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Cho H, Huh KM, Shim MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kwon YJ, Kang HC. Selective delivery of imaging probes and therapeutics to the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus: Current strategies and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115386. [PMID: 38971180 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
To maximize therapeutic effects and minimize unwanted effects, the interest in drug targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus (GA) has been recently growing because two organelles are distributing hubs of cellular building/signaling components (e.g., proteins, lipids, Ca2+) to other organelles and the plasma membrane. Their structural or functional damages induce organelle stress (i.e., ER or GA stress), and their aggravation is strongly related to diseases (e.g., cancers, liver diseases, brain diseases). Many efforts have been developed to image (patho)physiological functions (e.g., oxidative stress, protein/lipid-related processing) and characteristics (e.g., pH, temperature, biothiols, reactive oxygen species) in the target organelles and to deliver drugs for organelle disruption using organelle-targeting moieties. Therefore, this review will overview the structure, (patho)physiological functions/characteristics, and related diseases of the organelles of interest. Future direction on ER or GA targeting will be discussed by understanding current strategies and investigations on targeting, imaging/sensing, and therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Departments of Polymer Science and Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Controlling complexation/decomplexation and sizes of polymer-based electrostatic pDNA polyplexes is one of the key factors in effective transfection. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110497. [PMID: 31536938 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) using polycations has been investigated for several decades; however, obstacles that limit efficient gene delivery still hinder the clinical application of gene therapy. One of the major limiting factors is controlling pDNA binding affinity with polymers to control the complexation and decomplexation of polyplexes. To address this challenge, polycations of α-poly(L-lysine) (APL) and ε-poly(L-lysine) (EPL) were used to prepare variable complexation/decomplexation polyplexes with binding affinities ranging from too tight to too loose and sizes ranging from small to large. APL-EPL/ATP-pDNA polyplexes were also prepared to compare the effects of endosomolytic ATP on complexation/decomplexation and the sizes of polyplexes. The results showed that smaller and tighter polyplexes delivered more pDNA into the cells and into the nucleus than the larger and looser polyplexes. Larger polyplexes exhibited slower cytosolic transport and consequently less nuclear delivery of pDNA than smaller polyplexes. Tighter polyplexes exhibited poor pDNA release in the nucleus, leading to no improvement in transfection efficiency. Thus, polyplexes should maintain a balance between complexation and decomplexation and should have optimal sizes for effective cellular uptake, cytosolic transport, nuclear import, and gene expression. Understanding the effects of complexation/decomplexation and size is important when designing effective polymer-based electrostatic gene carriers.
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Zhou Z, Li C, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Qian C, Oupicky D, Sun M. Charge and Assembly Reversible Micelles Fueled by Intracellular ATP for Improved siRNA Transfection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32026-32037. [PMID: 30179452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic modification on polycations were commonly used to improve the stability and transfection efficiency of polyplexes. However, the improved stability often means undesired release of the encapsulated siRNA, limiting the application of cationic micelles for siRNA delivery. The current strategy of preparing bioresponsive micelles based on the cleavage of sensitive linkages between polycation and hydrophobic part was far from sufficient, owing to the siRNA binding of the separated polycations from micelles leading to the incomplete release of siRNA. In this study, we propose a new strategy by the combination of micelles disassembly and separated polycations charge reversal. FPBA (3-fluoro-4-carboxyphenylboronic acid) grafted PEI 1.8 k (polyethylenimine) as the polycations of PEI-FPBA and dopamine (with diol-containing moiety) conjugated with cholesterol as the hydrophobic part (Chol-Dopa). The PFCDM micelles was assembled by PEI-FPBA and Chol-Dopa, based on the FPBA-Dopa conjugation. The prepared PFCDM showed strong siRNA loading ability and superior stability in the presence of PBS or serum. Besides, the PFCDM exhibited excellent ATP sensibility. The intracellular ATP could effectively trigger the disassembly of micelles and charge reversal of PEI-FPBA, resulting in the burst release of siRNA in the cytosol. With the property of extracellular stability and intracellular instability, PFCDM displayed good performance on in vitro and in vivo luciferase silencing on 4T1 cells. It should also be noted that the assembly of low molecular weight PEI was relatively safe to cells compared with 25 k PEI. To sum up, the ATP-fueled assembly and charge reversible micelles gave examples for polyplexes to achieve better stability and on demand cargo release at the same time and shows potential to be used for in vitro and in vivo siRNA transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Chenzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Qingyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Chenggen Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - David Oupicky
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
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Zhou Z, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Li H, Chen G, Qian C, Oupicky D, Sun M. ATP-activated decrosslinking and charge-reversal vectors for siRNA delivery and cancer therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4604-4619. [PMID: 30279726 PMCID: PMC6160761 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polycations have been developed for improved nucleic acid transfection and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The most reported mechanisms for controlled release of siRNA are based on polyelectrolyte exchange reactions in the cytoplasm and the degradation of polycations initiated by specific triggers. However, the degradation strategy has not always been sufficient due to unsatisfactory kinetics and binding of cationic fragments to siRNA, which limits the gene silencing effect. In this study, a new strategy that combines degradation and charge reversal is proposed. Methods: We prepared a polycation (CrossPPA) by crosslinking of phenylboronic acid (PBA)-grafted 1.8k PEI with alginate. It was compared with 25k PEI, 1.8k PEI and 1.8k PEI-PBA on siRNA encapsulation, ATP-responsive behavior and mechanism, cytotoxicity, cell uptake, siRNA transfection, in vivo biodistribution and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. The in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed on 4T1 murine breast cancer cells and 4T1 tumor model separately. Results: The crosslinking strategy obviously improve the siRNA loading ability of 1.8k PEI. We validated that intracellular levels of ATP could trigger CrossPPA disassembly and charge reversal, which resulted in efficient and rapid siRNA release due to electrostatic repulsion. Besides, CrossPPA/siRNA showed strong cell uptake in 4T1 cells compared with 1.8k PEI/siRNA. Notably, the cytotoxicity of CrossPPA was pretty low, which was owing to its biodegradability. Furthermore, the crosslinked polyplexes significantly enhanced siRNA transfection and improved tumor accumulation. The high gene silencing ability of CrossPPA polyplex led to strong anti-tumor efficacy when using Bcl2-targeted siRNA. Conclusion: These results indicated that the ATP-triggered disassembly and charge reversal strategy provided a new way for developing stimuli-responsive siRNA carriers and showed potential for nucleic acid delivery in the treatment of cancer.
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Zhou Z, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang Q, Oupicky D, Sun M. Reversible Covalent Cross-Linked Polycations with Enhanced Stability and ATP-Responsive Behavior for Improved siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3776-3787. [PMID: 30081638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polyplex as commonly used nucleic acid carriers faced several shortcomings, such as high cytotoxicity, low serum stability, and slow cargo release at the target site. The traditional solution is covering a negative charged layer (e.g., hyaluronic acid, HA) via electrostatic interaction. However, it was far from satisfactory for the deshielding by physiological anions in circulation (e.g., serum proteins, phosphate). In this study, we proposed a new strategy of reversible covalent cross-linking to enhance stability in circulation and enable stimuli-disassembly of polyplexes in tumor cells. Here, 25k polyethylenimine (PEI) was chosen as model polycations for veriying the hypothesis. HA-PEI conjugation was formed by the cross-linking of adenosine triphosphate grafted HA (HA-ATP) with phenylboronic acid grafted PEI (PEI-PBA) via the chemical reaction between PBA and ATP. Compared with noncovalent polyplex by electrostatic interaction (HA/PEI), HA-PEI exhibited much better colloidal stability and serum stability. The covered HA-ATP layer on PEI-PBA could maintain stable in the absence of physiological anions, while HA layer on PEI in HA/PEI group showed obvious detachment after anion's competition. More importantly, the covalent cross-linking polyplex could selectively release siRNA in the ATP rich environment of cytosol and significantly improve siRNA silence. Besides, the covalent cross-linking with HA-ATP could effectively reduce the cytotoxicity of cationic polyplex, improve the uptake by B61F10 cells and promote the endosomal escape. Consequently, this strategy of HA-PEI conjugation significantly enhanced the siRNA transfection in the absence or presence of FBS (fetal bovine serum) on B16F10 cells and CHO cells. Taken together, the reversible covalent cross-linking approach shows obvious superiority compared with the noncovalent absorption strategy. It held great potential to be developed to polish up the performance of cationic polyplex on reducing the toxicity, enhancing the serum tolerance and achieving controlled release of siRNA at target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
| | - Yadong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
| | - Chenzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
| | - Qingyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
| | - David Oupicky
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China.,Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
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Dual-functionalized calcium nanocomplexes for transfection of cancerous and stem cells: Low molecular weight polycation-mediated colloidal stability and ATP-mediated endosomal release. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kim K, Ryu K, Choi YS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Chang Kang H. Effects of the Physicochemical, Colloidal, and Biological Characteristics of Different Polymer Structures between α-Poly(l-lysine) and ε-Poly(l-lysine) on Polymeric Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2483-2495. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungnam Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
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Cho H, Cho YW, Kang SW, Kwak MK, Huh KM, Bae YH, Kang HC. Tempo-spatial Activation of Sequential Quadruple Stimuli for High Gene Expression of Polymeric Gene Nanocomplexes. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:842-855. [PMID: 28199124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of intracellular gene delivery via nanosized carriers is hindered by intracellular multistep barriers that limit high levels of gene expression. To solve these issues, four different intracellular or external stimuli that can efficiently activate a gene carrier, a gene, or a photosensitizer (pheophorbide A [PhA]) were assessed in this study. The designed nanosized polymeric gene complexes were composed of PhA-loaded thiol-degradable polycation (PhA@RPC) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-equipped pDNA. After cellular internalization of the resulting PhA@RPC/pDNA complexes, the complexes escaped endosomal sequestration, owing to the endosomal pH-induced endosomolytic activity of RPC in PhA@RPC. Subsequently, intracellular thiol-mediated polycation degradation triggered the release of PhA and pDNA from the complexes. Late exposure to light (for example, 12 h post-treatment) activated the released PhA and resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intracellular ROS successively activated NF-κB, which then reactivated the CMV promoter in the pDNA. These sequential, stimuli-responsive chemical and biological reactions resulted in high gene expression. In particular, the time-point of light exposure was very significant to tune efficient gene expression as well as negligible cytotoxicity: early light treatment induced photochemical internalization but high cytotoxicity, whereas late light treatment influenced the reactivation of silent pDNA via PhA-generated ROS and activation of NF-κB. In conclusion, the quadruple triggers, such as pH, thiol, light, and ROS, successively influenced a gene carrier (RPC), a photosensitizer, and a genetic therapeutic, and the tempo-spatial activation of the designed quadruple stimuli-activatable nanosized gene complexes could be potential in gene delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea , 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Cho
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea , 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - You Han Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah , 30 S 2000 E, Rm 2972, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.,Utah-Inha Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) and Advanced Therapeutics Research Center , 9 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21988, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea , 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
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Choi YS, Cho DY, Lee HK, Cho JK, Lee DH, Bae YH, Lee JK, Kang HC. Enhanced cell survival of pH-sensitive bioenergetic nucleotide nanoparticles in energy/oxygen-depleted cells and their intranasal delivery for reduced brain infarction. Acta Biomater 2016; 41:147-60. [PMID: 27245429 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nucleotides (NTs) (e.g., adenosine triphosphate) are very important molecules in the body. They generate bioenergy through phosphate group release, are involved in various biological processes, and are used to treat various diseases that involve energy depletion. However, their highly anionic characteristics might limit delivery of exogenous NTs into the cell, which is required to realize their functions as bioenergy sources. In this study, ionic complexation between Ca(2+) and NT phosphates was used to form Ca(2+)/NT nanocomplexes (NCs), and branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI1.8kDa) was coated on the surface of Ca(2+)/NT NCs via a simple electrostatic coating. The resultant Ca(2+)/NT/bPEI1.8kDa NCs were approximately 10-25nm in size and had positive zeta-potentials, and their NT loading efficiency and content were approximately 60-75% and 10-20 wt%, respectively. Faster NT release from Ca(2+)/NT/bPEI1.8kDa NCs was induced by lower pH and by NTs with fewer phosphates. Reductions in cell viability in response to low temperature, serum deprivation, or hypoxia were recovered by NT delivery in Ca(2+)/NT/bPEI1.8kDa NCs. In a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced post-ischemic rat model, the BBB (blood brain barrier)-detoured intranasal administration of Ca(2+)/ATP/bPEI1.8kDa NCs induced a better reduction in infarct volume and neurological deficits than did free ATP. In conclusion, intracellular NT delivery using Ca(2+)/NT/bPEI1.8kDa NCs might potentially enhance cell survival and reduce infarction in energy-/oxygen-depleted environments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This study describes bioenergetic nucleotide delivery systems and their preparation, physicochemical characterization, and biological characterization both in vitro and in vivo. Nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), are very important signaling and energy molecules in the body. However, research on these nucleotides using nanosized carriers has been very limited. Liposomal ATP delivery has been reported in heart and renal ischemia studies. Notably, although this delivery system has potential in energy-depleted environments (e.g., low temperature, serum deprivation, and hypoxia) and in brain ischemia, studies are lacking regarding these systems. Thus, we designed polycation-shielded Ca(2+)/nucleotide nanocomplexes using simple mixing, which produced 10- to 25-nm-sized particles. The nanocomplexes released nucleotides in response to acidic pH, and they enhanced cell survival rates under conditions of low temperature, serum deprivation, or hypoxia. Importantly, the nanocomplexes reduced cerebral infarct volumes in a post-ischemic rat model. Thus, our study demonstrates that a novel nucleotide nanocomplex could have potential for preventing or treating diseases that involve energy depletion, such as cardiac, cerebral, and retinal ischemia, and liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Youl Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Inha Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kyo Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Haeng Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea; Utah-Inha Drug Delivery Systems and Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, 9 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21988, Republic of Korea
| | - You Han Bae
- Utah-Inha Drug Delivery Systems and Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, 9 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21988, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Rm 2972, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Inha Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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