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Saepang K, Li SK, Chantasart D. Effect of Pulsed Direct Current on Iontophoretic Delivery of Pramipexole across Human Epidermal Membrane In Vitro. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1187-1198. [PMID: 34136986 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pulsed direct current (PDC) iontophoresis, by allowing skin depolarization, was suggested to provide more efficient ion transport, but the extent of its enhancement effect was unclear. PDC could also offer electric-customized drug delivery. This study examined the effect of PDC iontophoresis on transdermal delivery of pramipexole dihydrochloride (PXCl). METHODS Iontophoretic delivery of PXCl across human epidermal membrane from pH 7.0 solution was conducted in vitro using continuous direct current (DC) and 6- and 12-cycle PDC iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm2 and total applied duration of 6 h). Different parameters of PDC iontophoresis were studied, including current density (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm2) and on-off current dosing pattern (1 h/3 h, 0.5 h/3.5 h, and 0.2 h/3.8 h). RESULTS Both 6- and 12-cycle PDC iontophoresis protocols provided modulation of the permeation profile but delivered smaller amounts of PXCl (396 and 400 μg/cm2, respectively) as compared with continuous DC iontophoresis (482 μg/cm2) at 24 h after 0.5 mA/cm2 and 180 mA/cm2 × min current dose application. Increasing applied current density from 0.1 to 0.5 mA/cm2 increased the PDC iontophoretic flux of PXCl linearly from 5.3 to 14.6 μg/cm2·h (R2 = 0.887). Varying the current level and duration but at the same applied current dose (36 mA/cm2 × min), the total amount of PXCl delivered by PDC iontophoresis at 24 h was independent of the on-off dosing pattern studied (114-128 μg/cm2). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that PDC iontophoresis can benefit transdermal delivery of PXCl in terms of controlling its permeation but does not enhance iontophoretic transport compared to continuous DC iontophoresis under the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamchai Saepang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Doungdaw Chantasart
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Saepang K, Li SK, Chantasart D. Effect of pH on Iontophoretic Transport of Pramipexole Dihydrochloride across Human Epidermal Membrane. Pharm Res 2021; 38:657-668. [PMID: 33826056 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drugs with higher molecular charges generally show higher flux enhancement when electromigration is the main mechanism in transdermal iontophoresis. This study evaluated the effect of decreasing the formulation pH to increase the positive charges of pramipexole dihydrochloride (PXCl) on its iontophoretic transport across skin. METHODS In vitro transdermal iontophoresis of PXCl in buffer solution isotonized with either sodium chloride or mannitol were performed in a pH range of 3.0-7.0. Experiments of iontophoresis under symmetric condition with respect to donor and receiver pH and passive transport of the drugs after pretreatment with iontophoresis were conducted to investigate the transport mechanism involved. RESULTS Iontophoretic permeation of PXCl was pH-dependent in drug solution isotonized with mannitol. The iontophoretic flux of PXCl with valence z = +2 at pH 3.0 was half of that of PXCl with z = +1 at pH 7.0. The results suggest that the decrease in PXCl delivery at higher valence at pH 3 was mainly due to pH-dependent selectivity of PX ion permeation across the skin and not electroosmosis. CONCLUSIONS Skin permselectivity is a significant factor for iontophoretic transport of PXCl, and reducing formulation pH to increase the positive charges on PX ions did not enhance PXCl delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamchai Saepang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Doungdaw Chantasart
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Jiang C, Jiang X, Wang X, Shen J, Zhang M, Jiang L, Ma R, Gan T, Gong Y, Ye J, Gao W. Transdermal iontophoresis delivery system for terazosin hydrochloride: an in vitro and in vivo study. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:454-462. [PMID: 33620010 PMCID: PMC7906618 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1889719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to construct a transdermal iontophoresis delivery system for terazosin hydrochloride (IDDS-TEH), which included a positive and negative electrode hydrogel prescription. Intact guinea pig skin was used as a model for the skin barrier function, and the current intensity, terazosin hydrochloride (TEH) concentration, pH, competitive salt, and transdermal enhancer properties were studied. The blood drug concentration was determined in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats using HPLC, and the antihypertensive effects of IDDS-TEH were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The results showed that the steady-state penetration rate of TEH increased (from 80.36 µg·cm−2·h−1 to 304.93 µg·cm−2·h−1), followed by an increase in the current intensity (from 0.10 mA·cm−2 to 0.49 mA·cm−2). The pH values also had a significant influence on percutaneous penetration. The blood concentration of IDDS-TEH was significantly higher (p < .05) than with passive diffusion, which could not be detected. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the high current group (0.17 mA·cm−2) and the low current group (0.09 mA·cm−2) were AUC0–t: 5873.0 ng·mL−1·h and 2493.7 ng·mL−1·h, respectively. Meanwhile, the pharmacodynamic results showed that IDDS-TEH significantly decreased the blood pressure of SHRs compared with the TEH hydrogel without loading current. Therefore, TEH could be successfully delivered by the transdermal iontophoresis system in vitro and in vivo, and further clinical studies should be explored to develop a therapeutically useful protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Gan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingbiao Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jincui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Uchino T, Kato S, Hatta I, Miyazaki Y, Suzuki T, Sasaki K, Kagawa Y. Study on the drug permeation mechanism from flurbiprofen-loaded glyceryl monooleyl ether-based lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles across the skin: Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Int J Pharm 2019; 555:259-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Djabri A, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Potential of iontophoresis as a drug delivery method for midazolam in pediatrics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 128:137-143. [PMID: 30503379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the neonatal and premature pediatric populations is very challenging. This research assessed the potential of delivering midazolam by transdermal iontophoresis as an alternative strategy in pediatric therapy. In vitro experiments used intact and tape-stripped porcine skin as models for the skin barrier function of full-term and premature newborns, respectively. Midazolam transdermal transport was significantly enhanced by applying higher currents, increasing the formulation pH, and optimizing the drug's mole fraction in the vehicle. When the skin barrier was decreased to half of its baseline competence, the passive permeation of midazolam increased by approximately 60-fold; and complete stratum corneum removal led to an additional 20-fold enhancement in permeation. Iontophoresis retained control of the drug transport trough partially compromised skin. However, a very high passive contribution undermined the iontophoretic control when the barrier was fully compromised. Overall, midazolam delivery could be rate-controlled by iontophoresis in most circumstances, and therapeutically useful fluxes could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Djabri
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, UK.
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van Smeden J, Dijkhoff IM, Helder RWJ, Al-Khakany H, Boer DEC, Schreuder A, Kallemeijn WW, Absalah S, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Bouwstra JA. In situ visualization of glucocerebrosidase in human skin tissue: zymography versus activity-based probe labeling. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2299-2309. [PMID: 29025868 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1), an acid β-glucosidase normally located in lysosomes, converts (glucosyl)ceramides into ceramides, which is crucial to generate an optimal barrier function of the outermost skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC). Here we report on two developed in situ methods to localize active GBA in human epidermis: i) an optimized zymography method that is less labor intensive and visualizes enzymatic activity with higher resolution than currently reported methods using either substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside or resorufin-β-D-glucopyranoside; and ii) a novel technique to visualize active GBA1 molecules by their specific labeling with a fluorescent activity-based probe (ABP), MDW941. The latter method pro-ved to be more robust and sensitive, provided higher resolution microscopic images, and was less prone to sample preparation effects. Moreover, in contrast to the zymography substrates that react with various β-glucosidases, MDW941 specifically labeled GBA1. We demonstrate that active GBA1 in the epidermis is primarily located in the extracellular lipid matrix at the interface of the viable epidermis and the lower layers of the SC. With ABP-labeling, we observed reduced GBA1 activity in 3D-cultured skin models when supplemented with the reversible inhibitor, isofagomine, irrespective of GBA expression. This inhibition affected the SC ceramide composition: MS analysis revealed an inhibitor-dependent increase in the glucosylceramide:ceramide ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irini M Dijkhoff
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W J Helder
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanin Al-Khakany
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne E C Boer
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Schreuder
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samira Absalah
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Filipovic N, Saveljic I, Rac V, Graells BO, Bijelic G. Computational and experimental model of transdermal iontophorethic drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:383-388. [PMID: 28576549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of iontophoresis is often applied to increase the transdermal transport of drugs and other bioactive agents into the skin or other tissues. It is a non-invasive drug delivery method which involves electromigration and electroosmosis in addition to diffusion and is shown to be a viable alternative to conventional administration routs such as oral, hypodermic and intravenous injection. In this study we investigated, experimentally and numerically, in vitro drug delivery of dexamethasone sodium phosphate to porcine skin. Different current densities, delivery durations and drug loads were investigated experimentally and introduced as boundary conditions for numerical simulations. Nernst-Planck equation was used for calculation of active substance flux through equivalent model of homogeneous hydrogel and skin layers. The obtained numerical results were in good agreement with experimental observations. A comprehensive in-silico platform, which includes appropriate numerical tools for fitting, could contribute to iontophoretic drug-delivery devices design and correct dosage and drug clearance profiles as well as to perform much faster in-silico experiments to better determine parameters and performance criteria of iontophoretic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Filipovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjica 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; BIOIRC Bioengineering Research and Development Center, Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Igor Saveljic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjica 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; BIOIRC Bioengineering Research and Development Center, Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladislav Rac
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Beatriz Olalde Graells
- Fundation Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Goran Bijelic
- Fundation Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
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8
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Oh DH, Kim MJ, Jeon SO, Seo JE, Jeong SH, Kang JW, Choi YW, Lee S. Strategic approaches for enhancement of in vivo transbuccal peptide drug delivery in rabbits using iontophoresis and chemical enhancers. Pharm Res 2014; 32:929-40. [PMID: 25231009 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of iontophoresis and the combination effects with chemical enhancers on in vivo hypocalcemic effect of transbuccally delivered salmon calcitonin (sCT). METHODS N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), sodium deoxyglycocholate (SDGC), and ethanol were used as chemical enhancers; and 0.5 mA/cm(2) fixed electric current was employed as a physical enhancer. sCT hydrogel was applied to rabbit buccal mucosa, and blood samples were obtained via the central auricular artery. Blood calcium level was measured by calcium kit and the conformational changes of buccal mucosa were investigated with FT-IR spectroscopy. Hematoxylin/eosin staining was used for the histological evaluation of buccal mucosa. RESULTS Iontophoresis groups except iontophoresis-NAC group showed significant hypocalcemic effect compared to negative control, in particular iontophoresis-SDGC combination group showed fast onset of action as well as sustained hypocalcemic effect (p < 0.05). FT-IR result demonstrated the reduction of buccal barrier function, and the histological study showed a decrease in buccal thickness as well as minor damage to the dermal-epidermal junctions in the enhancing method groups; however, the damaged tissues virtually recovered within 24 h after the removal of electrodes. CONCLUSIONS Iontophoresis and combination with SDGC were found to be safe and potential strategies for transbuccal peptide delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Oh
- Department of Smart Foods and Drugs, Graduate School, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-Do, 621-749, Republic of Korea
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van Smeden J, Boiten WA, Hankemeier T, Rissmann R, Bouwstra JA, Vreeken RJ. Combined LC/MS-platform for analysis of all major stratum corneum lipids, and the profiling of skin substitutes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:70-9. [PMID: 24120918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs), cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FFAs) are the main lipid classes in human stratum corneum (SC, outermost skin layer), but no studies report on the detailed analysis of these classes in a single platform. The primary aims of this study were to 1) develop an LC/MS method for (semi-)quantitative analysis of all main lipid classes present in human SC; and 2) use this method to study in detail the lipid profiles of human skin substitutes and compare them to human SC lipids. By applying two injections of 10μl, the developed method detects all major SC lipids using RPLC and negative ion mode APCI-MS for detection of FFAs, and NPLC using positive ion mode APCI-MS to analyze CERs and cholesterol. Validation showed this lipid platform to be robust, reproducible, sensitive, and fast. The method was successfully applied on ex vivo human SC, human SC obtained from tape strips and human skin substitutes (porcine SC and human skin equivalents). In conjunction with FFA profiles, clear differences in CER profiles were observed between these different SC sources. Human skin equivalents more closely mimic the lipid composition of human stratum corneum than porcine skin does, although noticeable differences are still present. These differences gave biologically relevant information on some of the enzymes that are probably involved in SC lipid processing. For future research, this provides an excellent method for (semi-)quantitative, 'high-throughput' profiling of SC lipids and can be used to advance the understanding of skin lipids and the biological processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Singh ND, Banga AK. Controlled delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride through skin using modulated iontophoresis and microneedles. J Drug Target 2013; 21:354-66. [PMID: 23311703 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.757768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of modulated current application using iontophoresis- and microneedle-mediated delivery on transdermal permeation of ropinirole hydrochloride. AdminPatch® microneedles and microchannels formed by them were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dye staining and confocal microscopy. In vitro permeation studies were carried out using Franz diffusion cells, and skin extraction was used to quantify drug in underlying skin. Effect of microneedle pore density and ions in donor formulation was studied. Active enhancement techniques, continuous iontophoresis (74.13 ± 2.20 µg/cm(2)) and microneedles (66.97 ± 10.39 µg/cm(2)), significantly increased the permeation of drug with respect to passive delivery (8.25 ± 2.41 µg/cm(2)). Modulated iontophoresis could control the amount of drug delivered at a given time point with the highest flux being 5.12 ± 1.70 µg/cm(2)/h (5-7 h) and 5.99 ± 0.81 µg/cm(2)/h (20-22 h). Combination of modulated iontophoresis and microneedles (46.50 ± 6.46 µg/cm(2)) showed significantly higher delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride compared to modulated iontophoresis alone (84.91 ± 9.21 µg/cm(2)). Modulated iontophoresis can help in maintaining precise control over ropinirole hydrochloride delivery for dose titration in Parkinson's disease therapy and deliver therapeutic amounts over a suitable patch area and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha D Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Simon L. Graphical process design tools for iontophoretic transdermal drug-delivery devices. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 107:447-455. [PMID: 21345513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A graphical procedure was proposed for the optimum design of transdermal drug-delivery systems enhanced by iontophoresis. Contour plots displayed the relationships among steady-state plasma level, current density and initial drug concentration in a vehicle. This information was combined with a closed-form expression of the process time constant, estimated as the medicament in the blood reaches a plateau after application of the electric field. Analysis was conducted using Laplace-transformed variables and did not require time-domain solutions. Simulation results show that a current density of 0.044 mA/cm(2) and a loading of 3500 μg/ml of dexamethasone sodium m-sulfobenzoate were necessary to achieve an equilibrium plasma concentration of 1.254 ng/cm(3) with a time constant of 8.34 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Zhou X, Liu D, Zhao T, Yao K, Wang X, Wang L, Yang X. Mechanical and Baicalin Delivery Properties of Adhesive Matrices for Iontophoretic Flexible Electrodes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:529-42. [PMID: 19228452 DOI: 10.1163/156856209x416520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Zhou
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Unviersity, Tianjin 300072, China; Research Institute of Polymeric Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- b School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Unviersity, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- c School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Unviersity, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kangde Yao
- d Research Institute of Polymeric Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- e Tianjin Changzheng Hospital, Tianjin 300021, China
| | - Lei Wang
- f Tianjin Changzheng Hospital, Tianjin 300021, China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- g Tianjin Changzheng Hospital, Tianjin 300021, China
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Chourasia MK, Kang L, Chan SY. Nanosized ethosomes bearing ketoprofen for improved transdermal delivery. RESULTS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 2011; 1:60-7. [PMID: 25755983 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of ethosomes for delivering ketoprofen via skin was evaluated. The ethosomes were prepared, optimized and characterized. Vesicular shape, size and entrapment efficiency were determined by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and minicolumn centrifugation technique, respectively. Vesicle sizes varied from 120.3±6.1 to 410.2±21.8 nm depending on the concentrations of soya phosphatidyl choline (SPC) and ethanol. Entrapment efficiency increased with concentrations of SPC and ethanol. The formulations exhibited entrapment efficiencies of 42-78%. In vitro release through cellophane membrane showed sustained release of drug from ethosomal formulations in contrast to hydroalcoholic drug solution (HA), which released most of the drug within 2-3 h. In vitro drug permeation across human skin revealed improved drug permeation and higher transdermal flux with ethosomal formulations compared to hydroethanolic drug solution. Kinetics of in vitro skin permeation showed zero order drug release from formulations. Based on in vitro transdermal flux, the estimated steady state in vivo plasma concentration from ethosomes attained therapeutic drug levels whereas hydroalcoholic drug solution exhibited sub therapeutic drug concentration with a patch size of 50 cm(2). Skin permeation of ethosomal formulations assessed by confocal microscopy revealed enhanced permeation of Rhodamine 123 loaded formulation in comparison to the hydroalcoholic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Chourasia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore ; Pharmaceutics Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Lifeng Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sui Yung Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Oh DH, Chun KH, Jeon SO, Kang JW, Lee S. Enhanced transbuccal salmon calcitonin (sCT) delivery: effect of chemical enhancers and electrical assistance on in vitro sCT buccal permeation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:357-63. [PMID: 21683790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the combined effect of absorption enhancers and electrical assistance on transbuccal salmon calcitonin (sCT) delivery, using fresh swine buccal tissue. We placed 200 IU (40 μg/mL) of each sCT formulation--containing various concentrations of ethanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and sodium deoxyglycocholate (SDGC)--onto the donor part of a Franz diffusion cell. Then, 0.5 mA/cm(2) of fixed anodal current was applied alone or combined with chemical enhancers. The amount of permeated sCT was analyzed using an ELISA kit, and biophysical changes of the buccal mucosa were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy, and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods were used to evaluate histological alteration of the buccal tissues. The flux (J(s)) of sCT increased with the addition of absorption enhancer groups, but it was significantly enhanced by the application of anodal iontophoresis (ITP). FT-IR study revealed that all groups caused an increase in lipid fluidity but only the groups containing SDGC showed statistically significant difference. Although the histological data of SDGC groups showed a possibility for tissue damage, the present enhancing methods appear to be safe. In conclusion, the combination of absorption enhancers and electrical assistance is a potential strategy for the enhancement of transbuccal sCT delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Oh
- Department of Smart Foods and Drugs, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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15
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van Smeden J, Hoppel L, van der Heijden R, Hankemeier T, Vreeken RJ, Bouwstra JA. LC/MS analysis of stratum corneum lipids: ceramide profiling and discovery. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1211-1221. [PMID: 21444759 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m014456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs) in the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), play a key role in the skin barrier function. In human SC, the literature currently reports 11 CER subclasses that have been identified. In this paper, a novel quick and robust LC/MS method is presented that allows the separation and analysis of all known human SC CER subclasses using only limited sample preparation. Besides all 11 known and identified subclasses, a 3D multi-mass chromatogram shows the presence of other lipid subclasses. Using LC/MS/MS with an ion trap (IT) system, a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance system, and a triple quadrupole system, we were able to identify one of these lipid subclasses as a new CER subclass: the ester-linked ω-hydroxy fatty acid with a dihydrosphingosine base (CER [EOdS]). Besides the identification of a new CER subclass, this paper also describes the applicability and robustness of the developed LC/MS method by analyzing three (biological) SC samples: SC from human dermatomed skin, human SC obtained by tape stripping, and SC from full-thickness skin explants. All three biological samples showed all known CER subclasses and slight differences were observed in CER profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Hoppel
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Heijden
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vreeken
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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The influence of positive or negative charges in the passive and iontophoretic skin penetration of porphyrins used in photodynamic therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 77:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Ackaert OW, De Graan J, Capancioni R, Dijkstra D, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of a novel series of dopamine agonistsin vitro: physicochemical considerations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:709-20. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.06.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Ackaert
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
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18
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Hashim IIA, Motoyama K, Abd-Elgawad AEH, El-Shabouri MH, Borg TM, Arima H. Potential use of iontophoresis for transdermal delivery of NF-kappaB decoy oligonucleotides. Int J Pharm 2010; 393:127-34. [PMID: 20417264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Topical application of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) decoy appears to provide a novel therapeutic potency in the treatment of inflammation and atopic dermatitis. However, it is difficult to deliver NF-kappaB decoy oligonucleotides (ODN) into the skin by conventional methods based on passive diffusion because of its hydrophilicity and high molecular weight. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro transdermal delivery of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-NF-kappaB decoy ODN using a pulse depolarization (PDP) iontophoresis. In vitro iontophoretic experiments were performed on isolated C57BL/6 mice skin using a horizontal diffusion cell. The apparent flux values of FITC-NF-kappaB decoy ODN were enhanced with increasing the current density and NF-kappaB decoy ODN concentration by iontophoresis. Accumulation of FITC-NF-kappaB decoy ODN was observed at the epidermis and upper dermis by iontophoresis. In mouse model of skin inflammation, iontophoretic delivery of NF-kappaB decoy ODN significantly reduced the increase in ear thickness caused by phorbol ester as well as the protein and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the mice ears. These results suggest that iontophoresis is a useful and promising enhancement technique for transdermal delivery of NF-kappaB decoy ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irhan Ibrahim Abu Hashim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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19
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Ackaert OW, Van Smeden J, De Graan J, Dijkstra D, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Mechanistic studies of the transdermal iontophoretic delivery of 5-OH-DPAT in vitro. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:275-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Delgado-Charro M. Recent advances on transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery and non-invasive sampling. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Kumar MG, Lin S. Transdermal Iontophoresis of Hydromorphone across Hairless Rat Skin In Vitro. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 14:106-15. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450802409479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Bounoure F, Lahiani Skiba M, Besnard M, Arnaud P, Mallet E, Skiba M. Effect of iontophoresis and penetration enhancers on transdermal absorption of metopimazine. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 52:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Ding Z, Bivas-Benita M, Hirschberg H, Kersten GF, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA. Preparation and characterization of diphtheria toxoid-loaded elastic vesicles for transcutaneous immunization. J Drug Target 2008; 16:555-63. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860802228673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dundas JE, Thickbroom GW, Mastaglia FL. Perception of comfort during transcranial DC stimulation: effect of NaCl solution concentration applied to sponge electrodes. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1166-70. [PMID: 17329167 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between perception of comfort and electrolyte concentration and applied voltage during transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). METHODS NaCl solutions (15, 140 and 220 mM NaCl) or deionised water were used as electrolytes to dampen tDCS sponge electrodes. Subjects (14, 7 M, 20-60 years of age) rated comfort on an 11-point scale during 2 min of tDCS (1 mA). RESULTS Overall participants rated tDCS as comfortable. Perception of comfort was negatively correlated with NaCl concentration (Spearman's rho=-0.88; p<0.05), and a logarithmic relationship was found between applied voltage and ionic strength of electrolytes (Pearson's r=-0.635; p<0.01). There was no relationship between applied voltage and perception of comfort. CONCLUSIONS The application of NaCl solutions between 15 and 140 mM to sponge electrodes is more likely to be perceived as comfortable during tDCS. SIGNIFICANCE The reporting of solution concentration and ratings of perception would be useful adjuncts to tDCS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dundas
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Nugroho AK, Romeijn SG, Zwier R, de Vries JB, Dijkstra D, Wikström H, Della-Pasqua O, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics analysis of transdermal iontophoresis of 5-OH-DPAT in rats: in vitro-in vivo correlation. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:1570-85. [PMID: 16732562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics and dopaminergic effect of dopamine agonist 5-OH-DPAT in vivo were determined following transdermal iontophoresis in rats based on drug concentration in plasma (C(p)) and dopamine levels in striatum (C(DA)). Correlation of the in vitro transport with the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) profiles was characterized in the transport in dermatomed rat skin (DRS) and rat stratum corneum (RSC). The integrated in vivo PK-PD and in vitro transport models successfully described time course of C(p), C(DA), and in vitro flux in DRS and RSC. Population value of steady-state flux (J(ss)) in vivo (31 nmol/cm(2) . h with 95% confidence interval (CI) = 20-41) is closer to J(ss) in vitro in DRS (61 nmol/cm(2) . h, CI = 54-67) than in vitro J(ss) in RSC (98 nmol/cm(2) . h, CI = 79-117). On the other hand, skin release rate constant (K(R)) in vivo was similar to the K(R) in RSC (4.8/h, CI = 2.4-7.1 vs. 2.6/h, CI = 2.5-2.6). Kinetic lag time (t(L)) in vivo was negligible, which is close to in vitro t(L) in RSC (0.0 h, CI = 0.0-0.1). Based on nonlinear mixed-effect modeling, profiles of C(p) and C(DA) were successfully predicted using in vitro values of J(ss) in DRS with K(R) and t(L) in RSC. A considerable dopaminergic effect was achieved, indicating the feasibility to reach therapeutically effective concentrations of 5-OH-DPAT upon transdermal iontophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhmad Kharis Nugroho
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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