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Alghaith AF, Mahrous GM, Alenazi AS, ALMufarrij SM, Alhazzaa MS, Radwan AA, Alhamed AS, Bin Salamah MS, Alshehri S. Dissolution enhancement of Gefitinib by solid dispersion and complexation with β-cyclodextrins: In vitro testing, cytotoxic activity, and tablet formulation. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102070. [PMID: 38645413 PMCID: PMC11031755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed. Gefitinib (GEF), an inhibitor of EGFR, is approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the low solubility and dissolution of GEF limits its bioavailability. Numerous methods, including solid dispersion (SD) and complexation, have been reported to enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. In this study, GEF complexes were prepared using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in two molar ratios (1:1 and 1:2), furthermore, GEF SDs were prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and poloxamer-188(PXM) in three different ratios (1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 w/w). Dissolution studies were conducted on the prepared formulations. Dissolution results showed a 1.22-2.17-fold enhancement in drug dissolution after one hour compared to untreated GEF. Two formulations that showed higher dissolution enhancement were subsequently evaluated for in-vitro cytotoxicity and were formulated into tablets. The selected PVP-GEF (1:4 w/w) and MβCD-GEF (1:1M) formulas displayed improved cytotoxicity compared to untreated GEF. The IC50 values of the PVP-GEF and MβCD-GEF were 4.33 ± 0.66 and 4.84 ± 0.38 µM, respectively which are significantly lower (p < 0.05) than free GEF. In addition, the formulated tablets exhibited enhanced dissolution compared to pure GEF tablets. PVP-GEF SD tablets released (35.1 %±0.4) of GEF after one hour, while GEF-MβCD tablets released (42.2 % ± 0.7) after one hour. In the meantime, tablets containing pure GEF showed only 15 % ± 0.5 release at the same time. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for optimizing the dissolution and hence therapeutic capabilities of GEF while mitigating its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel F. Alghaith
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal M. Mahrous
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alenazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliaman M. ALMufarrij
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Alhazzaa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awwad A. Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Bin Salamah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rodriguez-Fernandez K, Gras-Colomer E, Climente-Martí M, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Merino-Sanjuan M. Pharmacometric characterization of entero-hepatic circulation processes of orally administered formulations of amiodarone under complex binding kinetics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 174:106198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Optimized semisolid self-nanoemulsifying system based on glyceryl behenate: A potential nanoplatform for enhancing antitumor activity of raloxifene hydrochloride in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120493. [PMID: 33744452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used for treatment and protection against postmenopausal osteoporosis. The drug has been used for protection against breast cancer and more recently, for management of the disease by virtue of its estrogen antagonist action. However, the drug has reduced bioavailability related to low water solubility and first pass metabolism. To surmount these pitfalls, this study aimed at developing and optimizing RLX-loaded semisolid self-nanoemulsifying system (SSNES) with minimized globule size to improve the drug solubility, tumor penetration, and consequently antitumor activity. A simplex lattice mixture design was employed for the formulation and optimization of SSNESs. The mixture components, namely, Compritol® 888 ATO, Tween 20, and polyethylene glycol 200 exhibited significant effect on globule size at P < 0.05. The optimized formulation with globule size of 109.19 ± 2.11 nm showed acceptable thermodynamic stability under stress conditions. Anti-cancer efficacy of the obtained formulation was evaluated in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MTT viability assay revealed that RLX-loaded SSNES notably inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation. Flow cytometry and dual staining with annexin V-FITC/PI were used to assay this anti-proliferative effect and induction of apoptosis, respectively. Cells treated with RLX-loaded SSNES showed significant arrest at G2/M phase associated with significant increase in early/late-stages of apoptotic and necrotic cells. The results exhibited that RLX-loaded SSNES induces apoptosis via the activation of caspase-3 and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Accordingly, the proposed SSNES could be regarded as a promising platform for enhancing RLX antitumor activity against breast cancer.
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Mishra V, Nayak P, Yadav N, Singh M, Tambuwala MM, Aljabali AAA. Orally administered self-emulsifying drug delivery system in disease management: advancement and patents. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:315-332. [PMID: 33232184 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1856073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Oral administration of a drug is the most common, ideal and preferred route of administration. The main problem of oral drug formulations is their low bioavailability arises from poor aqueous solubility of drug. Aqueous solubility of lipophilic drugs can be improved by various techniques like salt formation, complexation, addition of co-solvent etc. but self-emulsifying drug-delivery system (SEDDS) is getting more attention for increasing the solubility of such drugs. The SEDDS is an isotropic mixture of drug, lipids, and emulsifiers, usually with one or more hydrophilic co-solvents/co-emulsifiers. This system is having ability to generate oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions or microemulsions upon gentle agitation followed by dilution with aqueous phase. The SEDDSs are relatively newer, lipid-based technological innovations possessing unparalleled potential in improving oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.Areas covered: This review provides updated information regarding the types of SEDDS, their preparation techniques, drug delivery and related recent patents along with marketed formulations.Expert opinion: The SEDDS has been explored for improving bioavailability, rising intra-subject heterogeneity, and increasing solubility. SEDDS offers the benefit of a protective effect against the hostile environment in the gut. The unique fabrication techniques provide specific strategy to overcome the low bioavailability and poor solubility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Pallavi Nayak
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Nishika Yadav
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Manvendra Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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Biersack B. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane and its derivatives: nature-inspired strategies tackling drug resistant tumors by regulation of signal transduction, transcription factors and microRNAs. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:867-878. [PMID: 35582221 PMCID: PMC8992569 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Indoles of cruciferous vegetables are promising anti-tumor agents. Studies with indole-3-carbinol and its dimeric product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), suggest that these compounds have the ability to deregulate multiple cellular signaling pathways that are essential for tumor growth and spread. These natural compounds are also effective modulators of transcription factors and non-coding RNAs. These effects explain their ability to inhibit tumor spread and to overcome drug resistance. In this work, pertinent literature on the effects of DIM and its synthetic derivatives on resistant tumors and resistance mechanisms in tumors is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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Marques Borges GS, Oliveira Ferencs MD, Mello Gomide Loures CD, Abdel-Salam MAL, Gontijo Evangelista FC, Sales CC, Reis da Silva PH, de Oliveira RB, Malachias Â, Yoshida MI, de Souza-Fagundes EM, Paula Sabino AD, Fernandes C, Miranda Ferreira LA. Novel self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery system enhances antileukemic properties of all-trans retinoic acid. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1471-1486. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: All- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) shows erratic oral bioavailability when administered orally against leukemia, which can be solved through its incorporation in self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery systems (SEDDS). The SEDDS developed contained a hydrophobic ion pair between benzathine (BZT) and ATRA and was enriched with tocotrienols by the input of a palm oil tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) in its composition. Results: SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT allowed the formation of emulsions with nanometric size that retained ATRA within their core after dispersion. Pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT in mice were improved compared with what was seen for an ATRA solution. Moreover, SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT had improved activity against HL-60 cells compared with SEDDS without TRF. Conclusion: SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT is a promising therapeutic choice over ATRA conventional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Silva Marques Borges
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Micael de Oliveira Ferencs
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Mello Gomide Loures
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mostafa AL Abdel-Salam
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Campos Sales
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Malachias
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Irene Yoshida
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria de Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriano de Paula Sabino
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Antônio Miranda Ferreira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Tian X, Liu K, Zu X, Ma F, Li Z, Lee M, Chen H, Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu F, Oi N, Bode AM, Dong Z, Kim DJ. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane inhibits patient-derived xenograft colon tumor growth by targeting COX1/2 and ERK1/2. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Rani S, Rana R, Saraogi GK, Kumar V, Gupta U. Self-Emulsifying Oral Lipid Drug Delivery Systems: Advances and Challenges. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:129. [PMID: 30815765 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The attempts to oral delivery of lipids can be challenging. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) plays a vital role to tackle this problem. SEDDS is composed of an oil phase, surfactants, co-surfactants, emulsifying agents, and co-solvents. SEDDS can be categorized into self-nano-emulsifying agents (SNEDDS) and self-micro-emulsifying agents (SMEDDS). The characterization of SEDDS includes size, zeta potential analysis, and surface morphology via electron microscopy and phase separation methods. SEDDS can be well characterized through different techniques for size and morphology. Supersaturation is the phenomenon applied in case of SEDDS, in which polymers and copolymers are used for SEDDS preparation. A supersaturated SEDDS formulation kinetically and thermodynamically inhibits the precipitation of drug molecules by retarding nucleation and crystal growth in the aqueous medium. Self-emulsification approach has been successful in the delivery of anti-cancer agents, anti-viral drugs, anti-bacterial, immunosuppressant, and natural products such as antioxidants as well as alkaloids. At present, more than four SEDDS drug products are available in the market. SEDDS have tremendous capabilities which are yet to be explored which would be beneficial in oral lipid delivery.
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AboulFotouh K, Allam AA, El-Badry M, El-Sayed AM. Self-emulsifying drug–delivery systems modulate P-glycoprotein activity: role of excipients and formulation aspects. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1813-1834. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug–delivery systems (SEDDS) have been widely employed to ameliorate the oral bioavailability of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate drugs and to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer cells. However, the role of formulation aspects in the reduced P-gp activity is not fully understood. In this review, we first explore the role of various SEDDS excipients in the reduced P-gp activity with the main emphasis on the effective excipient concentration range for excipient-mediated modulation of P-gp activity and then we discuss the synergistic effect of various formulation aspects on the excipient-mediated modulation of P-gp activity. This review provides an approach to develop a rationally designed SEDDS to overcome P-gp-mediated drug efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled AboulFotouh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ayat A Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Badry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Godugu C, Doddapaneni R, Singh M. Honokiol nanomicellar formulation produced increased oral bioavailability and anticancer effects in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 153:208-219. [PMID: 28249200 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), owing to its aggressive behavior and toxicity associated with available chemotherapy; currently no suitable therapy is available. Honokiol (HNK) is a promising anticancer drug but has poor bioavailability. In the current study, we evaluated the anticancer effects of an oral Honokiol nanomicellar (NM) formulation (size range of 20-40nm) in vitro against various TNBC cells lines. Cytotoxicity, clonogenic and wound healing assays demonstrated the promising anticancer effects. In vitro Caco-2 permeability studies suggested increased absorption of Honokiol. Compared to HNK-FD, nanomicellar formulations resulted in significant increase in the oral bioavailability. Cmax (4.06 and 3.60-fold) and AUC (6.26 and 5.83-fold) were significantly increased in comparison to oral 40 and 80mg/kg free drug respectively. Further, anticancer effects of these formulations were studied in BALB/c nude mice transplanted with orthotopic MDA-MB-231 cell induced xenografts. After 4 weeks of daily administration of HNK-NM formulation, significant reduction in the tumor volumes and weights compared to free drug (p<0.001) treated groups was observed. Surprisingly, in some of the animals (25%), the treatment resulted in complete eradication of tumors. Increased apoptosis and antiangiogenic effect was observed in HNK-NM groups compared to free drug and untreated control animals. This is the first report demonstrating that HNK-FD possesses anticancer effects against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandraiah Godugu
- College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037 India
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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Godugu C, Doddapaneni R, Patel AR, Singh R, Mercer R, Singh M. Novel Gefitinib Formulation with Improved Oral Bioavailability in Treatment of A431 Skin Carcinoma. Pharm Res 2016; 33:137-54. [PMID: 26286185 PMCID: PMC4774891 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral administration of anticancer agents presents a series of advantages for patients. However, most of the anticancer drugs have poor water solubility leading to low bioavailability. METHODS Controlled released spray dried matrix system of Gefitinib with hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, chitosan, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, vitamin E TPGS, succinic acid were used for the design of formulations to improve the oral absorption of Gefitinib. Spray drying with a customized spray gun which allows simultaneous/pulsatile flow of two different liquid systems through single nozzle was used to prepare Gefitinib spray dried formulations (Gef-SD). Formulation was characterized by in vitro drug release and Caco-2 permeability studies. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in Sprague Dawley rats. Efficacy of Gef-SD was carried out in A431 xenografts models in nude mice. RESULTS In Gef-SD group 9.14-fold increase in the AUC was observed compared to free Gef. Improved pharmacokinetic profile of Gef-SD translated into increase (1.75 fold compared to Gef free drug) in anticancer effects. Animal survival was significantly increased in Gef formulation treated groups, with superior reduction in the tumor size (1.48-fold) and volumes (1.75-fold) and also increase in the anticancer effects (TUNEL positive apoptotic cells) was observed in Gef-SD treated groups. Further, western blot, immunohistochemical and proteomics analysis demonstrated the increased pharmacodynamic effects of Gef-SD formulations in A431 xenograft tumor models. CONCLUSION Our studies suggested that Gefitinib can be successfully incorporated into control release microparticles based oral formulation with enhanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity. This study demonstrates the novel application of Gef in A431 tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandraiah Godugu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Apurva R Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University, College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA
| | - Roger Mercer
- Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University, College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
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