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Fattahi N, Shahbazi MA, Maleki A, Hamidi M, Ramazani A, Santos HA. Emerging insights on drug delivery by fatty acid mediated synthesis of lipophilic prodrugs as novel nanomedicines. J Control Release 2020; 326:556-598. [PMID: 32726650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many drug molecules that are currently in the market suffer from short half-life, poor absorption, low specificity, rapid degradation, and resistance development. The design and development of lipophilic prodrugs can provide numerous benefits to overcome these challenges. Fatty acids (FAs), which are lipophilic biomolecules constituted of essential components of the living cells, carry out many necessary functions required for the development of efficient prodrugs. Chemical conjugation of FAs to drug molecules may change their pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics in vivo and even their toxicity profile. Well-designed FA-based prodrugs can also present other benefits, such as improved oral bioavailability, promoted tumor targeting efficiency, controlled drug release, and enhanced cellular penetration, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss diverse drug molecules conjugated to various unsaturated FAs. Furthermore, various drug-FA conjugates loaded into various nanostructure delivery systems, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, nano-assemblies, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, are reviewed. The present review aims to inspire readers to explore new avenues in prodrug design based on the various FAs with or without nanostructured delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran; Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 45331-55681 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 45331-55681 Zanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran; Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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Naqvi S, Panghal A, Flora SJS. Nanotechnology: A Promising Approach for Delivery of Neuroprotective Drugs. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:494. [PMID: 32581676 PMCID: PMC7297271 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders especially neurodegenerative disorders are the major challenge for public health and demand the great attention of researchers to protect people against them. In past few decades, different treatment strategies have been adopted, but their therapeutic efficacy are not enough and have only shown partial mitigation of symptoms. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BSCFB) guard the CNS from harmful substances and pose as the major challenges in delivering drugs into CNS for treatment of CNS complications such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), stroke, epilepsy, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis (MS), and encephalitis, etc. Nanotechnology has come out as an exciting and promising new platform of treating neurological disorders and has shown great potential to overcome problems related to the conventional treatment approaches. Molecules can be nanoengineered to carry out multiple specific functions such as to cross the BBB, target specific cell or signaling pathway, respond to endogenous stimuli, and act as a vehicle for gene delivery, support nerve regeneration and cell survival. In present review, the role of nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs), dendrimers, and nanoemulsions for delivery of various neurotherapeutic agents has been discussed, besides this, their mechanism of action, and nanoformulation of different neuroprotective agents like curcumin, edaravone, nerve growth factors in CNS disorders like Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism, epilepsy, stroke, and brain tumors has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Archna Panghal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - S J S Flora
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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Date T, Paul K, Singh N, Jain S. Drug-Lipid Conjugates for Enhanced Oral Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:41. [PMID: 30610658 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral drug delivery route is one of the most convenient and extensively utilised routes for drug administration. But there exists class of drugs which exhibit poor bioavailability on oral drug administration. Designing of drug-lipid conjugates (DLCs) is one of the rationale strategy utilised in overcoming this challenge. This review extensively covers the various dimensions of drug modification using lipids to attain improved oral drug delivery. DLCs help in improving oral delivery by providing benefits like improved permeability, stability in gastric environment, higher drug loading in carriers, formation of self-assembled nanostructures, etc. The clinical effectiveness of DLCs is highlighted from available marketed drug products along with many DLCs in phase of clinical trials. Conclusively, this drug modification strategy can potentially help in augmenting oral drug delivery in future.
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Signorell RD, Luciani P, Brambilla D, Leroux JC. Pharmacokinetics of lipid-drug conjugates loaded into liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:188-199. [PMID: 29678733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that are neither lipophilic nor suitable for encapsulation via remote loading procedures are generally characterized by low entrapment efficiencies and poor retention in liposomes. One approach to circumvent this problem consists in covalently linking a lipid to the drug molecule in order to permit its insertion into the vesicle membrane. The nature of the conjugated lipid and linker, as well as the composition of the liposomal bilayer were found to have a profound impact on the pharmacokinetic properties and biodistribution of the encapsulated drugs as well as on their biological activity. This contribution reviews the past and recent developments on liposomal lipid-drug conjugates, and discusses important issues related to their stability and in vivo performance. It also provides an overview of the data that were generated during the clinical assessment of these formulations. The marketing authorization of the immunomodulating compound mifamurtide in several countries as well as the promising results obtained with the lipid prodrug of mitomycin C suggest that carefully designed liposomal formulations of lipid-drug conjugates is a valid strategy to improve a drug's pharmacokinetic profile and with that its therapeutic index and/or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea D Signorell
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Luciani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, H3T 1J4 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Lorente C, Arias JL, Cabeza L, Ortiz R, Prados JC, Melguizo C, Delgado ÁV, Clares-Naveros B. Nano-engineering of biomedical prednisolone liposomes: evaluation of the cytotoxic effect on human colon carcinoma cell lines. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:488-497. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Liposomes have attracted the attention of researchers due to their potential to act as drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. The present investigation aimed to develop liposomes loaded with prednisolone base and the evaluation of the antiproliferative effect on human colon carcinoma cell lines.
Methods
Liposomes were elaborated by following a reproducible thin film hydration technique. The physicochemical characterization of liposomes included photon correlation spectroscopy, microscopy analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheological behaviour and electrophoresis. On the basis of these data and drug loading values, the best formulation was selected. Stability and drug release properties were also tested.
Key findings
Resulting liposomes exhibited optimal physicochemical and stability properties, an excellent haemocompatibility and direct antiproliferative effect on human colon carcinoma T-84 cell lines.
Conclusions
This study shows direct antitumour effect of prednisolone liposomal formulation, which opens the door for liposomal glucocorticoids as novel antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lorente
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Arias
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Cabeza
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José C Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel V Delgado
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Clares-Naveros
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Choi YH, Han HK. Nanomedicines: current status and future perspectives in aspect of drug delivery and pharmacokinetics. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017; 48:43-60. [PMID: 30546919 PMCID: PMC6244736 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines have evolved into various forms including dendrimers, nanocrystals, emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles since their first launch in the market. Widely highlighted benefits of nanomedicines over conventional medicines include superior efficacy, safety, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of pharmaceutical ingredients. Especially, various kinetic characteristics of nanomedicines in body are further influenced by their formulations. This review provides an updated understanding of nanomedicines with respect to delivery and pharmacokinetics. It describes the process and advantages of the nanomedicines approved by FDA and EMA. New FDA and EMA guidelines will also be discussed. Based on the analysis of recent guidelines and approved nanomedicines, key issues in the future development of nanomedicines will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
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Bushmakina IM, Martynova MA, Knyazeva EV. XXI Century: How Our Notions About Liposomal Drugs Have Been Transformed. Pharm Chem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-015-1232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mo J, Lim LY, Zhang ZR. L-Carnitine ester of prednisolone: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of a type I prodrug. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:123-9. [PMID: 25173636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether PDSC, an L-carnitine ester derivative of prednisolone and OCTN2 substrate, could provide a targeted delivery of the corticosteroid into the lung tissues of an asthmatic guinea pig model. METHODS PRED (prednisolone) and PDC (an L-carnitine prodrug of prednisolone not recognized by OCTN2) served as controls. Water solubility and logP values were determined, and PDSC and PDC in vivo were quantified by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Unlike PRED, the intra-tracheal instillation of PDSC resulted in effective and prolonged accumulation of prednisolone in the lung tissues, leading to 3.8-fold higher reduction in inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar fluid, and less severe lung and bronchial lesions in the asthmatic guinea pig. PDC showed similar pharmacokinetic profile to PRED, but exhibited higher efficiency (1.7-fold higher) at reducing the inflammatory cell count and the severity of lung histopathology, possibly due to the release of L-carnitine in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The collective data suggest that PDSC has the potential to be an effective prodrug for the treatment of asthma with concomitant reduction in systemic side effects, and that novel prodrugs produced by L-carnitine conjugation can have useful applications in the targeted accumulation of drugs in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Mo
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Abstract
To date, various nanodrug systems have been developed for different routes of administration, which include dendrimers, nanocrystals, emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles. Nanodrug systems have been employed to improve the efficacy, safety, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of pharmaceutical substances. In particular, functionalized nanodrug systems can offer enhanced bioavailability of orally taken drugs, prolonged half-life of injected drugs (by reducing immunogenicity), and targeted delivery to specific tissues. Thus, nanodrug systems might lower the frequency of administration while providing maximized pharmacological effects and minimized systemic side effects, possibly leading to better therapeutic compliance and clinical outcomes. In spite of these attractive pharmacokinetic advantages, recent attention has been drawn to the toxic potential of nanodrugs since they often exhibit in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity. A better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and safety characteristics of nanodrugs and the limitations of each delivery option is necessary for the further development of efficacious nanodrugs with high therapeutic potential and a wide safety margin. This review highlights the recent progress in nanodrug system development, with a focus on the pharmacokinetic advantages and safety challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Onishi H, Yoshida R, Matsuyama M. Chondroitin Sulfate–Glycyl-Prednisolone Conjugate as Arthritis Targeting System: Localization and Drug Release in Inflammatory Joints. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1641-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Onishi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University
| | - Ryuya Yoshida
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University
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Liu X, Li W, Liang Z, Zhang X, Guo Y, Gong T, Zhang Z. Prednisolone-Glucose Derivative Conjugate: Synthesis, Biodistribution and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:925-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Palanisamy M, Khanam J. Cellulose-based matrix microspheres of prednisolone inclusion complex: preparation and characterization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:388-400. [PMID: 21359603 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to encapsulate pure prednisolone (PRD) and PRD-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) complex in cellulose-based matrix microspheres. The system simultaneously exploits complexation technique to enhance the solubility of low-solubility drug (pure PRD) and subsequent modulation of drug release from microspheres (MIC) at a predetermined time. The microspheres of various compositions were prepared by an oil-in-oil emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The effect of complexation and presence of cellulose polymers on entrapment efficiency, particle size, and drug release had been investigated. The solid-state characterization was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffractometry. The morphology of MIC was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro drug release profiles from these microspheres showed the desired biphasic release behavior. After enhancing the solubility of prednisolone by inclusion into HPβCD, the drug release was easily modified in the microsphere formulation. It was also demonstrated that the CDs in these microspheres were able to modulate several properties such as morphology, drug loading, and release properties. The release kinetics of prednisolone from microspheres followed quasi-Fickian and first-order release mechanisms. In addition to this, the f (2)-metric technique was used to check the equivalency of dissolution profiles of the optimized formulation before and after stability studies, and it was found to be similar. A good outcome, matrix microspheres (coded as MIC5) containing PRD-HPβCD complex, showed sustained release of drug (95.81%) over a period of 24 h.
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid Receptor in Health and DiseaseGlucocorticoid hormones are essential for life, have a vital place in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of common disorders. Their action is mediated by an intracellular receptor protein, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), functioning as a ligand-inducible transcription factor. Multiple synthetic glucocorticoids are used as potent antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, but their therapeutic usefulness is limited by a wide range and severity of side-effects. One of the most important pharmaceutical goals has been to design steroidal and non-steroidal GR ligands with profound therapeutic efficacy and reduced unwanted effects. The therapeutic benefit of glucocorticoid agonists is frequently compromised by resistance to glucocorticoids, which may depend on: access of the hormones to target cells, steroid metabolism, expression level and isoform composition of the GR protein, mutations and polymorphisms in the GR gene and association of the receptor with chaperone proteins. The major breakthrough into the critical role of glucocorticoid signaling in the maintenance of homeostasis and pathogenesis of diseases, as well as into the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic usefulness of antiinflammatory drugs acting through the GR is expected to result from the current progress in large-scale gene expression profiling technologies and computational biology.
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Ishihara T, Kubota T, Choi T, Higaki M. Treatment of Experimental Arthritis with Stealth-Type Polymeric Nanoparticles Encapsulating Betamethasone Phosphate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:412-7. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.150276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Schäcke H, Asadullah K, Berger M, Rehwinkel H. Novel Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Devalapally H, Chakilam A, Amiji MM. Role of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical product development. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:2547-65. [PMID: 17688284 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A number of new molecular entities (NMEs) selected for full-scale development based on their safety and pharmacological data suffer from undesirable physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, which lead to poor pharmacokinetics and distribution after in vivo administration. An optimization of the preformulation studies to develop a dosage form with proper drug delivery system to achieve desirable pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties can aid in the accelerated development of these NMEs into therapies. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems show a promising approach to obtain desirable druglike properties by altering the biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics properties of the molecule. Apart from the advantages of enhancing potential for systemic administration, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems can also be used for site-specific delivery, thus alleviating unwanted toxicity due to nonspecific distribution, improve patient compliance, and provide favorable clinical outcomes. This review summarizes some of the parameters and approaches that can be used to evaluate nanoparticulate drug delivery systems in early stages of formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishna Devalapally
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Schäcke H, Berger M, Rehwinkel H, Asadullah K. Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs): novel ligands with an improved therapeutic index. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:109-17. [PMID: 17630119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most successful therapies in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Their efficacy seems to be caused by the interference of the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor with many pro-inflammatory pathways via different mechanisms. The ubiquitous expression of the glucocorticoid receptor is a prerequisite for efficacy. Their main drawback, however, is due to their potential to induce adverse effects, in particular upon high dosage and prolonged usage. For the purpose reducing systemic side effects, topical glucocorticoids that act locally have been developed. Nevertheless, undesirable cutaneous effects such as skin atrophy persist from the use of topical glucocorticoids. Therefore a high medical need exists for drugs as effective as glucocorticoids but with a reduced side effect profile. Glucocorticoids function by binding to and activating the glucocorticoid receptor which positively or negatively regulates the expression of specific genes. Several experiments suggest that negative regulation of gene expression by the glucocorticoid receptor accounts for its anti-inflammatory action. This occurs through direct or indirect binding of the receptor to pro-inflammatory transcription factors that are already bound to their regulatory sites. The positive action of the receptor occurs through homodimer binding of the ligand receptor complex to discrete nucleotide sequences and this contributes to some of the adverse effects of the hormone. Glucocorticoid receptor ligands that promote the negative regulatory action of the receptor with reduced positive regulatory function should therefore show an improved therapeutic index. A complete separation of the positive from the negative regulatory activities of the receptor has so far not been possible because of the interdependent nature of the two regulatory processes. Nevertheless, recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the GR has triggered several drug discovery programs and these have led to the identification of dissociated GR-ligands. Such selective GR agonists (SEGRAs) are likely to enter clinical testing soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schäcke
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, TRG Inflammation/Immunology, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany.
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Teshima M, Kawakami S, Fumoto S, Nishida K, Nakamura J, Nakashima M, Nakagawa H, Ichikawa N, Sasaki H. PEGylated Liposomes Loading Palmitoyl Prednisolone for Prolonged Blood Concentration of Prednisolone. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1436-40. [PMID: 16819184 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of palmitoyl prednisolone (Pal-PLS) and its liposomes with L-alpha-distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and cholesterol (Chol) with or without L-alpha-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG 2000) after their intravenous administration in rats. Pal-PLS rapidly disappeared from the systemic circulation and prednisolone (PLS) was regenerated after the administration of DSPC/Chol liposomes. PEGylated liposomes including DSPE-PEG 2000, however, successfully maintained high blood concentrations of Pal-PLS and PLS. The blood profiles of drugs after the administration of liposomal Pal-PLS were analyzed according to a two-compartment model. The larger content of DSPE-PEG 2000 in DSPC/Chol liposomes showed a lower first order elimination rate constant from the central compartment (K(el)) and clearance (CL). The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of Pal-PLS and PLS in PEGylated liposomes was larger than DSPC/Chol liposomes. The mean resident time (MRT) of Pal-PLS and PLS was also prolonged by PEGylated liposomes. Although DSPC/Chol liposomes showed a high distribution of Pal-PLS in the liver and spleen, PEGylated liposomes significantly decreased the liver distribution of Pal-PLS. The biliary and urinary excretions of drugs for 240 min after drug administration were less than 1% of the administrated dose in any formulations. In conclusion, PEGylated liposomes, including Pal-PLS, are useful for maintain the PLS concentration in the blood after intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugen Teshima
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital of Medicine and Dentistry, Japan
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