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van Osdol WW, Novakovic J, Le Merdy M, Tsakalozou E, Ghosh P, Spires J, Lukacova V. Predicting Human Dermal Drug Concentrations Using PBPK Modeling and Simulation: Clobetasol Propionate Case Study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:39. [PMID: 38366149 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantitative in silico tools may be leveraged to mechanistically predict the dermato-pharmacokinetics of compounds delivered from topical and transdermal formulations by integrating systems of rate equations that describe permeation through the formulation and layers of skin and pilo-sebaceous unit, and exchange with systemic circulation via local blood flow. Delivery of clobetasol-17 propionate (CP) from DermovateTM cream was simulated using the Transdermal Compartmental Absorption & Transit (TCATTM) Model in GastroPlus®. The cream was treated as an oil-in-water emulsion, with model input parameters estimated from publicly available information and quantitative structure-permeation relationships. From the ranges of values available for model input parameters, a set of parameters was selected by comparing model outputs to CP dermis concentration-time profiles measured by dermal open-flow microperfusion (Bodenlenz et al. Pharm Res. 33(9):2229-38, 2016). Predictions of unbound dermis CP concentrations were reasonably accurate with respect to time and skin depth. Parameter sensitivity analyses revealed considerable dependence of dermis CP concentration profiles on drug solubility in the emulsion, relatively less dependence on dispersed phase volume fraction and CP effective diffusivity in the continuous phase of the emulsion, and negligible dependence on dispersed phase droplet size. Effects of evaporative water loss from the cream and corticosteroid-induced vasoconstriction were also assessed. This work illustrates the applicability of computational modeling to predict sensitivity of dermato-pharmacokinetics to changes in thermodynamic and transport properties of a compound in a topical formulation, particularly in relation to rate-limiting steps in skin permeation. Where these properties can be related to formulation composition and processing, such a computational approach may support the design of topically applied formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W van Osdol
- Simulations Plus, Incorporated, 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Jasmina Novakovic
- Simulations Plus, Incorporated, 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Maxime Le Merdy
- Simulations Plus, Incorporated, 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Spires
- Simulations Plus, Incorporated, 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA.
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Incorporated, 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
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Bodenlenz M, Yeoh T, Berstein G, Mathew S, Shah J, Banfield C, Hollingshead B, Steyn SJ, Osgood SM, Beaumont K, Kainz S, Holeček C, Trausinger G, Raml R, Birngruber T. Comparative Study of Dermal Pharmacokinetics Between Topical Drugs Using Open Flow Microperfusion in a Pig Model. Pharm Res 2024; 41:223-234. [PMID: 38158503 PMCID: PMC10879402 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate methods to determine dermal pharmacokinetics are important to increase the rate of clinical success in topical drug development. We investigated in an in vivo pig model whether the unbound drug concentration in the interstitial fluid as determined by dermal open flow microperfusion (dOFM) is a more reliable measure of dermal exposure compared to dermal biopsies for seven prescription or investigational drugs. In addition, we verified standard dOFM measurement using a recirculation approach and compared dosing frequencies (QD versus BID) and dose strengths (high versus low drug concentrations). METHODS Domestic pigs were topically administered seven different drugs twice daily in two studies. On day 7, drug exposures in the dermis were assessed in two ways: (1) dOFM provided the total and unbound drug concentrations in dermal interstitial fluid, and (2) clean punch biopsies after heat separation provided the total concentrations in the upper and lower dermis. RESULTS dOFM showed sufficient intra-study precision to distinguish interstitial fluid concentrations between different drugs, dose frequencies and dose strengths, and had good reproducibility between studies. Biopsy concentrations showed much higher and more variable values. Standard dOFM measurements were consistent with values obtained with the recirculation approach. CONCLUSIONS dOFM pig model is a robust and reproducible method to directly determine topical drug concentration in dermal interstitial fluid. Dermal biopsies were a less reliable measure of dermal exposure due to possible contributions from drug bound to tissue and drug associated with skin appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bodenlenz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gabriel Berstein
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shibin Mathew
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jaymin Shah
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Brett Hollingshead
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stefanus J Steyn
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah M Osgood
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin Beaumont
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sonja Kainz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Holeček
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gert Trausinger
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Reingard Raml
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Lee O, Bazzi LA, Xu Y, Pearson E, Wang M, Hosseini O, Akasha AM, Choi JN, Karlan S, Pilewskie M, Kocherginsky M, Benante K, Helland T, Mellgren G, Dimond E, Perloff M, Heckman-Stoddard BM, Khan SA. A randomized Phase I pre-operative window trial of transdermal endoxifen in women planning mastectomy: Evaluation of dermal safety, intra-mammary drug distribution, and biologic effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116105. [PMID: 38171245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer prevention only requires local exposure of the breast to active drug. However, oral preventive agents entail systemic exposure, causing adverse effects that limit acceptance by high-risk women. Drug-delivery through the breast skin is an attractive option, but requires demonstration of dermal safety and drug distribution throughout the breast. We formulated the tamoxifen metabolite (E/Z)-endoxifen for transdermal delivery and tested it in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded Phase I trial with dose escalation from 10 to 20 mg daily. The primary endpoint was dermal toxicity. Thirty-two women planning mastectomy were randomized (2:1) to endoxifen-gel or placebo-gel applied to both breasts for 3-5 weeks. Both doses of endoxifen-gel incurred no dermal or systemic toxicity compared to placebo. All endoxifen-treated breasts contained the drug at each of five sampling locations; the median per-person tissue concentration in the treated participants was 0.6 ng/g (IQR 0.4-1.6), significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the median plasma concentration (0.2 ng/mL, IQR 0.2-0.2). The median ratio of the more potent (Z)-isomer to (E)-isomer at each breast location was 1.50 (IQR 0.96-2.54, p < 0.05). No discernible effects of breast size or adiposity on tissue concentrations were observed. At the endoxifen doses and duration used, and the tissue concentration achieved, we observed a non-significant overall reduction of tumor proliferation (Ki67 LI) and significant downregulation of gene signatures known to promote cancer invasion (FN1, SERPINH1, PLOD2, PDGFA, ITGAV) (p = 0.03). Transdermal endoxifen is an important potential breast cancer prevention agent but formulations with better dermal penetration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Latifa A Bazzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanfei Xu
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erik Pearson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minhua Wang
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Omid Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Azza M Akasha
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Nam Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott Karlan
- Saul and Joyce Brandman Breast Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | | | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelly Benante
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Helland
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eileen Dimond
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie Perloff
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Seavey CE, Doshi M, Panarello AP, Felice MA, Dickerson AK, Jewett MW, Willenberg BJ. Engineered Human Tissue as A New Platform for Mosquito Bite-Site Biology Investigations. INSECTS 2023; 14:514. [PMID: 37367330 PMCID: PMC10299109 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases transmitted through the bites of hematophagous arthropods, such as mosquitoes, continue to be a significant threat to human health globally. Transmission of disease by biting arthropod vectors includes interactions between (1) saliva expectorated by a vector during blood meal acquisition from a human host, (2) the transmitted vector-borne pathogens, and (3) host cells present at the skin bite site. Currently, the investigation of bite-site biology is challenged by the lack of model 3D human skin tissues for in vitro analyses. To help fill this gap, we have used a tissue engineering approach to develop new stylized human dermal microvascular bed tissue approximates-complete with warm blood-built with 3D capillary alginate gel (Capgel) biomaterial scaffolds. These engineered tissues, termed a Biologic Interfacial Tissue-Engineered System (BITES), were cellularized with either human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Both cell types formed tubular microvessel-like tissue structures of oriented cells (82% and 54% for HDFs and HUVECs, respectively) lining the unique Capgel parallel capillary microstructures. Female Aedes (Ae.) aegypti mosquitoes, a prototypic hematophagous biting vector arthropod, swarmed, bit, and probed blood-loaded HDF BITES microvessel bed tissues that were warmed (34-37 °C), acquiring blood meals in 151 ± 46 s on average, with some ingesting ≳4 µL or more of blood. Further, these tissue-engineered constructs could be cultured for at least three (3) days following blood meal acquisitions. Altogether, these studies serve as a powerful proof-of-concept demonstration of the innovative BITES platform and indicate its potential for the future investigation of arthropod bite-site cellular and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey E. Seavey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Mona Doshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Andrew P. Panarello
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Michael A. Felice
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Andrew K. Dickerson
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, Tickle College of Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mollie W. Jewett
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Bradley J. Willenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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Wang J, Lu Z, Cai R, Zheng H, Yu J, Zhang Y, Gu Z. Microneedle-based transdermal detection and sensing devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:869-887. [PMID: 36629050 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00790h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microneedles have been expected for the construction of next-generation biosensors towards personalization, digitization, and intellectualization due to their metrics of minimal invasiveness, high integration, and favorable biocompatibility. Herein, an overview of state-of-the-art microneedle-based detection and sensing systems is presented. First, the designs of microneedle devices based on extraction mechanisms are concluded, corresponding to different geometries and materials of microneedles. Second, the targets of equipment-assisted microneedle detections are summarized, as well as the objective significance, revealing the current performance and potential scenarios of these microneedles. Third, the trend towards highly integrated sensors is elaborated by emphasizing the sensing principles (colorimetric, fluorometric and electronic manner). Finally, the key challenges to be tackled and the perspectives on future development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Ruisi Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Hanqi Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Burns and Wound Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Wenande E, Chandra Gundavarapu S, Tam J, Bhayana B, Thomas CN, Farinelli WA, Vakoc BJ, Rox Anderson R, Haedersdal M. Local vasoregulative interventions impact drug concentrations in the skin after topical laser-assisted delivery. Lasers Surg Med 2022; 54:1288-1297. [PMID: 35593006 PMCID: PMC9675883 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability of ablative fractional lasers (AFL) to enhance topical drug uptake is well established. After AFL delivery, however, drug clearance by local vasculature is poorly understood. Modifications in vascular clearance may enhance AFL-assisted drug concentrations and prolong drug dwell time in the skin. Aiming to assess the role and modifiability of vascular clearance after AFL-assisted delivery, this study examined the impact of vasoregulative interventions on AFL-assisted 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) concentrations in in vivo skin. METHODS 5-FU uptake was assessed in intact and AFL-exposed skin in a live pig model. After fractional CO2 laser exposure (15 mJ/microbeam, 5% density), vasoregulative intervention using topical brimonidine cream, epinephrine solution, or pulsed dye laser (PDL) was performed in designated treatment areas, followed by a single 5% 5-FU cream application. At 0, 1, 4, 48, and 72 h, 5-FU concentrations were measured in 500 and 1500 μm skin layers by mass spectrometry (n = 6). A supplemental assessment of blood flow following AFL ± vasoregulation was performed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a human volunteer. RESULTS Compared to intact skin, AFL facilitated a prompt peak in 5-FU delivery that remained elevated up to 4 hours (1500 μm: 1.5 vs. 31.8 ng/ml [1 hour, p = 0.002]; 5.3 vs. 14.5 ng/ml [4 hours, p = 0.039]). However, AFL's impact was transient, with 5-FU concentrations comparable to intact skin at later time points. Overall, vasoregulative intervention with brimonidine or PDL led to significantly higher peak 5-FU concentrations, prolonging the drug's dwell time in the skin versus AFL delivery alone. As such, brimonidine and PDL led to twofold higher 5-FU concentrations than AFL alone in both skin layers by 1 hour (e.g., 500 μm: 107 ng/ml [brimonidine]; 96.9 ng/ml [PDL], 46.6 ng/ml [AFL alone], p ≤ 0.024), and remained significantly elevated at 4 hours (p ≤ 0.024). A similar pattern was observed for epinephrine, although trends remained nonsignificant (p ≥ 0.09). Prolonged 5-FU delivery was provided by PDL, resulting in sustained drug deposition compared to AFL alone at both 48 and 72 hours in the superficial skin layer (p ≤ 0.024). Supporting drug delivery findings, OCT revealed that increases in local blood flow after AFL were mitigated in test areas also exposed to PDL, brimonidine, or epinephrine, with PDL providing the greatest, sustained reduction in flow over 48 hours. CONCLUSION Vasoregulative intervention in conjunction with AFL-assisted delivery enhances and prolongs 5-FU deposition in in vivo skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wenande
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Sarat Chandra Gundavarapu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brijesh Bhayana
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carina N. Thomas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William A. Farinelli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Vakoc
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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Chopra A, Gupta A. Skin as an immune organ and the site of biomimetic, non-invasive vaccination. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Zoio P, Oliva A. Skin-on-a-Chip Technology: Microengineering Physiologically Relevant In Vitro Skin Models. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030682. [PMID: 35336056 PMCID: PMC8955316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased demand for physiologically relevant in vitro human skin models for testing pharmaceutical drugs has led to significant advancements in skin engineering. One of the most promising approaches is the use of in vitro microfluidic systems to generate advanced skin models, commonly known as skin-on-a-chip (SoC) devices. These devices allow the simulation of key mechanical, functional and structural features of the human skin, better mimicking the native microenvironment. Importantly, contrary to conventional cell culture techniques, SoC devices can perfuse the skin tissue, either by the inclusion of perfusable lumens or by the use of microfluidic channels acting as engineered vasculature. Moreover, integrating sensors on the SoC device allows real-time, non-destructive monitoring of skin function and the effect of topically and systemically applied drugs. In this Review, the major challenges and key prerequisites for the creation of physiologically relevant SoC devices for drug testing are considered. Technical (e.g., SoC fabrication and sensor integration) and biological (e.g., cell sourcing and scaffold materials) aspects are discussed. Recent advancements in SoC devices are here presented, and their main achievements and drawbacks are compared and discussed. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges that need to be overcome for the clinical translation of SoC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Zoio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Abel Oliva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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9
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Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08938. [PMID: 35198788 PMCID: PMC8851252 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex and multifunctional organ, in which the static versus dynamic balance is responsible for its constant adaptation to variations in the external environment that is continuously exposed. One of the most important functions of the skin is its ability to act as a protective barrier, against the entry of foreign substances and against the excessive loss of endogenous material. Human skin imposes physical, chemical and biological limitations on all types of permeating agents that can cross the epithelial barrier. For a molecule to be passively permeated through the skin, it must have properties, such as dimensions, molecular weight, pKa and hydrophilic-lipophilic gradient, appropriate to the anatomy and physiology of the skin. These requirements have limited the number of commercially available products for dermal and transdermal administration of drugs. To understand the mechanisms involved in the drug permeation process through the skin, the approach should be multidisciplinary in order to overcome biological and pharmacotechnical barriers. The study of the mechanisms involved in the permeation process, and the ways to control it, can make this route of drug administration cease to be a constant promise and become a reality. In this work, we address the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects encountered in the pathway of drugs through the skin, and the potential added value of using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid vectors (NLC) to drug permeation/penetration through this route. The technology and architecture for obtaining lipid nanoparticles are described in detail, namely the composition, production methods and the ability to release pharmacologically active substances, as well as the application of these systems in the vectorization of various pharmacologically active substances for dermal and transdermal applications. The characteristics of these systems in terms of dermal application are addressed, such as biocompatibility, occlusion, hydration, emollience and the penetration of pharmacologically active substances. The advantages of using these systems over conventional formulations are described and explored from a pharmaceutical point of view.
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Calcutt JJ, Anissimov YG. Predicting viable skin concentration: Diffusional and convective drug transport. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2823-2832. [PMID: 33762180 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viable skin drug transport is an important concept to consider as it can have a significant impact on the local concentration of a drug. The concentration becomes even more critical for toxicological issues when implementing different permeability enhancement techniques. For this reason, it is important to develop models that can predict drug transport in the viable skin. This paper expands upon previous capillary modeling by representing the convective transport of a solute that has permeated into the capillary loops. As a result, convective transport caused the concentration profile to plateau within the deeper dermal layers, effectively matching the trend of previous experimental data. Furthermore, the new model also has a significantly quicker transient profile as the time required to reach steady-state is five-fold faster than predicted in previous homogenous models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Calcutt
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Yuri G Anissimov
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Towards shifted position-diffuse reflectance imaging of anatomically correctly scaled human microvasculature. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17391. [PMID: 33060791 PMCID: PMC7567838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to significant advantages, the trend in the field of medical technology is moving towards minimally or even non-invasive examination methods. In this respect, optical methods offer inherent benefits, as does diffuse reflectance imaging (DRI). The present study attempts to prove the suitability of DRI—when implemented alongside a suitable setup and data evaluation algorithm—to derive information from anatomically correctly scaled human capillaries (diameter: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$45\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}45μm) by conducting extensive Monte–Carlo simulations and by verifying the findings through laboratory experiments. As a result, the method of shifted position-diffuse reflectance imaging (SP-DRI) is established by which average signal modulations of up to 5% could be generated with an illumination wavelength of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\lambda =424\,\hbox {nm}$$\end{document}λ=424nm and a core diameter of the illumination fiber of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$50\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}50μm. No reference image is needed for this technique. The present study reveals that the diffuse reflectance data in combination with the SP-DRI normalization are suitable to localize human capillaries within turbid media.
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12
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Sebastia-Saez D, Burbidge A, Engmann J, Ramaioli M. New trends in mechanistic transdermal drug delivery modelling: Towards an accurate geometric description of the skin microstructure. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Salim S, Kamalasanan K. Controlled drug delivery for alopecia: A review. J Control Release 2020; 325:84-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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LaCount TD, Zhang Q, Hao J, Ghosh P, Raney SG, Talattof A, Kasting GB, Li SK. Modeling Temperature-Dependent Dermal Absorption and Clearance for Transdermal and Topical Drug Applications. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:70. [PMID: 32390069 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A computational model was developed to better understand the impact of elevated skin temperatures on transdermal drug delivery and dermal clearance. A simultaneous heat and mass transport model with emphasis on transdermal delivery system (TDS) applications was developed to address transient and steady-state temperature effects on dermal absorption. The model was tested using representative data from nicotine TDS applied to human skin either in vitro or in vivo. The approximately 2-fold increase of nicotine absorption with a 10°C increase in skin surface temperature was consistent with a 50-65 kJ/mol activation energy for diffusion in the stratum corneum, with this layer serving as the primary barrier for nicotine absorption. Incorporation of a dermal clearance component into the model revealed efficient removal of nicotine via the dermal capillaries at both normal and elevated temperatures. Two-compartment pharmacokinetic simulations yielded systemic drug concentrations consistent with the human pharmacokinetic data. Both in vitro skin permeation and in vivo pharmacokinetics of nicotine delivered from a marketed TDS under normal and elevated temperatures can be satisfactorily described by a simultaneous heat and mass transfer computational model incorporating realistic skin barrier properties and dermal clearance components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri D LaCount
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jinsong Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, 25755, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, 27506, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA.
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0514, USA
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15
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Chen Y, Feng X, Meng S. Site-specific drug delivery in the skin for the localized treatment of skin diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:847-867. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1645119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xun Feng
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengnan Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Linking microvascular collapse to tissue hypoxia in a multiscale model of pressure ulcer initiation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1947-1964. [PMID: 31203488 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pressure ulcers are devastating injuries that disproportionately affect the older adult population. The initiating factor of pressure ulcers is local ischemia, or lack of perfusion at the microvascular level, following tissue compression against bony prominences. In turn, lack of blood flow leads to a drop in oxygen concentration, i.e, hypoxia, that ultimately leads to cell death, tissue necrosis, and disruption of tissue continuity. Despite our qualitative understanding of the initiating mechanisms of pressure ulcers, we are lacking quantitative knowledge of the relationship between applied pressure, skin mechanical properties as well as structure, and tissue hypoxia. This gap in our understanding is, at least in part, due to the limitations of current imaging technologies that cannot simultaneously image the microvascular architecture, while quantifying tissue deformation. We overcome this limitation in our work by combining realistic microvascular geometries with appropriate mechanical constitutive models into a microscale finite element model of the skin. By solving boundary value problems on a representative volume element via the finite element method, we can predict blood volume fractions in response to physiological skin loading conditions (i.e., shear and compression). We then use blood volume fraction as a homogenized variable to couple tissue-level skin mechanics to an oxygen diffusion model. With our model, we find that moderate levels of pressure applied to the outer skin surface lead to oxygen concentration contours indicative of tissue hypoxia. For instance, we show that applying a pressure of 60 kPa at the skin surface leads to a decrease in oxygen partial pressure from a physiological value of 65 mmHg to a hypoxic level of 31 mmHg. Additionally, we explore the sensitivity of local oxygen concentration to skin thickness and tissue stiffness, two age-related skin parameters. We find that, for a given pressure, oxygen concentration decreases with decreasing skin thickness and skin stiffness. Future work will include rigorous calibration and validation of this model, which may render our work an important tool toward developing better prevention and treatment tools for pressure ulcers specifically targeted toward the older adult patient population.
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Savoca A, Mistraletti G, Manca D. A physiologically-based diffusion-compartment model for transdermal administration – The melatonin case study. Comput Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Garg V, Singh H, Bhatia A, Raza K, Singh SK, Singh B, Beg S. Systematic Development of Transethosomal Gel System of Piroxicam: Formulation Optimization, In Vitro Evaluation, and Ex Vivo Assessment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:58-71. [PMID: 26868380 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Piroxicam is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Upon oral administration, it is reported to cause ulcerative colitis, gastrointestinal irritation, edema and peptic ulcer. Hence, an alternative delivery system has been designed in the form of transethosome. The present study describes the preparation, optimization, characterization, and ex vivo study of piroxicam-loaded transethosomal gel using the central composite design. On the basis of the prescreening study, the concentration of lipids and ethanol was kept in the range of 2-4% w/v and 0-40% v/v, respectively. Formulation was optimized by measuring drug retention in the skin, drug permeation, entrapment efficiency, and vesicle size. Optimized formulation was incorporated in hydrogel and compared with other analogous vesicular (liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes) gels for the aforementioned responses. Among the various lipids used, soya phosphatidylcholine (SPL 70) and ethanol in various percentages were found to affect drug retention in the skin, drug permeation, vesicle size, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized batch of transethosome has shown 392.730 μg cm-2 drug retention in the skin, 44.312 μg cm-2 h-1 drug permeation, 68.434% entrapment efficiency, and 655.369 nm vesicle size, respectively. It was observed that the developed transethosomes were found superior in all the responses as compared to other vesicular formulations with improved stability and highest elasticity. Similar observations were noted with its gel formulation.
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Kathuria H, Li H, Pan J, Lim SH, Kochhar JS, Wu C, Kang L. Large Size Microneedle Patch to Deliver Lidocaine through Skin. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2653-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Liposomes in Drug Delivery: How It All Happened. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:pharmaceutics8020019. [PMID: 27231934 PMCID: PMC4932482 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective delivery of drugs via liposomes in the treatment or prevention of disease is the aim of numerous researchers worldwide.[...].
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Ventrelli L, Marsilio Strambini L, Barillaro G. Microneedles for Transdermal Biosensing: Current Picture and Future Direction. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2606-40. [PMID: 26439100 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel trend is rapidly emerging in the use of microneedles, which are a miniaturized replica of hypodermic needles with length-scales of hundreds of micrometers, aimed at the transdermal biosensing of analytes of clinical interest, e.g., glucose, biomarkers, and others. Transdermal biosensing via microneedles offers remarkable opportunities for moving biosensing technologies and biochips from research laboratories to real-field applications, and envisages easy-to-use point-of-care microdevices with pain-free, minimally invasive, and minimal-training features that are very attractive for both developed and emerging countries. In addition to this, microneedles for transdermal biosensing offer a unique possibility for the development of biochips provided with end-effectors for their interaction with the biological system under investigation. Direct and efficient collection of the biological sample to be analyzed will then become feasible in situ at the same length-scale of the other biochip components by minimally trained personnel and in a minimally invasive fashion. This would eliminate the need for blood extraction using hypodermic needles and reduce, in turn, related problems, such as patient infections, sample contaminations, analysis artifacts, etc. The aim here is to provide a thorough and critical analysis of state-of-the-art developments in this novel research trend, and to bridge the gap between microneedles and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Ventrelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione; Università di Pisa; Via G. Caruso 16 56122 Pisa Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione; Università di Pisa; Via G. Caruso 16 56122 Pisa Italy
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
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22
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What happens in the skin? Integrating skin permeation kinetics into studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity following topical exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:252-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Coffey JW, Corrie SR, Kendall MA. Early circulating biomarker detection using a wearable microprojection array skin patch. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9572-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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Kneer W, Rother M, Mazgareanu S, Seidel EJ. A 12-week randomized study of topical therapy with three dosages of ketoprofen in Transfersome® gel (IDEA-033) compared with the ketoprofen-free vehicle (TDT 064), in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Pain Res 2013; 6:743-53. [PMID: 24187510 PMCID: PMC3810344 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s51054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ketoprofen in Transfersome® gel (IDEA-033) in comparison with a ketoprofen-free vehicle (TDT 064) for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS Patients with knee OA (N = 866) were randomly assigned to receive topical IDEA-033 containing 100, 50, or 25 mg ketoprofen, or TDT 064 twice daily for 12 weeks, in a double-blind trial. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC®) Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale score. The coprimary efficacy endpoints were the WOMAC function subscale score and the patient global assessment of response to therapy. The secondary endpoints included the numeric pain rating for the first 14 days of treatment and the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT)-Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) responder rates. RESULTS The WOMAC pain scores were reduced by approximately 50% or more in all four groups. The 100 and 50 mg ketoprofen groups, but not the 25 mg group, showed a superior reduction in the WOMAC pain score versus the TDT 064 group (100 mg: -57.4% [P = 0.0383]; 50 mg: -57.1% [P = 0.0204]; and 25 mg: -53.4% [P = 0.3616] versus TDT 064: -49.5%). The superiority of the ketoprofen-containing formulations was not demonstrated for the WOMAC function subscale score, whereas the patient global assessment of 50 mg ketoprofen group, but not the 100 or 25 mg group, was superior to that of the TDT 064 group (P = 0.0283). Responder rates were significantly higher for all the IDEA-033 groups versus the TDT 064 group, but were high in all groups (100 mg: 88.6%; 50 mg: 86.8%; 25 mg: 88.6%; and TDT 064: 77.5%). Dermal reactions were the only relevant drug-related adverse events in all four groups. CONCLUSION The 50 and 100 mg ketoprofen doses of IDEA-033 were only marginally superior to TDT 064 for reducing pain associated with knee OA. The study indicates a high treatment response to the topical ketoprofen-free vehicle TDT 064.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Kneer
- Orthopaedic Outpatient Centre, Stockach, Germany
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25
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Nair A, Jacob S, Al-Dhubiab B, Attimarad M, Harsha S. Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the bioavailability of drug molecules at the site of action provides better insight into the efficiency of a dosage form. However, determining drug concentration in the skin layers following topical application of dermatological formulations is a great challenge. The protocols followed in oral formulations could not be applied for topical dosage forms. The regulatory agencies are considering several possible approaches such as tape stripping, microdialysis etc. On the other hand, the skin bioavailability assessment of xenobiotics is equally important for topical formulations in order to evaluate the toxicity. It is always possible that drug molecules applied on the skin surface may transport thorough the skin and reaches systemic circulation. Thus the real time measurement of molecules in the skin layer has become obligatory. In the last two decades, quite a few investigations have been carried out to assess the skin bioavailability and toxicity of topical/dermatological products. This review provides current understanding on the basics of dermatokinetics, drug depot formation, skin metabolism and clearance of drug molecules from the skin layers following application of topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anroop Nair
- King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shery Jacob
- Gulf Medical University, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Sree Harsha
- King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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26
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Friedrich EE, Sun LT, Natesan S, Zamora DO, Christy RJ, Washburn NR. Effects of hyaluronic acid conjugation on anti-TNF-α inhibition of inflammation in burns. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1527-36. [PMID: 23765644 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials capable of neutralizing specific cytokines could form the basis for treating a broad range of conditions characterized by intense, local inflammation. Severe burns, spanning partial- to full-thickness of the dermis, can result in complications due to acute inflammation that contributes to burn progression, and early mediation may be a key factor in rescuing thermally injured tissue from secondary necrosis to improve healing outcomes. In this work, we examined the effects on burn progression and influence on the inflammatory microenvironment of topical application of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) alone, mixed with hyaluronic acid (HA) or conjugated to HA. We found that non-conjugated anti-TNF-α decreased macrophage infiltration to a greater extent than that conjugated to HA; however, there was little effect on the degree of progression or IL-1β levels. A simple transport model is proposed to analyze the results, which predicts qualitative and quantitative differences between untreated burn sites and those treated with the conjugates. Our results indicate that conjugation of anti-TNF-α to high molecular weight HA provides sustained, local modulation of the post-injury inflammatory responses compared to direct administration of non-conjugated antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Friedrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Modeling the human skin barrier--towards a better understanding of dermal absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:152-68. [PMID: 22525516 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs are presently delivered through the skin from products developed for topical and transdermal applications. Underpinning these technologies are the interactions between the drug, product and skin that define drug penetration, distribution, and elimination in and through the skin. Most work has been focused on modeling transport of drugs through the stratum corneum, the outermost skin layer widely recognized as presenting the rate-determining step for the penetration of most compounds. However, a growing body of literature is dedicated to considering the influence of the rest of the skin on drug penetration and distribution. In this article we review how our understanding of skin physiology and the experimentally observed mechanisms of transdermal drug transport inform the current models of drug penetration and distribution in the skin. Our focus is on models that have been developed to describe particular phenomena observed at particular sites of the skin, reflecting the most recent directions of investigation.
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28
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Anissimov YG, Jepps OG, Dancik Y, Roberts MS. Mathematical and pharmacokinetic modelling of epidermal and dermal transport processes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:169-90. [PMID: 22575500 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Topical delivery to the various regions of the skin and underlying tissues, transdermal drug delivery and dermal exposure to environmental chemicals are important areas of research. Mathematical models of epidermal and dermal transport, involving penetration of a solute through various layers of the skin, metabolism in the skin and its subsequent distribution and clearance into systemic circulation from underlying tissues, play an essential role in this research area and are reviewed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri G Anissimov
- Griffith University, School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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29
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Dancik Y, Anissimov YG, Jepps OG, Roberts MS. Convective transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs facilitates direct penetration into deep tissues after topical application. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:564-78. [PMID: 21999217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Many products are applied to human skin for local effects in deeper tissues. Animal studies suggest that deep dermal and/or subcutaneous delivery may be facilitated by both dermal diffusion and transport via the cutaneous vasculature. However, the relationship between the extent and pathways of penetration, drug physicochemical properties and deeper tissue physiology is not well understood. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS We have used a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to analyze published human cutaneous microdialysis data, complemented by our own in vitro skin penetration studies. We found that convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial flow led to significant deep tissue concentrations for drugs that are highly plasma protein bound. In such cases, deeper tissue concentrations will occur earlier and may be several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by passive dermal diffusion alone. AIMS To relate the varying dermal, subcutaneous and muscle microdialysate concentrations found in man after topical application to the nature of the drug applied and to the underlying physiology. METHODS We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in which transport to deeper tissues was determined by tissue diffusion, blood, lymphatic and intersitial flow transport and drug properties. The model was applied to interpret published human microdialysis data, estimated in vitro dermal diffusion and protein binding affinity of drugs that have been previously applied topically in vivo and measured in deep cutaneous tissues over time. RESULTS Deeper tissue microdialysis concentrations for various drugs in vivo vary widely. Here, we show that carriage by the blood to the deeper tissues below topical application sites facilitates the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs that penetrate the skin, leading to rapid and significant concentrations in those tissues. Hence, the fractional concentration for the highly plasma protein bound diclofenac in deeper tissues is 0.79 times that in a probe 4.5 mm below a superficial probe whereas the corresponding fractional concentration for the poorly protein bound nicotine is 0.02. Their corresponding estimated in vivo lag times for appearance of the drugs in the deeper probes were 1.1 min for diclofenac and 30 min for nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Poorly plasma protein bound drugs are mainly transported to deeper tissues after topical application by tissue diffusion whereas the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs is additionally facilitated by convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial transport to deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dancik
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4120, Australia
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30
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Pegoraro C, MacNeil S, Battaglia G. Transdermal drug delivery: from micro to nano. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1881-1894. [PMID: 22334401 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11606e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Delivery across skin offers many advantages compared to oral or intravenous routes of drug administration. Skin however is highly impermeable to most molecules on the basis of size, hydrophilicity, lipophilicity and charge. For this reason it is often necessary to temporarily alter the barrier properties of skin for effective administration. This can be done by applying chemical enhancers, which alter the lipid structure of the top layer of skin (the stratum corneum, SC), by applying external forces such as electric currents and ultrasounds, by bypassing the stratum corneum via minimally invasive microneedles or by using nano-delivery vehicles that can cross and deliver their payload to the deeper layers of skin. Here we present a critical summary of the latest technologies used to increase transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pegoraro
- The Krebs Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK.
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31
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Cevc G. Rational design of new product candidates: the next generation of highly deformable bilayer vesicles for noninvasive, targeted therapy. J Control Release 2012; 160:135-46. [PMID: 22266051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Amphipat bilayer vesicles are a subgroup of "fat-and-water" mixtures useful as drug carriers. Scrutinising amphipat aggregation in terms of the popular molecular descriptors (esp. the Israelachvili's form-factor or HLB number) is "too static" to foretell reliably and quantitatively bilayer vesicle formation. A better predictor introduced in this work is the effective area per lipid chain (cross-section of a "tail", A(c)), which also correlates, quasi-exponentially, with the ease of bilayer vesicle formation and bilayer deformability. The latter is highest near an uppermost, bilayer-compatible but nearly headgroup independent, A(c)-value reachable on different paths to bilayer solubilisation. The deformable bilayer vesicles class is thus more diverse than had previously been recognised. It includes phospholipid or phospholipid-surfactant blends (1st generation), synergistic phospholipid-amphipat or drug mixtures (2nd generation), and novel (non-phospholipid) amphipat combinations with appropriate effective tail(s) cross-section (3rd generation). Typically, vesicularisation ability and bilayer adaptability of such preparations is proportional, and arguably depends upon, the dynamic and stress-dependent molecular re-arrangement during aggregate formation and bilayer adaptation. In the previously described formulations such re-arrangement took place within or across the mixed lipid bilayer. This work shows that water-soluble molecules redistribution near a bilayer surface can be similarly effective. The new mechanism for bilayer properties modulation thus potentially avoids using harsher molecules in the adaptable vesicles, and can utilise buffers, microbicides, etc., in their stead. A plethora of amphipats can comprise hyper-adaptable vesicles of the new generation, including some that are more stable than the previously recognised ones. Encompassing well-chosen hydrophilic additive(s) and/or drug(s), such hyper-adaptable vesicles can be blended into fluid or semisolid preparations suitable for non-invasive, and potentially parenteral, applications. Pharmacologically relevant examples include, but are not limited to, the composite adaptable phospholipid-free vesicles loaded with anti-mycosis drugs (such as terbinafine), surfactant-free preparations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as indomethacin or ketoprofen), etc. Further interesting implementations of the new technology contain hyper-adaptable drug-free vesicles that suppress human skin inflammation after local application better than hydrocortisone and broadly similar to conventional topical NSAIDs. The carriers described in this work thus provide unprecedented options for cutaneous or targeted subcutaneous deposition of drugs and/or for the sustained delivery of the corresponding carrier associated therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Cevc
- The Advanced Treatments Institute, Gauting, Germany.
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Oshima S, Suzuki C, Yajima R, Egawa Y, Hosoya O, Juni K, Seki T. The Use of an Artificial Skin Model to Study Transdermal Absorption of Drugs in Inflamed Skin. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:203-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Oshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | - Rina Yajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Yuya Egawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Osamu Hosoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kazuhiko Juni
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Modelling dermal drug distribution after topical application in human. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2119-29. [PMID: 21523512 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To model and interpret drug distribution in the dermis and underlying tissues after topical application which is relevant to the treatment of local conditions. METHODS We created a new physiological pharmacokinetic model to describe the effect of blood flow, blood protein binding and dermal binding on the rate and depth of penetration of topical drugs into the underlying skin. We used this model to interpret literature in vivo human biopsy data on dermal drug concentration at various depths in the dermis after topical application of six substances. This interpretation was facilitated by our in vitro human dermal penetration studies in which dermal diffusion coefficient and binding were estimated. RESULTS The model shows that dermal diffusion alone cannot explain the in vivo data, and blood and/or lymphatic transport to deep tissues must be present for almost all of the drugs tested. CONCLUSION Topical drug delivery systems for deeper tissue delivery should recognise that blood/lymphatic transport may dominate over dermal diffusion for certain compounds.
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Simões S, Marques C, Cruz ME, Martins MBF. Anti-inflammatory effects of locally applied enzyme-loaded ultradeformable vesicles on an acute cutaneous model. J Microencapsul 2010; 26:649-58. [PMID: 19839801 DOI: 10.3109/02652040802630403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are active scavengers of reactive oxygen species and were incorporated into ultradeformable vesicles with the aim of increasing enzyme bioavailability (skin delivery). These special very adaptable vesicles have been formulated and optimized for enzyme transport in order to penetrate into or across the intact skin barrier. Anti-inflammatory activity of SOD-loaded, CAT-loaded and of SOD- and CAT-loaded ultradeformable vesicles applied epicutaneously was measured using different protein doses on the skin, on an arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear oedema. The biological anti-oedema activity is a measurement of drug-targeting potentiation in the organ. Delivery by means of deformable vesicles was compared to conventional vesicles or the absence of an enzyme carrier mediated transport. This was done at various times following prophylactic application of the test formulations. Positive reference groups were treated epicutaneously with several low molecular weight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The latter included indomethacin (3 mg kg(-1)), etofenamate (30 mg kg(-1)) and piroxicam (1 mg kg(-1)) and reduced the oedema by 94 +/- 4%, 81 +/- 4% and 42 +/- 5%, respectively, if measured 30 min after ear treatment with a NSAID. Of the enzyme-loaded carriers tested, only the enzyme-loaded ultradeformable vesicles reduced the swelling of ears significantly: SOD (90 microg kg(-1)), CAT (250 microg kg(-1)) and SOD (90 microg kg(-1)) plus CAT (250 microg kg(-1)) reduced the oedema by 70 +/- 12%, 65 +/- 10% and 61 +/- 19%, respectively, at t = 30 min. Aqueous enzyme solutions and empty carriers had no such effect. The combination of two enzymes resulted in no increased therapeutic effect, but the results are inconclusive since only two dose combinations were tested. The results presented in this study suggest that antioxidant enzymes delivered by means of ultradeformable lipid vesicles can serve as a novel region-specific treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Unit New Forms of Bioactive Agents (UNFAB)/INETI, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Cevc G, Mazgareanu S, Rother M. Preclinical characterisation of NSAIDs in ultradeformable carriers or conventional topical gels. Int J Pharm 2008; 360:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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