, Zhou H, Wu S, Xiao J. [Reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects with anterolateral thigh (myocutaneous) flap assisted by computed tomography angiography]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:702-708. [PMID: 29798652 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201612132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the efficacy of anterolateral thigh (myocutaneous) flap designed with computed tomography angiography (CTA) to reconstruct oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects. Methods Between January 2011 and December 2015, 23 cases of oral and maxillofacial tumors were treated. There were 14 males and 9 females with the age range from 45 to 72 years (mean, 56.8 years). There were 12 cases of tongue carcinoma, 5 cases of buccal mucosa carcinoma, 4 cases of mouth floor carcinoma, and 2 cases of oropharynx carcinoma; all were squamous cell carcinoma. According to standard TNM staging of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), 8 cases were rated as T 2N 0M 0, 3 cases as T 2N 1M 0, 1 case as T 2N 2M 0, 4 cases as T 3N 0M 0, 2 cases as T 3N 1M 0, 2 cases as T 3N 2M 0, 2 cases as T 4N 1M 0, and 1 case as T 4N 2M 0. The course of disease was 1-6 months (mean, 2.4 months). CTA was performed before operation to locate the perforator vessel and its surface projection of emerging point and to design anterolateral thigh (myocutaneous) flap by computer. The defects of soft tissue ranged from 6 cm×4 cm to 11 cm×7 cm after resection of tumor. The flap was used to repair defects, including 14 thinned anterolateral thigh flaps, 7 anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps, and 2 anterolateral bilobed flaps; and the flap area ranged from 7 cm× 5 cm to 12 cm×8 cm. The donor sites were sutured directly. Results CTA showed that myocutaneous perforators penetrated at the fascias of the vastus lateralis muscles in 22 cases with a location rate of 95.7% (22/23). Submandibular fistula occurred in 1 case at 5 days after operation and fistula healed after changed dressings. Other wounds at recipient site and donor site healed at primary stage. Anastomose with 2 vein was performed because of poor venous return in 1 case, and the flap survived. The other flaps survived well. All the patients were followed up 6-36 months (mean, 16.4 months). At 3 months after operation, the simplified recovery standard of speech function and swallow function was established according to the University of Washington Quality of Life Scale (UW-QOL). The speech and swallow function recovered satisfactorily in 22 cases, and not very satisfactorily in 1 case of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the right mouth floor (T 4N 1M 0). No obvious tissue atrophy was observed in 23 cases. No dysfunction was found at the donor site. There was no tumor recurrence in 21 patients; 1 patient accepted the second operation due to lymphonodi metastasis of contralateral neck at 6 months after first operation, who died after 23 months; 1 patient died of distant metastasis at 10 months after first operation. Conclusion The anterolateral thigh (myocutaneous) flap designed with CTA could well recover the morphology and function of the recipient site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Luzhou Sichuan, 646000, P.R.China
| | - Kui Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Luzhou Sichuan, 646000, P.R.China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Luzhou Sichuan, 646000, P.R.China
| | - Libo Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Luzhou Sichuan, 646000, P.R.China
| | - Hangyu Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Luzhou Sichuan, 646000, P.R.China
| | - Shuangjiang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Luzhou Sichuan, 646000, P.R.China
| | - Jingang Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Luzhou Sichuan, 646000,
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This video article will review the relevant vascular anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap, describe the CT angiography (CTA) image acquisition, and describe how to report the locations of the perforating arteries along with characteristics that may be important to the surgeon. CONCLUSION Our method of performing and reporting CTA for patients scheduled to undergo anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction provides a reproducible method of identifying perforating vessels and communicating their location to surgeons.
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Jiang C, Lin P, Fu X, Shu J, Li H, Hu X, He J, Ding M. Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for anterolateral thigh flap outlining: A retrospective case series of 68 patients. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1067-1074. [PMID: 27446322 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Flap transfer is increasingly used for repairing limb defects secondary to trauma or tumor, and appropriate preoperative planning plays a critical role. The present study aimed to examine the use of three-dimensional (3D) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) in evaluating the blood supply distribution and perforating branch pattern of anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps. Bilateral donor lower limbs were scanned in 68 patients (136 limbs) using a Siemens Avanto 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner with a 3D fast low-angle shot sequence, following the thin-slab maximum intensity projection (TS-MIP) technique. The lateral femoral circumflex artery (LFCA) was visualized in all patients: 101 limbs (101/136, 74.3%) were type I; 20 limbs (20/136, 14.7%) were type II; 3 limbs (3/136, 2.2%) were type III; and 12 limbs (12/136, 8.8%) were type IV. Tertiary branches were identified in 94 limbs (94/136, 69.1%). Donor flaps were outlined according to MRA TS-MIP findings in 4 patients. All flaps survived uneventfully following the transfer. In donor flap outlining, 3D CE-MRA with the TS-MIP technique allowed an accurate, direct visualization of the branching pattern and distribution profile of the LFCA supplying the ALT flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Hand-Foot Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Jinhua College of Profession and Technology, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321007, P.R. China
| | - Jiner Shu
- Department of Radiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Radiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Department of Hand-Foot Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong He
- Department of Radiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
| | - Mingxing Ding
- Department of Medical Sciences, Jinhua College of Profession and Technology, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321007, P.R. China
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Flap raising on pulsatile perfused cadaveric tissue: a novel method for surgical teaching and exercise. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42:1423-7. [PMID: 24938642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercising flap raising procedures on cadavers is considered a prerequisite to prepare for clinical practise. To improve teaching and create conditions as realistic as possible, a perfusion device was developed providing pulsatile flow through the vessels of different donor sites. A plastic bag filled with red stained tab water was placed into a pump, which was driven by an electric motor. The bag was set under rhythmic compression with variable frequency and pressure. The pedicles of the radial forearm, anterolateral thigh, rectus abdominis, fibular and iliac crest flap were cannulated at the origin from their source arteries. Flap raising was performed under pulsatile perfusion in 15 fresh bodies and subsequently in 6 Thiel-embalmed cadavers during a flap raising course. We regularly observed staining of the skin and skin bleeding in fresh bodies and less reliable in embalmed cadavers. All flap pedicles showed pulsatile movements, and the radial pulse became palpable. Most perforators of the anterolateral thigh and osteocutaneous fibular flap could be identified by their pulse. Bleeding from bony tissue and venous return was seldom observed. We conclude that pulsatile perfusion of cadaveric tissue creates more realistic conditions for flap raising and improves teaching for beginners and advanced surgeons.
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Reconstruction of extensive through-and-through cheek defects with free anterolateral thigh flap. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 25:e31-8. [PMID: 24336043 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3182a2edf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical features and therapeutic efficacy of extensive through-and-through cheek defects reconstruction with free anterolateral thigh flap. METHODS A total of 11 patients underwent simultaneous tumor radical resection and through-and-through cheek defects reconstruction with free anterolateral thigh flap. RESULTS In these 11 patients, 7 patients had undergone the reconstruction of through-and-through cheek defects with the folded anterolateral thigh flap (2 skin islands and an intervening de-epithelialized zone); 4 patients had undergone the reconstruction of through-and-through cheek defects with the 2 separate skin paddles anterolateral thigh flap in 1 single pedicle. All of these 11 flaps were free fasciocutaneous anterolateral thigh flaps. The subcutaneous fat thickness of the anterolateral thigh flap is less than 1.5 cm. CONCLUSIONS The free anterolateral thigh flap was one of the versatile soft tissue flaps in the extensive through-and-through cheek defects reconstruction.
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Wide Excision and Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap Reconstruction for Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of the Face. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24:e597-9. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3182a238c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Yang J, Wang B, Zhao Z, Zhou P, Pang F, Sun W. Clinical applications of preoperative perforator planning using CT angiography in the anterolateral thigh perforator flap transplantation. Clin Radiol 2013; 68:568-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dynamic reconstruction of the paralyzed face, part II: Extensor digitorum brevis, serratus anterior, and anterolateral thigh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Soga S, Pomahac B, Wake N, Schultz K, Prior RF, Kumamaru K, Steigner ML, Mitsouras D, Signorelli J, Bueno EM, Enterline DS, Rybicki FJ. CT angiography for surgical planning in face transplantation candidates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 34:1873-81. [PMID: 22878008 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Facial allotransplantation replaces missing facial structures with anatomically identical tissues, providing desired functional, esthetic, and psychosocial benefits far superior to those of conventional methods. On the basis of very encouraging initial results, it is likely that more procedures will be performed in the near future. Typical candidates have extremely complex vascular anatomy due to severe injury and/or multiple prior reconstructive attempts; thus, each procedure is uniquely determined by the defects and vascular anatomy of the candidate. We detail CT angiography vascular mapping, noting the clinical relevance of the imaging, the angiosome concept and noninvasive delineation of the key vessels, and current controversies related to the vascular anastomoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soga
- Department of Radiology, Applied Imaging Science Laboratory
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Wang WH, Deng JY, Li M, Zhu J, Xu B. Preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction in vascularized fibular flap transfer. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011; 40:599-603. [PMID: 22075325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the added value of preoperative computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) and three-dimensional reconstruction of the lower limb in vascularized fibular flap transfer. METHODS Eighteen patients who underwent mandibular or maxillary reconstruction with a vascularized fibular flap were studied retrospectively by image analysis. The original DICOM data of preoperative CTA were analysed and applied to the reconstruction of the lower limb using SimPlant Pro software (version 11.04). RESULTS The course of the peroneal artery in 17 patients was the same except for one patient. The peroneal artery originates from the posterior tibial artery. The original external diameters of the peroneal artery were 2.99 ± 0.64 mm. The perpendicular lengths from fibular head to the origin of the peroneal artery and to the fibular perforator vessel were 42.88 ± 8.84 mm and 174.55 ± 25.62 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION The course of peroneal artery was relatively invariable, its original external diameter was thick. Preoperative CTA and three-dimensional reconstruction of the lower limb, which are noninvasive, accurate and direct-viewing methods, play an important, preoperative role in vascularized fibular flap transfer for lower limb vascular assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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