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Yoshinaga N, Zhou JK, Xu C, Quek CH, Zhu Y, Tang D, Hung LY, Najjar SA, Shiu CYA, Margolis KG, Lao YH, Leong KW. Phenylboronic Acid-Functionalized Polyplexes Tailored to Oral CRISPR Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:757-764. [PMID: 36648291 PMCID: PMC10375565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective delivery of the CRISPR-Cas9 components is crucial to realizing the therapeutic potential. Although many delivery approaches have been developed for this application, oral delivery has not been explored due to the degradative nature of the gastrointestinal tract. For this issue, we developed a series of novel phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized chitosan-polyethylenimine (CS-PEI) polymers for oral CRISPR delivery. PBA functionalization equipped the polyplex with higher stability, smooth transport across the mucus, and efficient endosomal escape and cytosolic unpackaging in the cells. From a library of 12 PBA-functionalized CS-PEI polyplexes, we identified a formulation that showed the most effective penetration in the intestinal mucosa after oral gavage to mice. The optimized formulation performed feasible CRISPR-mediated downregulation of the target protein and reduction in the downstream cholesterol. As the first oral CRISPR carrier, this study suggests the potential of addressing the needs of both local and systemic editing in a patient-compliant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshinaga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Joyce K Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Chai Hoon Quek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yuefei Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lin Yung Hung
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Sarah A Najjar
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Chin Ying Angela Shiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
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2
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Zhu X, Li Z, Ji X, Chen Q, Wu S, Gao E, Zhu M. Two new lanthanide complexes with 5-(Pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinic acid: Structures and their anti-cancer properties. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 222:111505. [PMID: 34144467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new lanthanide complexes [PrL2(EA)2]NO3 (complex 1) and [SmL2(EA)2]NO3 (complex 2) (H2L = 5-(Pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinic acid, EA = CH3CH2OH) were synthesized. The structures were characterized by single crystal X-ray and elemental analysis. The interaction between the complex and fish sperm DNA(FS-DNA) was monitored using ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, and the binding constants were determined. Both complexes showed the ability to effectively bind DNA, and the molecular docking technology was used to simulate the binding of the complex and DNA. In addition, through the annexin V-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate(FITC)/ Propidium Iodide (PI) test experiment, tetrazollium [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) in vitro test, and cell morphology apoptosis studies, it was shown that the complex can effectively induce HeLa tumor cell apoptosis. Compared with cisplatin and complex, complex 1 shows significant cancer cell inhibition, and we hope that this new type of complex will open up new ways for the next generation of drugs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhu
- International Key Laboratory of Liaoning Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemical and Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- International Key Laboratory of Liaoning Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemical and Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
| | - Xiaoxi Ji
- International Key Laboratory of Liaoning Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemical and Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- International Key Laboratory of Liaoning Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemical and Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
| | - Shuangyan Wu
- International Key Laboratory of Liaoning Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemical and Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
| | - Enjun Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, PR China
| | - Mingchang Zhu
- International Key Laboratory of Liaoning Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemical and Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Chemical Technology and Materials, (Ministry of Education), Shenyang University Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China.
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3
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Toxicological profile of lipid-based nanostructures: are they considered as completely safe nanocarriers? Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:148-176. [PMID: 32053030 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1719974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment and are widely used in medical science (e.g. bioimaging, diagnosis, and drug therapy delivery). Due to unique physicochemical properties, they are able to cross many barriers, which is not possible for traditional drugs. Nevertheless, exposure to NPs and their following interactions with organelles and macromolecules can result in negative effects on cells, especially, they can induce cytotoxicity, epigenicity, genotoxicity, and cell death. Lipid-based nanomaterials (LNPs) are one of the most important achievements in drug delivery mainly due to their superior physicochemical and biological characteristics, particularly its safety. Although they are considered as the completely safe nanocarriers in biomedicine, the lipid composition, the surfactant, emulsifier, and stabilizer used in the LNP preparation, and surface electrical charge are important factors that might influence the toxicity of LNPs. According to the author's opinion, their toxicity profile should be evaluated case-by-case regarding the intended applications. Since there is a lack of all-inclusive review on the various aspects of LNPs with an emphasis on toxicological profiles including cyto-genotoxiciy, this comprehensive and critical review is outlined.
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4
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Yoshinaga N, Ishii T, Naito M, Endo T, Uchida S, Cabral H, Osada K, Kataoka K. Polyplex Micelles with Phenylboronate/Gluconamide Cross-Linking in the Core Exerting Promoted Gene Transfection through Spatiotemporal Responsivity to Intracellular pH and ATP Concentration. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18567-18575. [PMID: 29188718 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyplexes as gene delivery carriers require integrated functionalities to modulate intracellular trafficking for efficient gene transfection. Herein, we developed plasmid DNA (pDNA)-loaded polyplex micelles (PMs) from poly(ethylene glycol)-based block catiomers derivatized with 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA) and d-gluconamide to form pH- and ATP-responsive cross-linking in the core. These PMs exhibited robustness in the extracellular milieu and smooth endosomal escape after cellular uptake, and they facilitated pDNA decondensation triggered by increased ATP concentration inside of the cell. Laser confocal microscopic observation revealed that FPBA installation enhanced the endosomal escapability of the PMs; presumably, this effect resulted from the facilitated endo-/lysosomal membrane disruption triggered by the released block catiomers with hydrophobic FPBA moieties in the side chain from the PM at lower pH condition of endo-/lysosomes. Furthermore, the profile of intracellular pDNA decondensation from the PMs was monitored using Förster resonance energy transfer measurement by flow cytometry; these observations confirmed that PMs optimized for ATP-responsivity exerted effective intracellular decondensation of loaded pDNA to attain promoted gene transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshinaga
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ishii
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Endo
- Department of Material Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Ni R, Zhou J, Hossain N, Chau Y. Virus-inspired nucleic acid delivery system: Linking virus and viral mimicry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:3-26. [PMID: 27473931 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nucleic acids into disease sites of human body has been attempted for decades, but both viral and non-viral vectors are yet to meet our expectations. Safety concerns and low delivery efficiency are the main limitations of viral and non-viral vectors, respectively. The structure of viruses is both ordered and dynamic, and is believed to be the key for effective transfection. Detailed understanding of the physical properties of viruses, their interaction with cellular components, and responses towards cellular environments leading to transfection would inspire the development of safe and effective non-viral vectors. To this goal, this review systematically summarizes distinctive features of viruses that are implied for efficient nucleic acid delivery but not yet fully explored in current non-viral vectors. The assembly and disassembly of viral structures, presentation of viral ligands, and the subcellular targeting of viruses are emphasized. Moreover, we describe the current development of cationic material-based viral mimicry (CVM) and structural viral mimicry (SVM) in these aspects. In light of the discrepancy, we identify future opportunities for rational design of viral mimics for the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naushad Hossain
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Rowland CE, Brown CW, Medintz IL, Delehanty JB. Intracellular FRET-based probes: a review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:042006. [PMID: 29148511 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/042006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probes that exploit Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in their feedback mechanism are touted for their sensitivity, robustness, and low background, and thanks to the exceptional distance dependence of the energy transfer process, they provide a means of probing lengthscales well below the resolution of light. These attributes make FRET-based probes superbly suited to an intracellular environment, and recent developments in biofunctionalization and expansion of imaging capabilities have put them at the forefront of intracellular studies. Here, we present an overview of the engineering and execution of a variety of recent intracellular FRET probes, highlighting the diversity of this class of materials and the breadth of application they have found in the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA. National Research Council, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Hu X, Yang FF, Quan LH, Liu CY, Liu XM, Ehrhardt C, Liao YH. Pulmonary delivered polymeric micelles--pharmacokinetic evaluation and biodistribution studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 88:1064-75. [PMID: 25460153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles represent interesting delivery systems for pulmonary sustained release. However, little is known about their in vivo release and translocation profile after delivery to the lungs. In the present study, curcumin acetate (CA), which is an ester prodrug of curcumin, or the mixture of CA and Nile red was encapsulated into PEG–PLGA micelles by a solvent evaporation method. The micellar formulation increased the stability of CA in water and physiologically relevant fluids and led to a sustained drug release in vitro. Following intratracheal (IT) administration to rats, CA loaded micelles achieved not only prolonged pulmonary retention with AUC values almost 400-fold higher than by IV route, but also local sustained release up to 24 h. In addition, IT delivery of micelles appeared to facilitate the uptake into the pulmonary vascular endothelium and efficiently translocate across the air–blood barrier and penetrate into the brain. Co-localization of CA and Nile red confirmed that micelles in lung and brain tissue were still intact. This study is the first to demonstrate that aerosolized PEG–PLGA micelles are a promising carrier for both pulmonary and non-invasive systemic sustained release of labile drugs.
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8
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Xue L, Kelkar SS, Wang X, Ma J, Madsen LA, Reineke TM. A theranostic polycation containing trehalose and lanthanide chelate domains for siRNA delivery and monitoring. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A trehalose-based polycation that contains lanthanide-chelate domains has been examined as a theranostic vehicle for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xue
- University of Minnesota Department of Chemistry
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Sneha S. Kelkar
- Virginia Tech Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- 900 West Campus Drive
- Blacksburg
- USA
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Virginia Tech Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- 900 West Campus Drive
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Jie Ma
- University of Minnesota Department of Chemistry
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Virginia Tech Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- 900 West Campus Drive
- Blacksburg
- USA
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9
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Insight into mechanisms of cellular uptake of lipid nanoparticles and intracellular release of small RNAs. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2685-95. [PMID: 24740244 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular release would enable better design of nanocarriers for delivery of nucleic acids such as siRNA and microRNA (miRNA). METHOD In this study, we investigated cellular pharmacokinetics of siRNA by co-encapsulating fluorescently labeled siRNA and molecular beacon (MB) in four different formulations of cationic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). A miRNA mimic was also used as a probe for investigating cellular pharmacokinetics, which correlated well with RNAi activities. RESULTS We tried to find the best LNP formulation based on the combination of DOTMA and DODMA. When the DOTMA/DODMA ratio was at 5/40, the LNP containing a luciferase siRNA produced the highest gene silencing activity. The superior potency of DOTMA/DODMA could be attributed to higher uptake and improved ability to facilitate siRNA release from endosomes subsequent to uptake. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may provide new insights into RNAi transfection pathways and have implications on cationic LNP design.
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How cationic lipids transfer nucleic acids into cells and across cellular membranes: Recent advances. J Control Release 2013; 166:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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On the cellular processing of non-viral nanomedicines for nucleic acid delivery: Mechanisms and methods. J Control Release 2012; 161:566-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Employing theranostic nanoparticles, which combine both therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities in one dose, has promise to propel the biomedical field toward personalized medicine. This review presents an overview of different theranostic strategies developed for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, with an emphasis on cancer. Herein, therapeutic strategies such as nucleic acid delivery, chemotherapy, hyperthermia (photothermal ablation), photodynamic, and radiation therapy are combined with one or more imaging functionalities for both in vitro and in vivo studies. Different imaging probes, such as MRI contrast agents (T(1) and T(2) agents), fluorescent markers (organic dyes and inorganic quantum dots), and nuclear imaging agents (PET/SPECT agents), can be decorated onto therapeutic agents or therapeutic delivery vehicles in order to facilitate their imaging and, in so doing, gain information about the trafficking pathway, kinetics of delivery, and therapeutic efficacy; several such strategies are outlined. The creative approaches being developed for these classes of therapies and imaging modalities are discussed, and the recent developments in this field along with examples of technologies that hold promise for the future of cancer medicine are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha S Kelkar
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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13
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Le Bihan O, Chèvre R, Mornet S, Garnier B, Pitard B, Lambert O. Probing the in vitro mechanism of action of cationic lipid/DNA lipoplexes at a nanometric scale. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:1595-609. [PMID: 21078679 PMCID: PMC3045597 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic lipids are used for delivering nucleic acids (lipoplexes) into cells for both therapeutic and biological applications. A better understanding of the identified key-steps, including endocytosis, endosomal escape and nuclear delivery is required for further developments to improve their efficacy. Here, we developed a labelling protocol using aminated nanoparticles as markers for plasmid DNA to examine the intracellular route of lipoplexes in cell lines using transmission electron microscopy. Morphological changes of lipoplexes, membrane reorganizations and endosomal membrane ruptures were observed allowing the understanding of the lipoplex mechanism until the endosomal escape mediated by cationic lipids. The study carried out on two cationic lipids, bis(guanidinium)-tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-cholesterol (BGTC) and dioleyl succinyl paramomycin (DOSP), showed two pathways of endosomal escape that could explain their different transfection efficiencies. For BGTC, a partial or complete dissociation of DNA from cationic lipids occurred before endosomal escape while for DOSP, lipoplexes remained visible within ruptured vesicles suggesting a more direct pathway for DNA release and endosome escape. In addition, the formation of new multilamellar lipid assemblies was noted, which could result from the interaction between cationic lipids and cellular compounds. These results provide new insights into DNA transfer pathways and possible implications of cationic lipids in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Le Bihan
- CBMN UMR-CNRS 5248, Université Bordeaux, ENITAB, IECB, Avenue des Facultés, F-33405 Talence, France
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Chemical vectors for gene delivery: uptake and intracellular trafficking. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:640-5. [PMID: 20674331 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vectors for non-viral gene delivery are based on engineered DNA nanoparticles produced with various range of macromolecules suitable to mimic some viral functions required for gene transfer. Many efforts have been undertaken these past years to identify cellular barriers that have to be passed for this issue. Here, we summarize the current status of knowledge on the uptake mechanism of DNA nanoparticles made with polymers and liposomes, their endosomal escape, cytosolic diffusion, and nuclear import of pDNA. Studies reported these past years regarding pDNA nanoparticles endocytosis indicated that there is no clear evident relationship between the ways of entry and the transfection efficiency. By contrast, the sequestration of pDNA in intracellular vesicles and the low number of pDNA close to the nuclear envelop are identified as the major intracellular barriers. So, intensive investigations to increase the cytosolic delivery of pDNA and its migration toward nuclear pores make sense to bring the transfection efficiency closer to that of viruses.
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