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Abdou R, Mojally M, Attia HG, Dawoud M. Cubic nanoparticles as potential carriers for a natural anticancer drug: development, in vitro and in vivo characterization. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2463-2474. [PMID: 37010791 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds that elicit anticancer properties are of great interest for cancer therapy. However, the low solubility and bioavailability of these compounds limit their use as efficient anticancer drugs. To avoid these drawbacks, incorporation of these compounds into cubic nanoparticles (cubosomes) was carried out. Cubosomes containing bergapten which is a natural anticancer compound isolated from Ficus carica were prepared by the homogenization technique using monoolein and poloxamer. These cubosomes were characterized for size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, small angle X-ray diffraction, in vitro release, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and antitumor activity. Particle size of cubosomes was 220 ± 3.6 nm with almost neutral zeta potential - 5 ± 1.2 mV and X-ray measurements confirmed the existence of the cubic structure. Additionally, more than 90% of the natural anticancer drug was entrapped within the cubosomes. A sustained release over 30 h was obtained for these cubosomes. Finally, these cubosomes illustrated higher in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor inhibition compared with the free natural anticancer compound. Thus, cubosomes could be promising carriers for enhancement of antitumor efficiency of this natural compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Abdou
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Holy Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariam Mojally
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Holy Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany G Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, 1988, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Dawoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Holy Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan-University, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Li R, Zhang J, Shi J, Yue J, Cui Y, Ye Q, Wu G, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Fu D. An intelligent phase transformation system based on lyotropic liquid crystals for sequential biomolecule delivery to enhance bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2946-2957. [PMID: 36916173 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous repair of critical bone defects is typically hampered by inadequate vascularization in the early stages and insufficient bone regeneration later on. Therefore, drug delivery systems with the ability to couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis in a spatiotemporal manner are highly desirable for vascularized bone formation. Herein, we devoted to develop a liquid crystal formulation system (LCFS) attaining a controlled temporal release of angiogenic and osteoinductive bioactive molecules that could orchestrate the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in an optimal way. It has been demonstrated that the release kinetics of biomolecules depend on the hydrophobicity of the loaded molecules, making the delivery profile programmable and controllable. The hydrophilic deferoxamine (DFO) could be released rapidly within 5 days to activate angiogenic signaling, while the lipophilic simvastatin (SIM) showed a slow and sustained release for continuous osteogenic induction. Apart from its good biocompatibility with mesenchymal stem cells derived from rat bone marrow (rBMSCs), the DFO/SIM loaded LCFS could stimulate the formation of a vascular morphology in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in vitro. The in vivo rat femoral defect models have witnessed the prominent angiogenic and osteogenic effects induced by the sequential presentation of DFO and SIM. This study suggests that the sequential release of DFO and SIM from the LCFS results in enhanced bone formation, offering a facile and viable treatment option for bone defects by mimicking the physiological process of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P. R. China.
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201114, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, P. R. China.
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430066, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P. R. China.
| | - Dehao Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, P. R. China.
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3
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Interplay of Hydropathy and Heterogeneous Diffusion in the Molecular Transport within Lamellar Lipid Mesophases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020573. [PMID: 36839895 PMCID: PMC9959094 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid mesophases are being intensively studied as potential candidates for drug-delivery purposes. Extensive experimental characterization has unveiled a wide palette of release features depending on the nature of the host lipids and of the guest molecule, as well as on the environmental conditions. However, only a few simulation works have addressed the matter, which hampers a solid rationalization of the richness of outcomes observed in experiments. Particularly, to date, there are no theoretical works addressing the impact of hydropathy on the transport of a molecule within lipid mesophases, despite the significant fraction of hydrophobic molecules among currently-available drugs. Similarly, the high heterogeneity of water mobility in the nanoscopic channels within lipid mesophases has also been neglected. To fill this gap, we introduce here a minimal model to account for these features in a lamellar geometry, and systematically study the role played by hydropathy and water-mobility heterogeneity by Brownian-dynamics simulations. We unveil a fine interplay between the presence of free-energy barriers, the affinity of the drug for the lipids, and the reduced mobility of water in determining the net molecular transport. More in general, our work is an instance of how multiscale simulations can be fruitfully employed to assist experiments in release systems based on lipid mesophases.
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4
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Ryan S, Shortall K, Dully M, Djehedar A, Murray D, Butler J, Neilan J, Soulimane T, Hudson SP. Long acting injectables for therapeutic proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Nanostructures as Drug Delivery Systems and Vaccine Platforms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040429. [PMID: 35455426 PMCID: PMC9028109 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyotropic liquid crystals result from the self-assembly process of amphiphilic molecules, such as lipids, into water, being organized in different mesophases. The non-lamellar formed mesophases, such as bicontinuous cubic (cubosomes) and inverse hexagonal (hexosomes), attract great scientific interest in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology. In the present review, an overview of the engineering and characterization of non-lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline nanosystems (LLCN) is provided, focusing on their advantages as drug delivery nanocarriers and innovative vaccine platforms. It is described that non-lamellar LLCN can be utilized as drug delivery nanosystems, as well as for protein, peptide, and nucleic acid delivery. They exhibit major advantages, including stimuli-responsive properties for the “on demand” drug release delivery and the ability for controlled release by manipulating their internal conformation properties and their administration by different routes. Moreover, non-lamellar LLCN exhibit unique adjuvant properties to activate the immune system, being ideal for the development of novel vaccines. This review outlines the recent advances in lipid-based liquid crystalline technology and highlights the unique features of such systems, with a hopeful scope to contribute to the rational design of future nanosystems.
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6
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Preparation and Characterization of Bioadhesive Monoolein Cubosomes as Carriers for Captopril. J Pharm Innov 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-022-09618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abourehab MA, Ansari MJ, Singh A, Hassan A, Abdelgawad MA, Shrivastav P, Abualsoud BM, Amaral LS, Pramanik S. Cubosomes as an emerging platform for drug delivery: a state-of-the-art review. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2781-2819. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based drug delivery nanoparticles, including non-lamellar type, mesophasic nanostructured materials of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), have been a topic of interest for researchers for their applications in encapsulation of drugs...
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Bala R, Sindhu RK, Kaundle B, Madaan R, Cavalu S. The prospective of liquid crystals in nano formulations for drug delivery systems. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Mehta CH, Narayan R, Acharya S, Nayak UY. Design and development of surface modified epigallocatechin 3-gallate NanoCubogel for localized delivery to oral submucous fibrosis therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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NMR spectroscopy of lipidic cubic phases. Biophys Rev 2021; 14:67-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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11
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Dully M, Ceresnakova M, Murray D, Soulimane T, Hudson SP. Lipid Cubic Systems for Sustained and Controlled Delivery of Antihistamine Drugs. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3777-3794. [PMID: 34547899 PMCID: PMC8493555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Antihistamines are capable of blocking mediator responses in allergic reactions including allergic rhinitis and dermatological reactions. By incorporating various H1 receptor antagonists into a lipid cubic phase network, these active ingredients can be delivered locally over an extended period of time owing to the mucoadhesive nature of the system. Local delivery can avoid inducing unwanted side effects, often observed after systematic delivery. Lipid-based antihistamine delivery systems are shown here to exhibit prolonged release capabilities. In vitro drug dissolution studies investigated the extent and release rate of two model first-generation and two model second-generation H1 antagonist antihistamine drugs from two monoacyglycerol-derived lipid models. To optimize the formulation approach, the systems were characterized macroscopically and microscopically by small-angle X-ray scattering and polarized light to ascertain the mesophase accessed upon an incorporation of antihistamines of varying solubilities and size. The impact of encapsulating the antihistamine molecules on the degree of mucoadhesivity of the lipid cubic systems was investigated using multiparametric surface plasmon resonance. With the ultimate goal of developing therapies for the treatment of allergic reactions, the ability of the formulations to inhibit mediator release utilizing RBL-2H3 mast cells with the propensity to release histamine upon induction was explored, demonstrating no interference from the lipid excipient on the effectiveness of the antihistamine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dully
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Miriama Ceresnakova
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - David Murray
- COOK
Ireland Limited, O’Halloran
Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick V94 N8X2, Ireland
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sarah P. Hudson
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research
Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy,
Co. Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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12
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Dully M, Bhattacharya S, Verma V, Murray D, Thompson D, Soulimane T, Hudson SP. Balanced lipase interactions for degradation-controlled paclitaxel release from lipid cubic phase formulations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:978-991. [PMID: 34571316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipid cubic phase (LCP) formulations enhance the intestinal solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs by reducing precipitation and facilitating their mass transport to the intestinal surface for absorption. LCPs with an ester linkage connecting the acyl chain to the glycerol backbone (monoacylglycerols), are susceptible to chemical digestion by several lipolytic enzymes including lipases, accelerating the release of hydrophobic agents from the lipid bilayers of the matrix. Unlike regular enzymes that transform soluble substrates, lipolytic enzymes act at the interface of water and insoluble lipid. Therefore, compounds that bind to this interface can enhance or inhibit the activity of enzymes to varying extent. Here, we explore how the lipolysis rate can be tuned by the interfacial interaction of porcine pancreatic lipase with monoolein LCPs containing a known lipase inhibitor, tetrahydrolipstatin. Release of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class IV drug, paclitaxel, from the inhibitor-modified LCP was examined in the presence of lipase and its effectors colipase and calcium. By combining experimental dynamic digestion studies, thermodynamic measurements and molecular dynamics simulations of the competitive inhibition of lipase by tetrahydrolipstatin, we reveal the role and mode of action of lipase effectors in creating a precisely-balanced degradation-controlled LCP release system for the poorly soluble paclitaxel drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dully
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Shayon Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - David Murray
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co., Limerick, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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Okada A, Todo H, Itakura S, Hijikuro I, Sugibayashi K. A Lipid-Based Depot Formulation with a Novel Non-lamellar Liquid Crystal Forming Lipid. Pharm Res 2021; 38:503-513. [PMID: 33638122 PMCID: PMC7909736 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-lamellar liquid crystal (NLLC)-forming lipids have gained attention as a novel component because of their ability to self-assemble upon contact with body fluids. In this study, a novel NLLC-forming lipid, mono-O-(5, 9, 13-trimethyl-4-tetradecenyl) glycerol ester (C17MGE), and a model drug with a middle molecule weight, leuprolide acetate (LA), were used to confirm the usefulness of C17MGE as an excipient for depot formulations with sustained release properties. METHODS A self-constructed depot formulation was prepared by mixing C17MGE and different types of phospholipids. The constructed NLLC structure was evaluated using small angle X-ray analysis and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. In vitro release and blood concentration profiles of LA were investigated. RESULTS The NLLC structure was confirmed by small angle X-ray analysis. LA release was able to be modified by adding different ratios of various phospholipids to C17MGE. Formulations containing 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol sodium salt with a mixing ratio of 12% or 24% (MDOPG12 or MDOPG24, respectively) exhibited sustained release profiles of LA. In addition, the blood concentration of LA was detected over 21 days or more after administration of MDOPG12, and the absolute bioavailability was calculated to be about 100%. CONCLUSIONS A depot formulation using C17MGE was useful to achieve sustained release of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Okada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Shoko Itakura
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hijikuro
- Farnex Co., Inc., Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Venture Plaza, 4259-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
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Abstract
The aim of this work is to survey the potential of cubogel as an ocular dosage form to boost the corneal permeability of Dorzolamide Hydrochloride DZ; an antiglaucomal drug. DZ-loaded cubosomal dispersions were prepared according to Box-Behnken design, where the effect of independent variables; Monoolein MO concentration (2.5, 5 and 7.5%w/w), Pluronic® F127 concentration (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%w/w) and magnetic stirrer speed of (400, 800 and 1200 rpm) was studied on PS (nm), Zp (−mV) and Q 2 h (%) respectively. The prepared formulae were characterized via drug content DC (%), particle size PS (nm), polydispersity index PDI, zeta potential Zp (−mV), in-vitro drug release (Q 2 h%) and finally TEM. The optimized formulation composed of: 6.13% w/w of MO, 0.75% w/w of F127 and prepared at 1200 rpm stirring speed was chosen based on the criteria of minimum PS (nm), maximum Zp (−mV) and minimum Q 2 h (%). Results revealed that the optimum formula showed PS of 153.3 ± 8.4 n, Zp of 32 ± 3 −mV and 37.78 ± 1.3% released after 2 h. Carbopol 934 (1% w/v) as gelling agent was used to prepare the optimum cubogel, which was further evaluated by DSC, ex-vivo permeation and stability studies at 4 °C for three months. Moreover, in vivo studies of the optimized cubogel include; draize test, histological examination, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. Results revealed that the optimized cubogel was considerably safe, stable and competent to corneal delivery as assured by draize and histological examination. CLSM showed a deeper penetration of more than 2.5-fold. A higher bioavailability (288.24 mg. h/ml) was attained from cubogel compared to the market product Trusopt® eye drops (115.40 mg. h/ml) following IOP measurement. Therefore, DZ-loaded cubogel could be considered as promising delivery system to boost the transcorneal permeation hence corneal bioavailability of DZ as antiglaucomal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinar Sayed
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Cairo University Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Maha Mohamed Amin
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Cairo University Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt
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Dully M, Brasnett C, Djeghader A, Seddon A, Neilan J, Murray D, Butler J, Soulimane T, Hudson SP. Modulating the release of pharmaceuticals from lipid cubic phases using a lipase inhibitor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 573:176-192. [PMID: 32278949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipid cubic phase formulations have gained recognition as potential controlled delivery systems for a range of active pharmaceutical and biological agents on account of their desirable physiochemical properties and ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. The most widely studied lipid cubic systems are those of the monoacylglycerol lipid family. These formulations are susceptible to lipolysis by a variety of enzymes, including lipases and esterases, which attack the ester bond present on the lipid chain bridging the oleic acid component to the glycerol backbone. The release of poorly soluble molecules residing in the lipid membrane portions of the phase is limited by the breakdown of the matrix; thus, presenting a potential means for further controlling and sustaining the release of therapeutic agents by targeting the matrix stability and its rate of degradation. The aims of the present study were twofold: to evaluate an approach to regulate the rate of degradation of lipid cubic phase drug delivery systems by targeting the enzyme interactions responsible for their demise; and to study the subsequent drug release profiles from bulk lipid cubic gels using model drugs of contrasting hydrophobicity. Here, hybrid materials consisting of cubic phases with monoacylglycerol lipids of different chain lengths formulated with a potent lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin were designed. Modulation of the release of a hydrophobic model pharmaceutical, a clofazimine salt, was obtained by exploiting the matrices' enzyme-driven digestion. A stable cubic phase is described, displaying controlled degradation with at least a 4-fold improvement compared to the blank systems shown in inhibitor-containing cubic systems. Sustained release of the model hydrophobic pharmaceutical was studied over 30 days to highlight the advantage of incorporating an inhibitor into the cubic network to achieve tunable lipid release systems. This is done without negatively affecting the structure of the matrix itself, as shown by comprehensive small-angle x-ray scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dully
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christopher Brasnett
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Djeghader
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Annela Seddon
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom; Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - John Neilan
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Murray
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - James Butler
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
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Milak S, Chemelli A, Glatter O, Zimmer A. Vancomycin Loaded Glycerol Monooleate Liquid Crystalline Phases Modified with Surfactants. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E521. [PMID: 32521610 PMCID: PMC7356114 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of two tuning agents, polyglycerol ester (PE) and triblock copolymer (TC), on the properties of glycerol monooleate (MO) liquid crystalline phase (LCP) was investigated to achieve the therapeutic concentration of vancomycin hydrochloride (VHCl) into the eye, topically during 60 min (1 h) and intravitreally during 2880 min (48 h). Different techniques were used to elucidate the impact of surfactants on the structure of the LCP: polarized light microscopy (PLM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and in vitro release tests I and II (simulating local and intravitreal application in the eye). The structure analysis by SAXS depicts that the inclusion of PE into the MO LCP provided partial transition of a hexagonal phase into a lamellar phase, and TC induced a partial transition of a hexagonal phase into an LCP which identification was difficult. The LCP modulated with PE and TC demonstrated different VHCl's release patterns and were evaluated by comparing our release data with the literature data. The comparison indicated that the LCP modulated with 30% w/w PE could be a promising VHCl delivery system intravitreally during 2880 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spomenka Milak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Angela Chemelli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.C.); (O.G.)
| | - Otto Glatter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.C.); (O.G.)
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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Abraham A, Chan E, Park H. Fast understanding of phases and phase separation in liquid crystal drug delivery systems using deuterium solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 106:101642. [PMID: 32035327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of lipid based (SPC/GDO/H2O) liquid crystal (LC) drug delivery system is non-trivial and highly complex, especially when multiple and intermediate phases are present. The phase behavior of such mixtures during hydration or delivery is still poorly understood and therefore, characterizing these systems is crucially important towards controlling their function and enhancing the understanding of their drug release behavior. Current work has established an easy way to identify liquid crystal phases and phase mixtures using deuterium (2H) solid-state nuclear magnetic (NMR) spectroscopy under static conditions without disrupting the three dimensional structure and phases, as magic-angle spinning (MAS) could lead to disruption of the phases. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique and optical microscopy were also employed to corroborate the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuji Abraham
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Materials Science and Engineering, Drug Product Science and Technology, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
| | - Eric Chan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Materials Science and Engineering, Drug Product Science and Technology, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Park
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Materials Science and Engineering, Drug Product Science and Technology, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
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Controlled release of a model hydrophilic high molecular weight compound from injectable non-lamellar liquid crystal formulations containing different types of phospholipids. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:118944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Structure and Functional Characterization of Membrane Integral Proteins in the Lipid Cubic Phase. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5104-5123. [PMID: 32113953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lipid cubic phase (LCP) has been used extensively as a medium for crystallizing membrane proteins. It is an attractive environment in which to perform such studies because it incorporates a lipid bilayer. It is therefore considered a useful and a faithful biomembrane mimetic. Here, we bring together evidence that supports this view. Biophysical characterizations are described demonstrating that the cubic phase is a porous medium into and out of which water-soluble molecules can diffuse for binding to and reaction with reconstituted proteins. The proteins themselves are shown to be functionally reconstituted into and to have full mobility in the bilayered membrane, a prerequisite for LCP crystallogenesis. Spectroscopic methods have been used to characterize the conformation and disposition of proteins in the mesophase. Procedures for performing activity assays on enzymes directly in the cubic phase have been reported. Specific examples described here include a kinase and two transferases, where quantitative kinetics and mechanism-defining measurements were performed directly or via a coupled assay system. Finally, ligand-binding assays are described, where binding to proteins in the mesophase membrane was monitored directly by eye and indirectly by fluorescence quenching, enabling binding constant determinations for targets with affinity values in the micromolar and nanomolar range. These results make a convincing case that the lipid bilayer of the cubic mesophase is an excellent membrane mimetic and a suitable medium in which to perform not only crystallogenesis but also biochemical and biophysical characterizations of membrane proteins.
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20
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Wang X, Huang L, Zhang Y, Meng F, Donoso M, Haskell R, Luo L. Tunable Two-Compartment On-Demand Sustained Drug Release Based on Lipid Gels. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:1059-1067. [PMID: 31629734 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The binary-lipid system of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and glycerol dioleate (GDO) can hydrate to gels on contacting with aqueous mediums, which has emerged as a versatile and promising delivery matrix for extended drug release applications. In the present work, we have characterized the gelation process of this SPC/GDO lyotropic gel (SGLG) system by rheology and evaluated the drug release profiles from the SGLG formulations with different SPC/GDO mass ratios. Our study has demonstrated that simply adjusting the SPC/GDO mass ratio can tune the lipid gelation behavior and modulate the drug release profiles. More importantly, the drug release from the SGLG formulations follows a two-compartment (fast and slow release compartments) release kinetics that has not been reported before. We posit that the fast release compartment corresponds to the passive diffusion of the drug during the early stage of the gel formation. After the boundary gel phase generation, the drug release is then dominated by the slow diffusion process from SGLG. The pharmacokinetic studies in rats match well with the in vitro studies, suggesting that the binary-lipid formulation is an excellent candidate for on-demand sustained drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liping Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Center for Mathematical Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Scientific Computing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fanling Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Maria Donoso
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | | | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492.
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21
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Zhai J, Fong C, Tran N, Drummond CJ. Non-Lamellar Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Lipid Nanoparticles for the Next Generation of Nanomedicine. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6178-6206. [PMID: 31082192 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonlamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) lipid nanomaterials have emerged as a promising class of advanced materials for the next generation of nanomedicine, comprising mainly of amphiphilic lipids and functional additives self-assembling into two- and three-dimensional, inverse hexagonal, and cubic nanostructures. In particular, the lyotropic liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles (LCNPs) have received great interest as nanocarriers for a variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic small molecule drugs, peptides, proteins, siRNAs, DNAs, and imaging agents. Within this space, there has been a tremendous amount of effort over the last two decades elucidating the self-assembly behavior and structure-function relationship of natural and synthetic lipid-based drug delivery vehicles in vitro, yet successful clinical translation remains sparse due to the lack of understanding of these materials in biological bodies. This review provides an overview of (1) the benefits and advantages of using LCNPs as drug delivery nanocarriers, (2) design principles for making LCNPs with desirable functionalities for drug delivery applications, (3) current understanding of the LLC material-biology interface illustrated by more than 50 in vivo, preclinical studies, and (4) current patenting and translation activities in a pharmaceutical context. Together with our perspectives and expert opinions, we anticipate that this review will guide future studies in developing LCNP-based drug delivery nanocarriers with the objective of translating them into a key player among nanoparticle platforms comprising the next generation of nanomedicine for disease therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhai
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Celesta Fong
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Nhiem Tran
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
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22
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Ghanbari R, Assenza S, Zueblin P, Mezzenga R. Impact of Molecular Partitioning and Partial Equilibration on the Estimation of Diffusion Coefficients from Release Experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5663-5671. [PMID: 30929450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work addresses the effect of partial equilibration and molecular partitioning on the interpretation of release experiments. In this regard, it is shown how release profiles and the values of extracted transport parameters are affected by the time protocol chosen for sample collection by considering a series of experiments where the latter is systematically varied. Caffeine is investigated as a main model drug because of its similar affinity for water and lipids, while monolinolein-based lipid cubic phases are chosen as host matrices because of their wide employment in release studies. Our findings point to a progressive decline in diffusion rate upon increasing the time step, that is, the gap in time between two consecutive pickups, which is a signature of increasing equilibration of caffeine concentration between the lipidic mesophase and the water phase. Furthermore, the amount of released molecules at the first pickup displays negligible changes for large time steps, indicating complete equilibration in such cases. A model is introduced based on Fick's diffusion which goes beyond the assumption of perfect-sink conditions, a common feature of the typical theoretical approaches hitherto developed. The model is shown to account quantitatively for the experimental data and is subsequently employed to clarify the interplay of the adopted release protocol with the various transport parameters in determining the final outcome of the release process. Particularly, two additional molecular drugs are considered, namely glucose and proflavine, which are, respectively, more hydrophilic and hydrophobic than caffeine, thus allowing elucidating the role of molecular partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanbari
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science & Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health , ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Assenza
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science & Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health , ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Patrick Zueblin
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science & Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health , ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science & Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health , ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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23
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Mircioiu C, Voicu V, Anuta V, Tudose A, Celia C, Paolino D, Fresta M, Sandulovici R, Mircioiu I. Mathematical Modeling of Release Kinetics from Supramolecular Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E140. [PMID: 30901930 PMCID: PMC6471682 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Embedding of active substances in supramolecular systems has as the main goal to ensure the controlled release of the active ingredients. Whatever the final architecture or entrapment mechanism, modeling of release is challenging due to the moving boundary conditions and complex initial conditions. Despite huge diversity of formulations, diffusion phenomena are involved in practically all release processes. The approach in this paper starts, therefore, from mathematical methods for solving the diffusion equation in initial and boundary conditions, which are further connected with phenomenological conditions, simplified and idealized in order to lead to problems which can be analytically solved. Consequently, the release models are classified starting from the geometry of diffusion domain, initial conditions, and conditions on frontiers. Taking into account that practically all solutions of the models use the separation of variables method and integral transformation method, two specific applications of these methods are included. This paper suggests that "good modeling practice" of release kinetics consists essentially of identifying the most appropriate mathematical conditions corresponding to implied physicochemical phenomena. However, in most of the cases, models can be written but analytical solutions for these models cannot be obtained. Consequently, empiric models remain the first choice, and they receive an important place in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Mircioiu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Victor Voicu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Valentina Anuta
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Andra Tudose
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti⁻Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Germaneto - Catanzaro (CZ) 88100, Italy.
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Germaneto - Catanzaro (CZ) 88100, Italy.
| | - Roxana Sandulovici
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Biostatistics, Titu Maiorescu University, 004051 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ion Mircioiu
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Titu Maiorescu University, 004051 Bucharest, Romania.
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24
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Ghanbari R, Assenza S, Mezzenga R. The interplay of channel geometry and molecular features determines diffusion in lipidic cubic phases. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:094901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanbari
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Assenza
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Leung SSW, Leal C. The stabilization of primitive bicontinuous cubic phases with tunable swelling over a wide composition range. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1269-1277. [PMID: 30462135 PMCID: PMC6876301 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the pseudo-ternary phase diagram of glycerol monooleate (GMO), a cationic lipid (DOTAP - 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), and a "PEGylated" lipid (DOPE-PEG - 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000 kDa]) in excess water. We use small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) to map out a phase diagram in a regime of low DOPE-PEG content (1-5 mol%), which is pertinent for the application of lipid systems as carriers of biomolecular cargo to cells. Pure GMO is known to self-assemble into bicontinuous cubic phases of the gyroid type at low water content and of the diamond type in excess water. These complex structures have numerous advantages reaching beyond drug delivery, e.g. as protein crystallization matrices, but their formulation is challenging as very small contents of guest molecules can shift the phase behavior towards other geometries such as the lamellar phase. In this work, we show that the ternary GMO/DOTAP/DOPE-PEG system allows the stabilization of bicontinuous cubic phases in excess water over a wide composition range. The symmetry of the phase can be tuned by varying the amount of PEGylated lipid, with the primitive type dominating at low DOPE-PEG content (1-3 mol%) and the diamond phase arising at 5 mol% DOPE-PEG. In addition, we found that the diamond phase is virtually non-responsive to electrostatic swelling. In contrast, primitive bicontinuous cubic lattice dimensions swell up in equilibrium to 650 Å with increased cationic lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry S W Leung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA.
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26
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Onorato JM, Xu C, Chen XQ, Rose AV, Generaux C, Lentz K, Shipkova P, Arthur S, Hennan JK, Haskell R, Myers MC, Lawrence RM, Finlay HJ, Basso M, Bostwick J, Fernando G, Garcia R, Hellings S, Hsu MY, Zhang R, Zhao L, Gargalovic P. Linking (Pyr) 1apelin-13 pharmacokinetics to efficacy: Stabilization and measurement of a high clearance peptide in rodents. Anal Biochem 2018; 568:41-50. [PMID: 30605634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin, the endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor, has generated interest due to its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Synthesized as a 77 amino acid preproprotein, apelin is post-translationally cleaved to a series of shorter peptides. Though (Pyr)1apelin-13 represents the major circulating form in plasma, it is highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation and has an extremely short half-life, making it challenging to quantify. Literature reports of apelin levels in rodents have historically been determined with commercial ELISA kits which suffer from a lack of selectivity, recognizing a range of active and inactive isoforms of apelin peptide. (Pyr)1apelin-13 has demonstrated beneficial hemodynamic effects in humans, and we wished to evaluate if similar effects could be measured in pre-clinical models. Despite development of a highly selective LC/MS/MS method, in rodent studies where (Pyr)1apelin-13 was administered exogenously the peptide was not detectable until a detailed stabilization protocol was implemented during blood collection. Further, the inherent high clearance of (Pyr)1apelin-13 required an extended release delivery system to enable chronic dosing. The ability to deliver sustained doses and stabilize (Pyr)1apelin-13 in plasma allowed us to demonstrate for the first time the link between systemic concentration of apelin and its pharmacological effects in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Onorato
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA.
| | - Carrie Xu
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Anne V Rose
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Claudia Generaux
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Kimberley Lentz
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Petia Shipkova
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Susan Arthur
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - James K Hennan
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Roy Haskell
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Michael C Myers
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - R Michael Lawrence
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Michael Basso
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bostwick
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Samuel Hellings
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Mei-Yin Hsu
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Peter Gargalovic
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
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27
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Rarokar NR, Khedekar PB, Bharne AP, Umekar MJ. Development of self-assembled nanocarriers to enhance antitumor efficacy of docetaxel trihydrate in MDA-MB-231 cell line. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:1056-1068. [PMID: 30572051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanocarriers (SANs) as a novel colloidal controlled delivery for docetaxel trihydrate (DTX) were engineered by high-pressure homogenization method to overcome the several clinical problems. Drug-excipient compatibility was studied using DSC and FTIR spectroscopy. The fabricated SANs was characterized by particle size, zeta potential, and SEM. QbD based central composite design of experiment was employed for formula optimization. The cell viability of DTX-hydroalcoholic solution (DTX-HA) and DTX-loaded SANs has been determined in MDA-MB-231 cell line by MTT assay. The stability study of selected SANs formulations were carried out at various storage conditions as per ICH guidelines. The summary of results obtained shows high drug content with higher entrapment efficiency (91.23 ± 3.41% w/w) of DTX-loaded SANs. It shows diffusion controlled release of DTX over the period of 12 h which is higher than DTX-HA solution, releases the DTX within 4 h. The MTT assay expressed lower cellular viability and improved cell inhibition leads to increase cytotoxicity of formulations towards cells. The stability study reveals stability of DTX-loaded SANs formulations at various storage conditions over a period of three months. The strong experimental evidence confirms the SANs as an effective approach to formulate the controlled delivery system of antineoplastics with improved stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh R Rarokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, M.S. 440033, India.
| | - Pramod B Khedekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, M.S. 440033, India
| | - Ashish P Bharne
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur 440037, India
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur 441002, India
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28
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Lan Z, Lee MY, Chun E, Liu B, Liu W. Overview of Biochemical Assays in Lipidic Cubic Phase. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 44:295-299. [PMID: 30243833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel biochemical methods to efficiently characterize membrane protein (MP) properties in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) is important for studying complicated MPs and their multimeric complexes. Here, we summarize recent LCP-related assays and provide an outlook on their applications in structure and function studies of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Lan
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Ming-Yue Lee
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Eugene Chun
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA.
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29
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Assenza S, Mezzenga R. Curvature and bottlenecks control molecular transport in inverse bicontinuous cubic phases. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:054902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5019224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Assenza
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Matloub AA, AbouSamra MM, Salama AH, Rizk MZ, Aly HF, Fouad GI. Cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles containing a polysaccharide from Ulva fasciata with potent antihyperlipidaemic activity. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:224-231. [PMID: 30166920 PMCID: PMC6111190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study involves the preparation of cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles (cubsomes) for liver targeting to assess the potential of a formulated bioactive polysaccharide isolated from the hot aqueous extract of Ulva fasciata as an alternative natural agent with anti-hyperlipidaemic activity. Cubosomal nanoparticles were prepared by disrupting the cubic gel phase of the polysaccharide and water in the presence of a surfactant. Different lipid matrices and stabilizers were tested. All the formulations were in the nanosize range and showed sufficient negative charge to inhibit the aggregation of the cubosomes. Drug entrapment efficiencies (EEs%) were determined and in vitro release studies were performed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry were used to analyze the loaded cubosomal nanoparticles containing glyceryl monostearate (GMO 2.25 g), poloxamer 407 (0.25 g) and 50 mg of the polysaccharide. A preclinical study comparing the cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles containing polysaccharide to fluvastatin as a reference drug in hyperlipidaemic rats was conducted. The rats treated with the polysaccharide- loaded cubosomes showed significant decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and total lipid (TL) compared to the untreated HL rats. In addition, oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers were measured in the HL rats. Compared to the untreated HL rats, the cubosome treated rats showed a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas insignificant changes were detected in nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Further, vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules (VCAM, ICAM), and myeloperoxidase were demonstrated. A histopathological examination was conducted to study the alterations in histopathological lesions and to document the biochemical results. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the superiority of using a natural lipid regulator such as polysaccharide loaded cubosomes instead of fluvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Matloub
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M AbouSamra
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Salama
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Z Rizk
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan F Aly
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Kluzek M, Tyler AII, Wang S, Chen R, Marques CM, Thalmann F, Seddon JM, Schmutz M. Influence of a pH-sensitive polymer on the structure of monoolein cubosomes. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7571-7577. [PMID: 28994440 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01620d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cubosomes consist in submicron size particles of lipid bicontinuous cubic phases stabilized by surfactant polymers. They provide an appealing road towards the practical use of lipid cubic phases for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, and efforts are currently being made to control the encapsulation and release properties of these colloidal objects. We overcome in this work the lack of sensitivity of monoolein cubosomes to pH conditions by using a pH sensitive polymer designed to strongly interact with the lipid structure at low pH. Our cryo-transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results show that in the presence of the polymer the cubic phase structure is preserved at neutral pH, albeit with a larger cell size. At pH 5.5, in the presence of the polymer, the nanostructure of the cubosome particles is significantly altered, providing a pathway to design pH-responsive cubosomes for applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kluzek
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR022, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Novel polyglycerol-dioleate based cubosomal dispersion with tailored physical characteristics for controlled delivery of ondansetron. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Ishchenko A, Peng L, Zinovev E, Vlasov A, Lee SC, Kuklin A, Mishin A, Borshchevskiy V, Zhang Q, Cherezov V. Chemically Stable Lipids for Membrane Protein Crystallization. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2017; 17:3502-3511. [PMID: 29290736 PMCID: PMC5743208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipidic cubic phase (LCP) has been widely recognized as a promising membrane-mimicking matrix for biophysical studies of membrane proteins and their crystallization in a lipidic environment. Application of this material to a wide variety of membrane proteins, however, is hindered due to a limited number of available host lipids, mostly monoacylglycerols (MAGs). Here, we designed, synthesized and characterized a series of chemically stable lipids resistant to hydrolysis, with properties complementary to the widely used MAGs. In order to assess their potential to serve as host lipids for crystallization, we characterized the phase properties and lattice parameters of mesophases made of two most promising lipids at a variety of different conditions by polarized light microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Both lipids showed remarkable chemical stability and an extended LCP region in the phase diagram covering a wide range of temperatures down to 4 °C. One of these lipids has been used for crystallization and structure determination of a prototypical membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin at 4 °C and 20 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Ishchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lingling Peng
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Egor Zinovev
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Membrane Proteins, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexey Vlasov
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Membrane Proteins, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sung Chang Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander Kuklin
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Membrane Proteins, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - Alexey Mishin
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of GPCRs, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Valentin Borshchevskiy
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Membrane Proteins, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Research Centre Jülich, Germany
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of GPCRs, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Ghanbari R, Assenza S, Saha A, Mezzenga R. Diffusion of Polymers through Periodic Networks of Lipid-Based Nanochannels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3491-3498. [PMID: 28304174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental investigation of the diffusion of unfolded polymers in the triply-periodic water-channel network of inverse bicontinuous cubic phases. Depending on the chain size, our results indicate the presence of two different dynamical regimes corresponding to Zimm and Rouse diffusion. We support our findings by scaling arguments based on a combination of blob and effective-medium theories and suggest the presence of a third regime where dynamics is driven by reptation. Our experimental results also show an increasing behavior of the partition coefficient as a function of the polymer molecular weight, indicative of a reduction in the conformational degrees of freedom induced by the confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanbari
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Assenza
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Tajik-Ahmadabad B, Mechler A, Muir BW, McLean K, Hinton TM, Separovic F, Polyzos A. A QCM-D and SAXS Study of the Interaction of Functionalised Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Lipid Nanoparticles with siRNA. Chembiochem 2017; 18:921-930. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnoosh Tajik-Ahmadabad
- School of Chemistry; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- CSIRO; Manufacturing Flagship; Research Way Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Adam Mechler
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; La Trobe University; Bundoora VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Benjamin W. Muir
- CSIRO; Manufacturing Flagship; Research Way Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Keith McLean
- CSIRO; Manufacturing Flagship; Research Way Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Tracey M. Hinton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; 5 Portarlington Road Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- CSIRO; Manufacturing Flagship; Research Way Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
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36
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de Souza JF, Pontes KDS, Alves TFR, Amaral VA, Rebelo MDA, Hausen MA, Chaud MV. Spotlight on Biomimetic Systems Based on Lyotropic Liquid Crystal. Molecules 2017; 22:E419. [PMID: 28272377 PMCID: PMC6155424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of lyotropic biomimetic systems in drug delivery was reviewed. These behaviors are influenced by drug properties, the initial water content, type of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC), swell ability, drug loading rate, the presence of ions with higher or less kosmotropic or chaotropic force, and the electrostatic interaction between the drug and the lipid bilayers. The in vivo interaction between LCC-drugs, and the impact on the bioavailability of drugs, was reviewed. The LLC with a different architecture can be formed by the self-assembly of lipids in aqueous medium, and can be tuned by the structures and physical properties of the emulsion. These LLC lamellar phase, cubic phase, and hexagonal phase, possess fascinating viscoelastic properties, which make them useful as a dispersion technology, and a highly ordered, thermodynamically stable internal nanostructure, thereby offering the potential as a sustained drug release matrix for drug delivery. In addition, the biodegradable and biocompatible nature of lipids demonstrates a minimum toxicity and thus, they are used for various routes of administration. This review is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview, but focuses on the advantages over non modified conventional materials and LLC biomimetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F de Souza
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP 18078-005, Brazil.
| | - Katiusca da S Pontes
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP 18078-005, Brazil.
| | - Thais F R Alves
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP 18078-005, Brazil.
| | - Venâncio A Amaral
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP 18078-005, Brazil.
| | - Márcia de A Rebelo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP 18078-005, Brazil.
| | - Moema A Hausen
- Laboratory of Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring (PPGBMA), University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), Sorocaba, SP 18052-780, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Biomaterials (LABIOMAT), Pontificial University Catholic (PUC), Sorocaba, SP 18030-070, Brazil.
| | - Marco V Chaud
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP 18078-005, Brazil.
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Meikle TG, Yao S, Zabara A, Conn CE, Drummond CJ, Separovic F. Predicting the release profile of small molecules from within the ordered nanostructured lipidic bicontinuous cubic phase using translational diffusion coefficients determined by PFG-NMR. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2471-2478. [PMID: 28045170 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ordered nanostructured lipidic bicontinuous cubic phase has demonstrated potential as a drug release material, due to its ability to encapsulate a wide variety of compounds, which may undergo sustained, diffusion controlled release over time. Control of drug release has been shown to depend on the nanostructural parameters of the lipid mesophase. Herein, the diffusion and release of two amino acids, encapsulated within a range of different lipidic cubic mesophases are investigated. Pulsed-field gradient NMR was used to determine the diffusion coefficient of the encapsulated amino acid, which was found to be correlated with the nanoscale diameter of the water channels within the cubic mesophase. This information was used to predict the release profiles of encapsulated compounds from within the cubic mesophase, which was verified by directly measuring the release of each amino acid in vitro. Predicted release profiles tracked reasonably close to the measured release profiles, indicating that NMR determined diffusion measurements can be used to predict release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Meikle
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shenggen Yao
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandru Zabara
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Charlotte E Conn
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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38
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Rajabalaya R, Musa MN, Kifli N, David SR. Oral and transdermal drug delivery systems: role of lipid-based lyotropic liquid crystals. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:393-406. [PMID: 28243062 PMCID: PMC5315216 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC) dosage forms, particularly those using lipid-based lyotropic LCs (LLCs), have generated considerable interest as potential drug delivery systems. LCs have the physical properties of liquids but retain some of the structural characteristics of crystalline solids. They are compatible with hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds of many different classes and can protect even biologicals and nucleic acids from degradation. This review, focused on research conducted over the past 5 years, discusses the structural evaluation of LCs and their effects in drug formulations. The structural classification of LLCs into lamellar, hexagonal and micellar cubic phases is described. The structures of these phases are influenced by the addition of surfactants, which include a variety of nontoxic, biodegradable lipids; these also enhance drug solubility. LLC structure influences drug localization, particle size and viscosity, which, in turn, determine drug delivery properties. Through several specific examples, we describe the applications of LLCs in oral and topical drug formulations, the latter including transdermal and ocular delivery. In oral LLC formulations, micelle compositions and the resulting LLC structures can determine drug solubilization and stability as well as intestinal transport and absorption. Similarly, in topical LLC formulations, composition can influence whether the drug is retained in the skin or delivered transdermally. Owing to their enhancement of drug stability and promotion of controlled drug delivery, LLCs are becoming increasingly popular in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Rajabalaya
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Muhammad Nuh Musa
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Sheba R David
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
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39
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Antognini LM, Assenza S, Speziale C, Mezzenga R. Quantifying the transport properties of lipid mesophases by theoretical modelling of diffusion experiments. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:084903. [PMID: 27586942 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals (LLCs) are a class of lipid-based membranes with a strong potential for drug-delivery employment. The characterization and control of their transport properties is a central issue in this regard, and has recently prompted a notable volume of research on the topic. A promising experimental approach is provided by the so-called diffusion setup, where the drug molecules diffuse from a feeding chamber filled with water to a receiving one passing through a LLC. In the present work we provide a theoretical framework for the proper description of this setup, and validate it by means of targeted experiments. Due to the inhomogeneity of the system, a rich palette of different diffusion dynamics emerges from the interplay of the different time- and lengthscales thereby present. Our work paves the way to the employment of diffusion experiments to quantitatively characterize the transport properties of LLCs, and provides the basic tools for device diffusion setups with controlled kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Antognini
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Assenza
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Speziale
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Szlezak M, Nieciecka D, Joniec A, Pękała M, Gorecka E, Emo M, Stébé MJ, Krysiński P, Bilewicz R. Monoolein Cubic Phase Gels and Cubosomes Doped with Magnetic Nanoparticles-Hybrid Materials for Controlled Drug Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2796-2805. [PMID: 28029248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid materials consisting of a monoolein lipidic cubic phase (LCP) incorporating two types of magnetic nanoparticles (NP) were designed as addressable drug delivery systems. The materials, prepared in the form of a gel, were subsequently used as a macroscopic layer modifying an electrode and, after dispersion to nanoscale, as magnetocubosomes. These two LCPs were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cross-polarized microscopy, magnetic measurements, and phase diagrams. The magnetic dopants were hydrophobic NPoleic and hydrophilic NPcitric, characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their influence on the properties of the cubic phases was investigated. The removal of the anticancer drug, Doxorubicin (Dox) from the hybrid cubic phase gels was studied by electrochemical methods. The advantages of incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the self-assembled lipid liquid crystalline phases include the ability to address the cubic phase nanoparticle containing large amounts of drug and to control the kinetics of the drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szlezak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nieciecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Joniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Pękała
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Gorecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mélanie Emo
- Université de Lorraine/CNRS , SRSMC, UMR7565, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX F54506, France
| | - Marie J Stébé
- Université de Lorraine/CNRS , SRSMC, UMR7565, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX F54506, France
| | - Paweł Krysiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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41
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Fong WK, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Ortelli FG, Sun W, Boyd BJ, Mezzenga R. Dynamic formation of nanostructured particles from vesicles via invertase hydrolysis for on-demand delivery. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26688f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled hydrolysis via invertase action alters molecular shape and therefore lipid curvature, consequently triggering the release of encapsulated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wye-Khay Fong
- ETH Zürich
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology
- 8092 Zürich
- Switzerland
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics
| | | | | | - Wenjie Sun
- ETH Zürich
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology
- 8092 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zürich
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology
- 8092 Zürich
- Switzerland
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42
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Fong WK, Negrini R, Vallooran JJ, Mezzenga R, Boyd BJ. Responsive self-assembled nanostructured lipid systems for drug delivery and diagnostics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 484:320-339. [PMID: 27623190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While stimuli-responsive polymers have received a huge amount of attention in the literature, responsive lipid-based mesophase systems offer unique opportunities in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and biosensing. The different mesophase equilibrium structures enables dynamic switching between nanostructures to facilitate drug release or as a transducer for recognition events. In drug delivery, this behavior offers researchers the means to deliver a therapeutic payload at a specific rate and time i.e. 'on-demand'. This review summarizes the distinctive features of these multifaceted materials and aggregates the current state of the art research from our groups and others into the use of these materials as bulk gels and nanostructured dispersions for drug delivery, biosensing and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wye-Khay Fong
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Renata Negrini
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jijo J Vallooran
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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43
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Zahid NI, Abou-Zied OK, Nabila Saari NA, Hashim R. Comparative study of the inverse versus normal bicontinuous cubic phases of the β-d-glucopyranoside water-driven self-assemblies using fluorescent probes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19794e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the head group region of the inverse and normal bicontinuous cubic phases (Ia3d space group) of the glucopyranoside/water system using 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole and its derivatives as fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Idayu Zahid
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Osama K. Abou-Zied
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - N. A. Nabila Saari
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Rauzah Hashim
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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44
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Abstract
Nonlamellar liquid crystalline phases are attractive platforms for drug solubilization and targeted delivery. The attractiveness of this formulation principle is linked to the nanostructural versatility, compatiblity, digestiblity and bioadhesive properties of their lipid constituents, and the capability of solubilizing and sustaining the release of amphiphilic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Nonlamellar liquid crystalline phases offer two distinct promising strategies in the development of drug delivery systems. These comprise formation of ISAsomes (internally self-assembled ‘somes’ or particles) such as cubosomes and hexosomes, and in situ formation of parenteral dosage forms with tunable nanostructures at the site of administration. This review outlines the unique features of cubosomes and hexosomes and their potential utilization as promising platforms for drug delivery.
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Liu Q, Wang J, Dong YD, Boyd BJ. Using a selective cadmium-binding peplipid to create responsive liquid crystalline nanomaterials. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 449:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Singh V, Pal K, Banerjee I, Pramanik K, Anis A, Al-Zahrani S. Novel organogel based lyotropic liquid crystal physical gels for controlled delivery applications. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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An injectable liquid crystal system for sustained delivery of entecavir. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:265-72. [PMID: 26004002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC) technology has attracted much interest for new injectable sustained-release (SR) formulations. In this study, an injectable liquid crystal-forming system (LCFS) including entecavir was prepared for the treatment of hepatitis B. In particular, an anchoring effect was introduced because LCFSs are relatively hydrophobic while entecavir is a slightly charged drug. The physicochemical properties of LCFSs were investigated by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), polarized optical microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), showing typical characteristics of the liquid crystalline phase, which was classified as the hexagonal phase. A pharmacokinetic study in rats showed sustained release of entecavir for 3-5 days with a basic LCFS formulation composed of sorbitan monooleate (SMO), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and tocopherol acetate (TA) as the main LC components. 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid (DPPA), an anionic phospholipid, was added to increase the anchoring effect between the cationic entecavir and the anionic DPPA, which resulted in a 1.5-times increase in half-life in rats. In addition, anchoring was strengthened by optimizing the pH to 2.5-4.5, increasing the half-life in the rat and dog. Also, due to the increasing terminal half-life from rat to dog resulting from species differences, LCFS produced one week delivery of entecavir in rat and two weeks delivery in dog. Therefore, LCFS injection using the anchoring effect for entecavir can potentially be used to deliver the drug over more than 2 weeks or even 1 month for the treatment of hepatitis B.
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Nasr M, Ghorab MK, Abdelazem A. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cubosomes containing 5-fluorouracil for liver targeting. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:79-88. [PMID: 26579429 PMCID: PMC4629209 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare cubosomal nanoparticles containing a hydrophilic anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for liver targeting. Cubosomal dispersions were prepared by disrupting a cubic gel phase of monoolein and water in the presence of Poloxamer 407 as a stabilizer. Cubosomes loaded with 5-FU were characterized in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, 5-FU-loaded cubosomes entrapped 31.21% drug and revealed nanometer-sized particles with a narrow particle size distribution. In vitro 5-FU release from cubosomes exhibited a phase of rapid release of about half of the entrapped drug during the first hour, followed by a relatively slower drug release as compared to 5-FU solution. In vivo biodistribution experiments indicated that the cubosomal formulation significantly (P<0.05) increased 5-FU liver concentration, a value approximately 5-fold greater than that observed with a 5-FU solution. However, serum serological results and histopathological findings revealed greater hepatocellular damage in rats treated with cubosomal formulation. These results demonstrate the successful development of cubosomal nanoparticles containing 5-FU for liver targeting. However, further studies are required to evaluate hepatotoxicity and in vivo antitumor activity of lower doses of 5-FU cubosomal formulation in treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 2010 1668824.
| | - Mohamed K. Ghorab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelazem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
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Caffrey M. A comprehensive review of the lipid cubic phase or in meso method for crystallizing membrane and soluble proteins and complexes. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2015; 71:3-18. [PMID: 25615961 PMCID: PMC4304740 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14026843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive and up-to-date review of the lipid cubic phase or in meso method for crystallizing membrane and soluble proteins and complexes is reported. Recent applications of the method for in situ serial crystallography at X-ray free-electron lasers and synchrotrons are described. The lipid cubic phase or in meso method is a robust approach for crystallizing membrane proteins for structure determination. The uptake of the method is such that it is experiencing what can only be described as explosive growth. This timely, comprehensive and up-to-date review introduces the reader to the practice of in meso crystallogenesis, to the associated challenges and to their solutions. A model of how crystallization comes about mechanistically is presented for a more rational approach to crystallization. The possible involvement of the lamellar and inverted hexagonal phases in crystallogenesis and the application of the method to water-soluble, monotopic and lipid-anchored proteins are addressed. How to set up trials manually and automatically with a robot is introduced with reference to open-access online videos that provide a practical guide to all aspects of the method. These range from protein reconstitution to crystal harvesting from the hosting mesophase, which is noted for its viscosity and stickiness. The sponge phase, as an alternative medium in which to perform crystallization, is described. The compatibility of the method with additive lipids, detergents, precipitant-screen components and materials carried along with the protein such as denaturants and reducing agents is considered. The powerful host and additive lipid-screening strategies are described along with how samples that have low protein concentration and cell-free expressed protein can be used. Assaying the protein reconstituted in the bilayer of the cubic phase for function is an important element of quality control and is detailed. Host lipid design for crystallization at low temperatures and for large proteins and complexes is outlined. Experimental phasing by heavy-atom derivatization, soaking or co-crystallization is routine and the approaches that have been implemented to date are described. An overview and a breakdown by family and function of the close to 200 published structures that have been obtained using in meso-grown crystals are given. Recommendations for conducting the screening process to give a more productive outcome are summarized. The fact that the in meso method also works with soluble proteins should not be overlooked. Recent applications of the method for in situ serial crystallography at X-ray free-electron lasers and synchrotrons are described. The review ends with a view to the future and to the bright prospects for the method, which continues to contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of some of nature’s most valued proteinaceous robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Caffrey
- Membrane Structural and Functional Biology Group, School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chong JY, Mulet X, Boyd BJ, Drummond CJ. Steric Stabilizers for Cubic Phase Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Nanodispersions (Cubosomes). ADVANCES IN PLANAR LIPID BILAYERS AND LIPOSOMES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adplan.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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