1
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Elaboration of novel gel-core oleosomes encapsulating phytoconstituent for targeted topical delivery in a vitiligo-induced mouse model: Focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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2
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Talaat SM, Elnaggar YSR, El-Ganainy SO, Gowayed MA, Abdel-Bary A, Abdallah OY. Novel bio-inspired lipid nanoparticles for improving the anti-tumoral efficacy of fisetin against breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122184. [PMID: 36252641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Talaat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt; Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Center INCC, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar O El-Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany Abdel-Bary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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3
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Xiao J, Lu Y, Lu D, Chen W, Hu W, Zhao Y, Chen S. Co‐delivery of paclitaxel and
CXCL1 shRNA
via cationic polymeric micelles for synergistic therapy against ovarian cancer. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiao
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Deng Lu
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Wulian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 PR China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Shouzhen Chen
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
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4
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Mm Shehata E, A Gowayed M, El-Ganainy SO, Sheta E, Sr Elnaggar Y, Abdallah OY. Pectin coated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Targeted Piperine Delivery to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121712. [PMID: 35367582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Piperine (PIP) is a herbal drug with well-known anticancer activity against different types of cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma. However, low aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism limit its clinical use. In this study, positively charged PIP-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (PIP-NLCs) were prepared via melt-emulsification and ultra-sonication method followed by pectin coating to get novel pectin-coated NLCs (PIP-P-NLCs) targeting hepatocellular carcinoma. Complete in vitro characterization was performed. In addition, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of nanosystems in HepG2 cells were evaluated. Finally, in vivo anticancer activity was tested in the diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma mice model. Successful pectin coating was confirmed by an increased particle size of PIP-NLCs from 150.28±2.51 nm to 205.24±5.13 nm and revered Zeta potential from 33.34±3.52 mV to -27.63±2.05 mV. Nanosystems had high entrapment efficiency, good stability, spherical shape, and sustained drug release over 24 hours. Targeted P-NLCs enhanced the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake compared to untargeted NLCs. Furthermore, PIP-P-NLCs improved in vivo anticancer effect of PIP as proved by histological examination of liver tissues, suppression of liver enzymes and oxidative stress environment in the liver, and alteration of cell cycle regulators. To conclude, PIP-P-NLCs can act as a promising approach for targeted delivery of PIP to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mm Shehata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar O El-Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yosra Sr Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Consultation Center INCC, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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5
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Etman SM, Mehanna RA, Bary AA, Elnaggar YSR, Abdallah OY. Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan nanoparticles loaded with quinacrine attenuate growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 170:284-297. [PMID: 33340624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating gastrointestinal tumor with limited Chemotherapeutic options. Treatment is restricted by its poor vascularity and dense surrounding stroma. Quinacrine is a repositioned drug with an anticancer activity but suffers a limited ability to reach tumor cells. This could be enhanced using nanotechnology by the preparation of quinacrine-loaded Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan nanoparticles. The system exploited fucoidan as both a delivery system of natural origin and active targeting ligand. Lactoferrin was added as a second active targeting ligand. Single and dual-targeted particles prepared through nanoprecipitation and ionic interaction respectively were appraised. Both particles showed a size lower than 200 nm, entrapment efficiency of 80% and a pH-dependent release of the drug in the acidic environment of the tumor. The anticancer activity of quinacrine was enhanced by 5.7 folds in dual targeted particles compared to drug solution with a higher ability to inhibit migration and invasion of cancer. In vivo, these particles showed a 68% reduction in tumor volume compared to only 20% for drug solution. In addition, they showed a higher animals' survival rate with no hepatotoxicity. Hence, these particles could be an effective option for the eradication of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Etman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Amany Abdel Bary
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt; Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Center INCC, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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6
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High efficacy, rapid onset nanobiolosomes of sildenafil as a topical therapy for erectile dysfunction in aged rats. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119978. [PMID: 33122159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developing topical sildenafil for local treatment of erectile dysfunction has been of great interest in pharmaceutical research. Sildenafil citrate (SC) exhibited a well-documented success for treatment of several types of erectile dysfunction. However, its oral use is limited by serious adverse effects, poor bioavailability, delayed onset, and drug-drug interactions. This work is the first to design and assess sildenafil-loaded bilosomes for topical local treatment of erectile dysfunction. Different sildenafil-loaded bilosomes were prepared and characterized. Permeability of selected formulations was conducted through full-thickness human skin. Optimized bilosomes integrating sodium tauroglycocholate (STGC) showed spherical shape with good particle size (133 nm), high zeta potential (-53.6 mV) and high entrapment efficiency (87.45%). Ex-vivo permeability study revealed that about 39% of the applied dose permeated within 15 min. Furthermore, in-vivo appraisal of therapeutic efficacy was performed using aged male Sprague-Dawley rats. After single application of 2 mg/kg sildenafil loaded in STGC-bilosomes, behavioral and biochemical evaluation was carried out. Behavioral assessment recorded an increased rats' potency manifested as 2 folds increase in intromission frequency and intromission ratio compared to untreated group. That was accompanied by significant increase in cGMP concentration in corpora cavernosa (P < 0.0001) confirming increased potency. In conclusion, STGC-bilosomes could provide topical treatment of impotence with 20% of the oral dose and fast onset of action (10 min).
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7
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Abdelalim LR, Elnaggar YSR, Abdallah OY. Oleosomes Encapsulating Sildenafil Citrate as Potential Topical Nanotherapy for Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia with High Ex vivo Permeation and Deposition. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:310. [PMID: 33164131 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) is a commonly reported skin toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents that significantly affects patients' quality of life. PPE is described as inflammation, swelling, and even cracks and ulcers in the skin of palms and soles of the feet. Conventional treatment includes topical creams, analgesics, or corticosteroids. However, serious cases are not responding to these medications. PPE has been reported to cause drug cessation or dose reduction if not properly treated. Sildenafil citrate (SC) has a well-documented activity in wound healing through improving blood supply to the affected area. However, SC has poor physicochemical properties limiting its transdermal permeation and deposition. This research endeavored to elaborate novel vesicular system with natural components, phospholipids and oleic acid, loaded with sildenafil citrate for topical management of PPE. Sildenafil-loaded oleosomes were prepared using modified ethanol injection method. Optimized oleosomes had nanometric particle size (157.6 nm), negative zeta potential (- 85.2 mv), and high entrapment efficiency (95.56%). Ex vivo studies on human skin revealed that oleosomes displayed 2.3-folds higher permeation and 4.5-folds more deposition through the human skin compared to drug suspension. Results endorsed SC oleosomes as suitable topical treatment of PPE providing ameliorated sildenafil permeability in addition to acting as a reservoir for gradual release of the drug. Graphical abstract.
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8
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Elnaggar YS, Elwakil BH, Elshewemi SS, El-Naggar MY, Bekhit AA, Olama ZA. Novel Siwa propolis and colistin-integrated chitosan nanoparticles: elaboration; in vitro and in vivo appraisal. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1269-1284. [PMID: 32410497 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to formulate novel cremophore-decorated chitosan nanoparticles of colistin, integrated with Siwa propolis extract, to solve bacterial resistance to colistin. Materials & methods: The novel nanoformula was prepared using an incorporation method. Physicochemical assessment and in vivo studies of the selected nanoformulations were performed. Results: The nanoformulation exhibited a nanosize of 48.3 nm, high ζ potential (43.6 mV), high entrapment efficiency (75%) and complete bacterial growth eradication within 2 h (minimum inhibitory concentration = 6.25 μg/ml). Histological examination showed that incorporation of colistin into the nanoformulation could successfully prevent its nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: Tailoring of proper nanocarrier could successfully revert bacteria from being colistin-resistant to colistin-sensitive. The developed nanoformulation can be considered as a potential antibacterial agent in pneumonia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Sr Elnaggar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Head of International-publication & Nanotechnology Consultation Center (INCC), Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bassma H Elwakil
- Faculty of Allied Medical Science, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Adnan A Bekhit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmacy Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health & Sport sciences, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Zakia A Olama
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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9
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Etman SM, Abdallah OY, Mehanna RA, Elnaggar YS. Lactoferrin/Hyaluronic acid double-coated lignosulfonate nanoparticles of quinacrine as a controlled release biodegradable nanomedicine targeting pancreatic cancer. Int J Pharm 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Etman SM, Elnaggar YS, Abdallah OY. “Fucoidan, a natural biopolymer in cancer combating: From edible algae to nanocarrier tailoring”. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:799-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Etman SM, Abdallah OY, Elnaggar YSR. Novel fucoidan based bioactive targeted nanoparticles from Undaria Pinnatifida for treatment of pancreatic cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:390-401. [PMID: 31881303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fucoidan is a marine polymer extracted from diverse types of brown algae. This polysaccharide showed great potential towards treatment of different types of cancer. In this study, the activity of fucoidan extracted from Undaria Pinnatifida was investigated against pancreatic cancer (one of the most life-threatening cancers). Then, in an attempt to enhance the polymer's activity against cancer cells, conversion the polymer solution to nanoparticles was suggested to enhance its delivery through pancreatic cancer surrounding stroma. Novel fucoidan based nanoparticles were elaborated by polyelectrolyte interaction with the positively charged, active targeting ligand lactoferrin. The formulation was optimized through the interplay between different factors. Effect of fucoidan solution along with its blank nanoparticles was tested on the viability of pancreatic cancer cells and its migration and invasion abilities. Results confirmed the cytotoxic ability of fucoidan against pancreatic cancer. IC50 value decreased by 2.3 folds when the polymer was converted to nanoparticles. The prepared nanosystems showed an enhanced ability to prevent pancreatic cancer cells' migration and invasion. Results suggested the potential of using these nanoparticles as bioactive dual-targeted system either blank or loaded with different anticancer agents for treatment for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Etman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University of Alexandria, Egypt.
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12
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Etman SM, Abdallah OY, Mehanna RA, Elnaggar YSR. Lactoferrin/Hyaluronic acid double-coated lignosulfonate nanoparticles of quinacrine as a controlled release biodegradable nanomedicine targeting pancreatic cancer. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119097. [PMID: 32032904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinacrine is an antimalarial drug that was repositioned for treatment of cancer. This is the first work to enhance quinacrine activity and minimize its associated hepatotoxicity via loading into bio-degradable, bio-renewable lignosulfonate nanoparticles. Particles were appraised for treatment of pancreatic cancer, one of the most life-threatening tumors with a five-year survival estimate. Optimum nanocomposites prepared by polyelectrolyte interaction exhibited a particle size of 138 nm, a negative surface charge (-28 mV) and a pH dependent release of the drug in an acidic environment. Ligands used for active targeting (lactoferrin and hyaluronic acid) were added to nanoparticles' surface via layer by layer coating technique. The highest anticancer activity on PANC-1 cells was demonstrated with dual active targeted particles (3-fold decrease in IC50) along with an increased ability to inhibit migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. In vivo studies revealed that elaborated nanoparticles particles showed the highest tumor volume reduction with enhanced survival without any toxicity on major organs. In conclusion, the elaborated nanoparticles could be considered as a promising targeted nanotherapy for treatment of pancreatic cancer with higher efficacy& survival rate and lower organ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Etman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications CERRMA, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt; Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Center INCC, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University of Alexandria, Egypt.
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13
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Abelha TF, Dreiss CA, Green MA, Dailey LA. Conjugated polymers as nanoparticle probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:592-606. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in emerging bioimaging techniques is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fedatto Abelha
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
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14
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Khalifa AM, Elsheikh MA, Khalifa AM, Elnaggar YSR. Current strategies for different paclitaxel-loaded Nano-delivery Systems towards therapeutic applications for ovarian carcinoma: A review article. J Control Release 2019; 311-312:125-137. [PMID: 31476342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is one of the leading causes of death among gynecologic malignancies all over the world. It is characterized by high mortality rate because of the lack of early diagnosis. The first-line chemotherapeutic regimen for late stage epithelial ovarian cancer is paclitaxel in combination to carboplatin. However, in most of cases, relapse occurs within six months despite the initial success of this chemotherapeutic combination. A lot of challenges have been encountered with the conventional delivery of paclitaxel in addition to the occurrence of severe off-target toxicity. One major problem is poor paclitaxel solubility which was improved by addition of Cremophor EL that unfortunately resulted in hypersensitivity side effects. Another obstacle is the multi drug resistance which is the main cause of OC recurrence. Accordingly, incorporation of paclitaxel, solely or in combination to other drugs, in nanocarrier systems has grabbed attention of many researchers to circumvent all these hurdles. The current review is the first article that provides a comprehensive overview on multi-faceted implementations of paclitaxel loaded nanoplatforms to solve delivery obstacles of paclitaxel in management of ovarian carcinoma. Moreover, challenges in physicochemical properties, biological activity and targeted delivery of PTX were depicted with corresponding solutions using nanotechnology. Different categories of nanocarriers employed were collected included lipid, protein, polymeric, solid nanoemulsion and hybrid systems. Future perspectives including imperative research considerations in ovarian cancer therapy were proposed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Khalifa
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Manal A Elsheikh
- Department of pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Amr M Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Consultation Center INCC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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15
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Anionic versus cationic bilosomes as oral nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of the hydrophilic drug risedronate. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:410-425. [PMID: 31029657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Albeit its well known potency as a postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment, Risedronate suffers from poor oral bioavailability and high oral toxicity. This is the first work to assess the potential of bilosomes to address challenges of RS oral delivery. Furthermore, impact of integrating cationic moiety into bilosomes on intestinal digestability and toxicity of RS nanovesicles was first investigated in this article. Prepared formulations were optimized based on physicochemical properties, digestibility, intestinal permeation and local toxicity studies. Optimized preparations were prepared by reversed phase evaporation technique with three extrusion cycles and loaded by 10 mg/ml RS. Molar lipid to bile salt to cholesterol ratio was adjusted to 4:1:1 at pH 5. Addition of cholesterol had significantly improved bilosomes stability to digestive media. Results also revealed that permeation of anionic vesicles increased permeation by 1.5 times more than RS solution and reduced drug toxicity by 2 folds. On the other hand, Cationic bilosomes showed good stability in GIT fluids but their induced oral toxicity could limit their use. In conclusion, bilosomes are superior over liposomes regarding protection of delivery system from the damaging effect of external in digestive bile salts. In addition, it decreases toxicity issues of orally administered drugs.
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16
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Etman SM, Elnaggar YSR, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Oral Brain-Targeted Microemulsion for Enhanced Piperine Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: In Vitro Appraisal, In Vivo Activity, and Nanotoxicity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3698-3711. [PMID: 30238305 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has no cure till now. Piperine (PIP) is an alkaloid characterized by memory-enhancing properties but challenging oral delivery obstacles. The objectives of this study are as follows: preparation of microemulsion (ME) as a proposed oral PIP nanocarrier for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and testing its safety on the brain and other internal organs. This study employs bioactive surfactants in the common safe doses to improve PIP targeting to the brain. Selected ME systems encompassed Caproyl 90 (oil)/Tween 80/Cremophor RH 40 (surfactant) and Transcutol HP (co-surfactant). The particle size of the prepared formulations was less than 150 nm with negative zeta potential. The in vivo results showed a superior effect of ME over free PIP. Colchicine-induced brain toxicity results showed the safety of ME on brain cells. Nevertheless, toxicological results showed a potential ME nephrotoxicity. Oral microemulsion increased PIP efficacy and enhanced its delivery to the brain resulting in better therapeutic outcome compared to the free drug. However, the toxicity of this nanosystem should be carefully taken into consideration on chronic use.
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17
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Elnaggar YSR, Elsheikh MA, Abdallah OY. Phytochylomicron as a dual nanocarrier for liver cancer targeting of luteolin: in vitro appraisal and pharmacodynamics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:209-232. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A novel luteolin (LUT) loaded dual bionanocarrier ‘phytochylomicron’ was elaborated to allow LUT injectable delivery and liver cancer targeting. Methods: LUT–phospholipid complex was prepared and loaded into chylomicron nanocarrier. Then phytochylomicron underwent physicochemical characterization, cell culture and pharmacodynamics studies on a new liver-tumor model. Results: Phytochylomicron showed sustained release pattern with minimum drug leakage until reaching the liver. Cell culture studies showed high growth inhibition of Hep G2 cells with 2.6-fold enhancement in cellular uptake. Pharmacodynamics demonstrated enhanced tumor growth inhibition (sixfold) with a significant tumor size reduction. Finally, cell culture results demonstrated an excellent correlation with pharmacodynamics confirming the obtained findings. Conclusion: A novel phytochylomicron nanosystem was successfully elaborated with promising characteristics that promoted injectable LUT delivery and liver cancer targeting. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra SR Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Manal A Elsheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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18
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Elsheikh MA, Elnaggar YS, Hamdy DA, Abdallah OY. Novel cremochylomicrons for improved oral bioavailability of the antineoplastic phytomedicine berberine chloride: Optimization and pharmacokinetics. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Freag MS, Elnaggar YSR, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Layer-by-layer-coated lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles for active tumor targeting of rapamycin. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2975-2996. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This work spotlights on fabrication of CD44-tropic, layer-by-layer (LbL) coated, liquid crystalline nanoparticles of rapamycin (Rap-LbL-LCNPs) to enhance its water solubility and enable its anticancer use. Methods: Rap-LCNPs were fabricated using hydrotrope method and then coated using LbL self-assembly technique. Results: LbL coating strategy successfully reduced monoolein-induced hemolysis and increased LCNPs serum stability. Lyophilized Rap-LbL-LCNPs were successfully sterilized using γ-radiations. In CD44-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells, Rap-LbL-LCNPs demonstrated superior cytotoxicity compared with the nontargeted formulation. Rap-LbL-LCNPs showed 3.35-fold increase in bioavailability compared with free drug. Rap-LbL-LCNPs significantly inhibited tumor growth, enhanced animal survival and reduced nephrotoxic and hyperglycemic effects of Rap. Conclusion: LbL coating strategy of Rap-LCNPs could serve as a promising approach that facilitates Rap use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- May S Freag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yosra SR Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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20
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Joubert R, Steyn JD, Heystek HJ, Steenekamp JH, Du Preez JL, Hamman JH. In vitro oral drug permeation models: the importance of taking physiological and physico-chemical factors into consideration. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:179-187. [PMID: 27397695 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1211639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The assessment of intestinal membrane permeability properties of new chemical entities is a crucial step in the drug discovery and development process and a variety of in vitro models, methods and techniques are available to estimate the extent of oral drug absorption in humans. However, variations in certain physiological and physico-chemical factors are often not reflected in the results and the complex dynamic interplay between these factors is sometimes oversimplified with in vitro models. Areas covered: In vitro models to evaluate drug pharmacokinetics are briefly outlined, while both physiological and physico-chemical factors that may have an influence on these techniques are critically reviewed. The shortcomings identified for some of the in vitro techniques are discussed in conjunction with novel ways to improve and thereby overcome some challenges. Expert opinion: Although conventional in vitro methods and theories are used as basic guidelines to predict drug absorption, critical evaluations have identified some shortcomings. Advancements in technology have made it possible to investigate and understand the role of physiological and physico-chemical factors in drug delivery more clearly, which can be used to improve and refine the techniques to more closely mimic the in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Joubert
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Johan Dewald Steyn
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Hendrik Jacobus Heystek
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Jan Harm Steenekamp
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Jan Lourens Du Preez
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Josias Hendrik Hamman
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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21
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Aparicio-Blanco J, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI. In vitro screening of nanomedicines through the blood brain barrier: A critical review. Biomaterials 2016; 103:229-255. [PMID: 27392291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier accounts for the high attrition rate of the treatments of most brain disorders, which therefore remain one of the greatest health-care challenges of the twenty first century. Against this background of hindrance to brain delivery, nanomedicine takes advantage of the assembly at the nanoscale of available biomaterials to provide a delivery platform with potential to raising brain levels of either imaging or therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, to prevent later failure due to ineffective drug levels at the target site, researchers have been endeavoring to develop a battery of in vitro screening procedures that can predict earlier in the drug discovery process the ability of these cutting-edge drug delivery platforms to cross the blood-brain barrier for biomedical purposes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models (both cell-based and non-cell-based) with the focus on their suitability for understanding the biological brain distribution of forthcoming nanomedicines. The relationship between experimental factors and underlying physiological assumptions that would ultimately lead to a more predictive capacity of their in vivo performance, and those methods already assayed for the evaluation of the brain distribution of nanomedicines are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Elnaggar YSR, Etman SM, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Intranasal Piperine-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as Brain-Targeted Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Optimization, Biological Efficacy, and Potential Toxicity. J Pharm Sci 2016; 104:3544-3556. [PMID: 28739042 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Piperine (PIP) is a phytopharmaceutical with reported neuroprotective potential in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oral PIP delivery suffers from its hydrophobicity and pre-systemic metabolism. In this article, mono-disperse intranasal chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) were elaborated for brain targeting of PIP. Formula optimization was based on particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), % entrapment efficiency (% EE), release studies, and transmission electron microscopy. AD was induced in 48 male Wistar rats on which full behavioral and biochemical testing was conducted. Brain toxicity was assessed based on Caspase-3 assay for apoptosis and tumor necrosis factor for inflammation. Spherical NPs with optimum % EE (81.70), PS (248.50nm), PDI (0.24), and ZP (+56.30mV) were elaborated. PIP-NPs could significantly improve cognitive functions as efficient as standard drug (donpezil injection) with additional advantages of dual mechanism (Ach esterase inhibition and antioxidant effect). CS-NPs could significantly alleviate PIP nasal irritation and showed no brain toxicity. This work was the first to report additional mechanism of PIP in AD via anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects. To conclude, mucoadhesive CS-NPs were successfully tailored for effective, safe, and non-invasive PIP delivery with 20-folds decrease in oral dose, opening a gate for a future with lower AD morbidity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3544-3556, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Samar M Etman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Drug delivery system targeting advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Current and future. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:853-869. [PMID: 26772424 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a fairly high morbidity and is notoriously difficult to treat due to long latent period before detection, multidrug resistance and severe drug-related adverse effects from chemotherapy. Targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) that can selectively deliver therapeutic drugs into tumor sites have demonstrated a great potential in cancer treatment, which could be utilized to resolve the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. Numerous preclinical studies of DDS have been published, but targeted DDS for HCC has yet to be made for practical clinical use. Since rational targeted DDS design should take cancer-specific properties into consideration, we have reviewed the biological and physicochemical properties of HCC extensively to provide a comprehensive understanding on HCC, and recent DDS studies on HCC, aiming to find some potential targeted DDSs for HCC treatment and a meaningful platform for further development of HCC treatments. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Hepatocellular carcinoma has a high incidence worldwide and is known to be multidrug resistant. Thus, intensive research is being carried out to find better chemotherapeutic agents as well as new drug delivery systems. In this article, the authors reviewed in depth the current challenges facing new drug designs and also outlined novel targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) in the fight against HCC.
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Elnaggar YSR, Etman SM, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Novel piperine-loaded Tween-integrated monoolein cubosomes as brain-targeted oral nanomedicine in Alzheimer's disease: pharmaceutical, biological, and toxicological studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5459-73. [PMID: 26346130 PMCID: PMC4556290 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s87336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most patient devastating central nervous system diseases with no curative therapy. An effective oral therapy with brain-targeting potential is required that is hampered by blood-brain barrier. Piperine (PIP) is a natural alkaloid with memory enhancing potentials. Oral PIP delivery suffers from its hydrophobicity and first-pass metabolism. In this study, novel Tween-modified monoolein cubosomes (T-cubs) were elaborated as bioactive nanocarriers for brain-targeted oral delivery of PIP. Seven liquid crystalline nanoparticles (cubosomes) were prepared testing different bioactive surfactants (Tween 80, poloxamer, and Cremophor). Full in vitro characterization was carried out based on particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release. Morphological examination and structure elucidation were performed using transmission and polarizing microscopes. Sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type was induced in 42 male Wistar rats on which full behavioral and biochemical testing was conducted. Brain toxicity was assessed based on Caspase-3 assay for apoptosis and tumor necrosis factor-α for inflammation. Liver and kidney toxicity studies were conducted as well. Among others, T-cubs exhibited optimum particle size (167.00±10.49 nm), polydispersity index (0.18±0.01), and zeta potential (-34.60±0.47 mv) with high entrapment efficiency (86.67%±0.62%). Cubs could significantly sustain PIP in vitro release. In vivo studies revealed T-cubs potential to significantly enhance PIP cognitive effect and even restore cognitive function to the normal level. Superiority of T-cubs over others suggested brain-targeting effect of Tween. Toxicological studies contended safety of cubs on kidney, liver, and even brain. T-cubs exhibited potential anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity of loaded PIP, indicating potential to stop AD progression that was first suggested in this article. Novel oral nanoparticles elaborated possess promising in vitro and in vivo characteristics with high safety for effective chronic treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar M Etman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Abstract
The human body has long provided pharmaceutical science with biomaterials of interesting applications. Bile salts (BSs) are biomaterials reminiscent of traditional surfactants with peculiar structure and self-assembled topologies. In the pharmaceutical field, BSs were employed on the basis of two different concepts. The first concept exploited BSs' metabolic and homeostatic functions in disease modulation, whereas the second one utilized BSs' potential to modify drug-delivery characteristics, which recently involved nanotechnology. This review is the first to gather major pharmaceutical applications of BSs from endogenous organotropism up to integration into nanomedicine, with a greater focus on the latter domain. Endogenous applications highlighted the role of BS in modulating hypercholesterolemia and cancer therapy in view of enterohepatic circulation. In addition, recent BS-integrated nanomedicines have been surveyed, chiefly size-tunable cholate nanoparticles, BS-lecithin mixed micelles, bilosomes, probilosomes, and surface-engineered bilosomes. A greater emphasis has been laid on nanosystems for vaccine and cancer therapy. The comparative advantages of BS-integrated nanomedicines over conventional nanocarriers have been noted. Paradoxical effects, current pitfalls, future perspectives, and opinions have also been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra SR Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Katiyar SS, Muntimadugu E, Rafeeqi TA, Domb AJ, Khan W. Co-delivery of rapamycin- and piperine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2608-2616. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1039667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S. Katiyar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India,
| | - Eameema Muntimadugu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India,
| | - Towseef Amin Rafeeqi
- Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine (CRIUM), Hyderabad, Telangana, India, and
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem College of Engineering (JCE), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India,
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El-Refaie WM, Elnaggar YS, El-Massik MA, Abdallah OY. Novel curcumin-loaded gel-core hyaluosomes with promising burn-wound healing potential: Development, in-vitro appraisal and in-vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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