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Zhang R, Chang SJ, Jing Y, Wang L, Chen CJ, Liu JT. Application of chitosan with different molecular weights in cartilage tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120890. [PMID: 37173038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering involves the invention of novel implantable cartilage replacement materials to help heal cartilage injuries that do not heal themselves, aiming to overcome the shortcomings of current clinical cartilage treatments. Chitosan has been widely used in cartilage tissue engineering because of its similar structure to glycine aminoglycan, which is widely distributed in connective tissues. The molecular weight, as an important structural parameter of chitosan, affects not only the method of chitosan composite scaffold preparation but also the effect on cartilage tissue healing. Thus, this review identifies methods for the preparation of chitosan composite scaffolds with low, medium and high molecular weights, as well as a range of chitosan molecular weights appropriate for cartilage tissue repair, by summarizing the application of different molecular weights of chitosan in cartilage repair in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjie Zhang
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shwu Jen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yanzhen Jing
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - LiYuan Wang
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jen-Tsai Liu
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Jelonek K, Zajdel A, Wilczok A, Kaczmarczyk B, Musiał-Kulik M, Hercog A, Foryś A, Pastusiak M, Kasperczyk J. Comparison of PLA-Based Micelles and Microspheres as Carriers of Epothilone B and Rapamycin. The Effect of Delivery System and Polymer Composition on Drug Release and Cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111881. [PMID: 34834296 PMCID: PMC8624627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-delivery of epothilone B (EpoB) and rapamycin (Rap) increases cytotoxicity against various kinds of cancers. However, the current challenge is to develop a drug delivery system (DDS) for the simultaneous delivery and release of these two drugs. Additionally, it is important to understand the release mechanism, as well as the factors that affect drug release, in order to tailor this process. The aim of this study was to analyze PLA–PEG micelles along with several types of microspheres obtained from PLA or a mixture of PLA and PLA–PEG as carriers of EpoB and Rap for their drug release properties and cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells. The study showed that the release process of EpoB and Rap from a PLA-based injectable delivery systems depends on the type of DDS, morphology, and polymeric composition (PLA to PLA–PEG ratio). These factors also affect the biological activity of the DDS, because the cytotoxic effect of the drugs against MDA-MB-231 cells depends on the release rate. The release process from all kinds of DDS was well-characterized by the Peppas–Sahlin model and was mainly controlled by Fickian diffusion. The conducted analysis allowed also for the selection of PLA 50/PLA–PEG 50 microspheres and PLA–PEG micelles as a promising co-delivery system of EpoB and Rap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jelonek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (K.J.); (B.K.); (M.M.-K.); (A.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Alicja Zajdel
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.W.)
| | - Adam Wilczok
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.W.)
| | - Bożena Kaczmarczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (K.J.); (B.K.); (M.M.-K.); (A.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Monika Musiał-Kulik
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (K.J.); (B.K.); (M.M.-K.); (A.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Hercog
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (K.J.); (B.K.); (M.M.-K.); (A.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Aleksander Foryś
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (K.J.); (B.K.); (M.M.-K.); (A.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Pastusiak
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (K.J.); (B.K.); (M.M.-K.); (A.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (K.J.); (B.K.); (M.M.-K.); (A.H.); (A.F.); (M.P.)
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Electrospraying: A facile technology unfolding the chitosan based drug delivery and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cheah E, Wu Z, Thakur SS, O'Carroll SJ, Svirskis D. Externally triggered release of growth factors - A tissue regeneration approach. J Control Release 2021; 332:74-95. [PMID: 33600882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration aims to achieve functional restoration following injury by creating an environment to enable the body to self-repair. Strategies for regeneration rely on the introduction of biomaterial scaffolding, cells and bioactive molecules into the body, at or near the injury site. Of these bioactive molecules, growth factors (GFs) play a pivotal role in directing regenerative pathways for many cell populations. However, the therapeutic use of GFs has been limited by the complexity of biological injury and repair, and the properties of the GFs themselves, including their short half-life, poor tissue penetration, and off-target side effects. Externally triggered delivery systems have the potential to facilitate the delivery of GFs into the target tissues with considerations of the timing, sequence, amount, and location of GF presentation. This review briefly discusses the challenges facing the therapeutic use of GFs, then, we discuss approaches to externally trigger GF release from delivery systems categorised by stimulation type; ultrasound, temperature, light, magnetic fields and electric fields. Overall, while the use of GFs for tissue regeneration is still in its infancy, externally controlled GF delivery technologies have the potential to achieve robust and effective solutions to present GFs to injured tissues. Future technological developments must occur in conjunction with a comprehensive understanding of the biology at the injury site to ensure translation of promising technologies into real world benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Cheah
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sachin S Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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5
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Moreira A, Lawson D, Onyekuru L, Dziemidowicz K, Angkawinitwong U, Costa PF, Radacsi N, Williams GR. Protein encapsulation by electrospinning and electrospraying. J Control Release 2020; 329:1172-1197. [PMID: 33127450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing interest in the use of peptide- and protein-based agents in therapeutic strategies, it is fundamental to develop delivery systems capable of preserving the biological activity of these molecules upon administration, and which can provide tuneable release profiles. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques, encompassing electrospinning and electrospraying, allow the generation of fibres and particles with high surface area-to-volume ratios, versatile architectures, and highly controllable release profiles. This review is focused on exploring the potential of different EHD methods (including blend, emulsion, and co-/multi-axial electrospinning and electrospraying) for the development of peptide and protein delivery systems. An overview of the principles of each technique is first presented, followed by a survey of the literature on the encapsulation of enzymes, growth factors, antibodies, hormones, and vaccine antigens using EHD approaches. The possibility for localised delivery using stimuli-responsive systems is also explored. Finally, the advantages and challenges with each EHD method are summarised, and the necessary steps for clinical translation and scaled-up production of electrospun and electrosprayed protein delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Lawson
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Lesley Onyekuru
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Karolina Dziemidowicz
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ukrit Angkawinitwong
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Pedro F Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Norbert Radacsi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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6
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Louka DA, Holwell N, Thomas BH, Chen F, Amsden BG. Highly Bioactive SDF-1α Delivery from Low-Melting-Point, Biodegradable Polymer Microspheres. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:3747-3758. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra A. Louka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nathan Holwell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brandon H. Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brian G. Amsden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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7
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Jeuken RM, Roth AK, Peters RJRW, Van Donkelaar CC, Thies JC, Van Rhijn LW, Emans PJ. Polymers in Cartilage Defect Repair of the Knee: Current Status and Future Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E219. [PMID: 30979313 PMCID: PMC6432241 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects in the knee are often seen in young and active patients. There is a need for effective joint preserving treatments in patients suffering from cartilage defects, as untreated defects often lead to osteoarthritis. Within the last two decades, tissue engineering based techniques using a wide variety of polymers, cell sources, and signaling molecules have been evaluated. We start this review with basic background information on cartilage structure, its intrinsic repair, and an overview of the cartilage repair treatments from a historical perspective. Next, we thoroughly discuss polymer construct components and their current use in commercially available constructs. Finally, we provide an in-depth discussion about construct considerations such as degradation rates, cell sources, mechanical properties, joint homeostasis, and non-degradable/hybrid resurfacing techniques. As future prospects in cartilage repair, we foresee developments in three areas: first, further optimization of degradable scaffolds towards more biomimetic grafts and improved joint environment. Second, we predict that patient-specific non-degradable resurfacing implants will become increasingly applied and will provide a feasible treatment for older patients or failed regenerative treatments. Third, we foresee an increase of interest in hybrid construct, which combines degradable with non-degradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Jeuken
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
| | - Alex K Roth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Corrinus C Van Donkelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
| | - Jens C Thies
- DSM Biomedical, Koestraat 1, Geleen 6167 RA, The Netherlands.
| | - Lodewijk W Van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
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8
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Ajiro H, Haramiishi Y, Chanthaset N, Akashi M. Polymer design using trimethylene carbonate with ethylene glycol units for biomedical applications. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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9
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Bock N, Dargaville TR, Kirby GTS, Hutmacher DW, Woodruff MA. Growth Factor-Loaded Microparticles for Tissue Engineering: The Discrepancies of In Vitro Characterization Assays. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:142-154. [PMID: 26654547 PMCID: PMC4744875 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and effective growth factor (GF) delivery is an ongoing challenge for tissue regeneration therapies. The accurate quantification of complex molecules such as GFs, encapsulated in polymeric delivery devices, is equally critical and just as complex as achieving efficient delivery of active GFs. In this study, GFs relevant to bone tissue formation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7), were encapsulated, using the technique of electrospraying, into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles that contained poly(ethylene glycol) and trehalose to assist GF bioactivity. Typical quantification procedures, such as extraction and release assays using saline buffer, generated a significant degree of GF interactions, which impaired accurate assessment by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When both dry BMP-7 and VEGF were processed with chloroform, as is the case during the electrospraying process, reduced concentrations of the GFs were detected by ELISA; however, the biological effect on myoblast cells (C2C12) or endothelial cells (HUVECs) was unaffected. When electrosprayed particles containing BMP-7 were cultured with preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), significant cell differentiation into osteoblasts was observed up to 3 weeks in culture, as assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase. In conclusion, this study showed how electrosprayed microparticles ensured efficient delivery of fully active GFs relevant to bone tissue engineering. Critically, it also highlights major discrepancies in quantifying GFs in polymeric microparticle systems when comparing ELISA with cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bock
- Nanotechnology and Molecular Science Discipline, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
- Biomaterials and Tissue Morphology Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Tim R. Dargaville
- Nanotechnology and Molecular Science Discipline, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Giles T. S. Kirby
- Biomaterials and Tissue Morphology Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Maria A. Woodruff
- Biomaterials and Tissue Morphology Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
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Chen F, Hochleitner G, Woodfield T, Groll J, Dalton PD, Amsden BG. Additive Manufacturing of a Photo-Cross-Linkable Polymer via Direct Melt Electrospinning Writing for Producing High Strength Structures. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:208-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernot Hochleitner
- Department
of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Juergen Groll
- Department
of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul D. Dalton
- Department
of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Novel biodegradable polymers for local growth factor delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:318-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Huang CL, Lee WL, Loo JS. Drug-eluting scaffolds for bone and cartilage regeneration. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:714-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Babasola IO, Zhang W, Amsden BG. Osmotic pressure driven protein release from viscous liquid, hydrophobic polymers based on 5-ethylene ketal ε-caprolactone: Potential and mechanism. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:765-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering--Part II: challenges on the evolution from single to multiple bioactive factor delivery. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:327-52. [PMID: 23249320 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of controlled release systems for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface is one of the hot topics in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the majority of the developed systems consider only the release of a single growth factor, which is a limiting step for the success of the therapy. More recent studies have been focused on the design and tailoring of appropriate combinations of bioactive factors to match the desired goals regarding tissue regeneration. In fact, considering the complexity of extracellular matrix and the diversity of growth factors and cytokines involved in each biological response, it is expected that an appropriate combination of bioactive factors could lead to more successful outcomes in tissue regeneration. In this review, the evolution on the development of dual and multiple bioactive factor release systems for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface is overviewed, specifically the relevance of parameters such as dosage and spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive factors. A comprehensive collection of studies focused on the delivery of bioactive factors is also presented while highlighting the increasing impact of platelet-rich plasma as an autologous source of multiple growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor E Santo
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
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15
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Chen ZP, Liu W, Liu D, Xiao YY, Chen HX, Chen J, Li W, Cai H, Li W, Cai BC, Pan J. Development of brucine-loaded microsphere/thermally responsive hydrogel combination system for intra-articular administration. J Control Release 2012; 162:628-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Sukarto A, Yu C, Flynn LE, Amsden BG. Co-delivery of adipose-derived stem cells and growth factor-loaded microspheres in RGD-grafted N-methacrylate glycol chitosan gels for focal chondral repair. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2490-502. [PMID: 22746668 DOI: 10.1021/bm300733n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coencapsulation of growth factor-loaded microspheres with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) within a hydrogel matrix was studied as a potential means to enhance ASC chondrogenesis in the development of a cell-based therapeutic strategy for the regeneration of partial thickness chondral defects. A photopolymerizable N-methacrylate glycol chitosan (MGC) was employed to form an in situ gel used to encapsulate microspheres loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) with human ASCs. ASC viability and retention were enhanced when the Young's modulus of the MGC ranged between 225 and 380 kPa. Grafting an RGD-containing peptide onto the MGC backbone (RGD-MGC) improved ASC viability within the gels, remaining at greater than 90% over 14 days in culture. The effects of BMP-6 and TGF-β3 released from the polymer microspheres on ASC chondrogenesis were assessed, and the level of differentiation was compared to ASCs in control gels containing nongrowth factor-loaded microspheres cultured with and without the growth factors supplied in the medium. There was enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers at earlier time points when the ASCs were induced with the sustained and local release of BMP-6 and TGF-β3 from the microspheres. More specifically, the normalized glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II protein expression levels were significantly higher than in the controls. In addition, the ratio of collagen type II to type I was significantly higher in the microsphere delivery group and increased over time. End-point RT-PCR analysis supported that there was a more rapid induction and enhancement of ASC chondrogenesis in the controlled release group. Interestingly, in all of the assays, there was evidence of chondrogenic differentiation when the ASCs were cultured in the gels in the absence of growth factor stimulation. Overall, the co-delivery of growth-factor-loaded microspheres and ASCs in RGD-modified MGC gels successfully induced ASC chondrogenesis and is a promising strategy for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Sukarto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
There remains a substantial shortfall in the treatment of severe skeletal injuries. The current gold standard of autologous bone grafting from the same patient has many undesirable side effects associated such as donor site morbidity. Tissue engineering seeks to offer a solution to this problem. The primary requirements for tissue-engineered scaffolds have already been well established, and many materials, such as polyesters, present themselves as potential candidates for bone defects; they have comparable structural features, but they often lack the required osteoconductivity to promote adequate bone regeneration. By combining these materials with biological growth factors, which promote the infiltration of cells into the scaffold as well as the differentiation into the specific cell and tissue type, it is possible to increase the formation of new bone. However due to the cost and potential complications associated with growth factors, controlling the rate of release is an important design consideration when developing new bone tissue engineering strategies. This paper will cover recent research in the area of encapsulation and release of growth factors within a variety of different polymeric scaffolds.
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