1
|
Gambles MT, Li S, Kendell I, Li J, Sborov D, Shami P, Yang J, Kopeček J. Multiantigen T-Cell Hybridizers: A Two-Component T-Cell-Activating Therapy. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39149859 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Multispecific T-cell-engaging scaffolds have emerged as effective anticancer therapies for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Approaches that modulate cancer cell targeting and provide personalized, multispecific immunotherapeutics are needed. Here, we report on a modular, split antibody-like approach consisting of Fab' fragments modified with complementary morpholino oligonucleotides (MORFs). We synthesized a library of B-cell-targeting Fab'-MORF1 conjugates that self-assemble, via a Watson-Crick base pairing hybridization, with a complementary T-cell-engaging Fab'-MORF2 conjugate. We aptly titled our technology multiantigen T-cell hybridizers (MATCH). Using MATCH, cancer-specific T-cell recruitment was achieved utilizing four B-cell antigen targets: CD20, CD38, BCMA, and SLAMF7. The antigen expression profiles of various malignant B-cell lines were produced, and using these distinct profiles, cell-specific T-cell activation was attained on lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro. T-cell rechallenge experiments demonstrated the modular approach of MATCH by sequentially activating the same T-cell cohort against three different cancers using cancer antigen-specific Fab'-MORF1 conjugates. Furthermore, MATCH's efficacy was demonstrated in vivo by treating xenograft mouse models of human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with CD20-directed MATCH therapy. In the pilot study, a single dose of MATCH allowed for long-term survival of all treated mice compared to saline control. In a second in vivo model, insights regarding optimal T-cell-to-target cell ratio were gleaned when a ratio of 5:1 T-cell-to-target cell MATCH-treated mice significantly delayed the onset of disease compared to higher and lower ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shannuo Li
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Isaac Kendell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jiahui Li
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Douglas Sborov
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City ,Utah 84112, United States
| | - Paul Shami
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City ,Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kopeček J. Hydrophilic biomaterials: From crosslinked and self-assembled hydrogels to polymer-drug conjugates and drug-free macromolecular therapeutics. J Control Release 2024; 373:1-22. [PMID: 38734315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This "Magnum Opus" accentuates my lifelong belief that the future of science is in the interdisciplinary approach to hypotheses formulation and problem solving. Inspired by the invention of hydrogels and soft contact lenses by my mentors, my six decades of research have continuously proceeded from the synthesis of biocompatible hydrogels to the development of polymer-drug conjugates, then generation of drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT) and finally to multi-antigen T cell hybridizers (MATCH). This interdisciplinary journey was inspiring; the lifetime feeling that one is a beginner in some aspects of the research is a driving force that keeps the enthusiasm high. Also, I wanted to illustrate that systematic research in one wide area can be a life-time effort without the need to jump to areas that are temporarily en-vogue. In addition to generating general scientific knowledge, hydrogels from my laboratory have been transferred to the clinic, polymer-drug conjugates to clinical trials, and drug-free macromolecular systems have an excellent potential for personalizing patient therapies. There is a limit to life but no limit to imagination. I anticipate that systematic basic research will contribute to the expansion of our knowledge and create a foundation for the design of new paradigms based on the comprehension of mechanisms of physiological processes. The emerging novel platform technologies in biomaterial-based devices and implants as well as in personalized nanomedicines will ultimately impact clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou M, Liu C, Li B, Li J, Zhang P, Huang Y, Li L. Cell surface patching via CXCR4-targeted nanothreads for cancer metastasis inhibition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2763. [PMID: 38553476 PMCID: PMC10980815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding of therapeutic antagonists to their receptors often fail to translate into adequate manipulation of downstream pathways. To fix this 'bug', here we report a strategy that stitches cell surface 'patches' to promote receptor clustering, thereby synchronizing subsequent mechano-transduction. The "patches" are sewn with two interactable nanothreads. In sequence, Nanothread-1 strings together adjacent receptors while presenting decoy receptors. Nanothread-2 then targets these decoys multivalently, intertwining with Nanothread-1 into a coiled-coil supramolecular network. This stepwise actuation clusters an extensive vicinity of receptors, integrating mechano-transduction to disrupt signal transmission. When applied to antagonize chemokine receptors CXCR4 expressed in metastatic breast cancer of female mice, this strategy elicits and consolidates multiple events, including interception of metastatic cascade, reversal of immunosuppression, and potentiation of photodynamic immunotherapy, reducing the metastatic burden. Collectively, our work provides a generalizable tool to spatially rearrange cell-surface receptors to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chendong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gambles MT, Yang J, Kopeček J. Multi-targeted immunotherapeutics to treat B cell malignancies. J Control Release 2023; 358:232-258. [PMID: 37121515 PMCID: PMC10330463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of multi-targeted immunotherapeutic systems has propelled the field of cancer immunotherapy into an exciting new era. Multi-effector molecules can be designed to engage with, and alter, the patient's immune system in a plethora of ways. The outcomes can vary from effector cell recruitment and activation upon recognition of a cancer cell, to a multipronged immune checkpoint blockade strategy disallowing evasion of the cancer cells by immune cells, or to direct cancer cell death upon engaging multiple cell surface receptors simultaneously. Here, we review the field of multi-specific immunotherapeutics implemented to treat B cell malignancies. The mechanistically diverse strategies are outlined and discussed; common B cell receptor antigen targeting strategies are outlined and summarized; and the challenges of the field are presented along with optimistic insights for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tommy Gambles M, Li J, Christopher Radford D, Sborov D, Shami P, Yang J, Kopeček J. Simultaneous crosslinking of CD20 and CD38 receptors by drug-free macromolecular therapeutics enhances B cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2022; 350:584-599. [PMID: 36037975 PMCID: PMC9561060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics (DFMT) is a new paradigm in macromolecular therapeutics that induces apoptosis in target cells by crosslinking receptors without the need of low molecular weight drugs. Programmed cell death is initiated via a biomimetic receptor crosslinking strategy using a two-step approach: i) recognition of cell surface antigen by a morpholino oligonucleotide-modified antibody Fab' fragment (Fab'-MORF1), ii) followed by crosslinking with a multivalent effector motif - human serum albumin (HSA) grafted with multiple complementary morpholino oligonucleotides (HSA-(MORF2)x). This approach is effective in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo on cells from patients diagnosed with various B cell malignancies. We have previously demonstrated DFMT can be applied to crosslink CD20 and CD38 receptors to successfully initiate apoptosis. Herein, we show simultaneous engagement, and subsequent crosslinking of both targets ("heteroreceptor crosslinking"), can further enhance the apoptosis induction capacity of this system. To accomplish this, we incubated Raji (CD20+; CD38+) cells simultaneously with anti-CD20 and anti-CD38 Fab'-MORF1 conjugates, followed by addition of the macromolecular crosslinker, HSA-(MORF2)x to co-cluster the bound receptors. Fab' fragments from Rituximab and Obinutuzumab were employed in the synthesis of anti-CD20 bispecific engagers (Fab'RTX-MORF1 and Fab'OBN-MORF1), whereas Fab' fragments from Daratumumab and Isatuximab (Fab'DARA-MORF1 and Fab'ISA-MORF1) targeted CD38. All heteroreceptor crosslinking DFMT combinations demonstrated potent apoptosis induction and exhibited synergistic effects as determined by Chou-Talalay combination index studies (CI < 1). In vitro fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments confirmed the co-clustering of the two receptors on the cell surface in response to the combination treatment. The source of this synergistic therapeutic effect was further explored by evaluating the effect of combination DFMT on key apoptosis signaling events such as mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation, lysosomal enlargement, and homotypic cell adhesion. Finally, a xenograft mouse model of CD20+/CD38+ Non Hodgkin lymphoma was employed to demonstrate in vivo the enhanced efficacy of the heteroreceptor-crosslinking DFMT design versus single-target systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiahui Li
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D Christopher Radford
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Douglas Sborov
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Paul Shami
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neurosurgery at the crossroads of immunology and nanotechnology. New reality in the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114033. [PMID: 34808227 PMCID: PMC8604570 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurosurgery as one of the most technologically demanding medical fields rapidly adapts the newest developments from multiple scientific disciplines for treating brain tumors. Despite half a century of clinical trials, survival for brain primary tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain cancer, or rare ones including primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), is dismal. Cancer therapy and research have currently shifted toward targeted approaches, and personalized therapies. The orchestration of novel and effective blood-brain barrier (BBB) drug delivery approaches, targeting of cancer cells and regulating tumor microenvironment including the immune system are the key themes of this review. As the global pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 virus continues, neurosurgery and neuro-oncology must wrestle with the issues related to treatment-related immune dysfunction. The selection of chemotherapeutic treatments, even rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) that occur among immunocompromised people, and number of vaccinations they have to get are emerging as a new chapter for modern Nano neurosurgery.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kalousková B, Skořepa O, Cmunt D, Abreu C, Krejčová K, Bláha J, Sieglová I, Král V, Fábry M, Pola R, Pechar M, Vaněk O. Tumor Marker B7-H6 Bound to the Coiled Coil Peptide-Polymer Conjugate Enables Targeted Therapy by Activating Human Natural Killer Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111597. [PMID: 34829829 PMCID: PMC8615638 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer immunotherapy is a promising tool for restoring immune surveillance and eradicating cancer cells. Hydrophilic polymers modified with coiled coil peptide tags can be used as universal carriers designed for cell-specific delivery of such biologically active proteins. Here, we describe the preparation of pHPMA-based copolymer conjugated with immunologically active protein B7-H6 via complementary coiled coil VAALEKE (peptide E) and VAALKEK (peptide K) sequences. Receptor B7-H6 was described as a binding partner of NKp30, and its expression has been proven for various tumor cell lines. The binding of B7-H6 to NKp30 activates NK cells and results in Fas ligand or granzyme-mediated apoptosis of target tumor cells. In this work, we optimized the expression of coiled coil tagged B7-H6, its ability to bind activating receptor NKp30 has been confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry, and the binding stoichiometry of prepared chimeric biopolymer has been characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation. Furthermore, this coiled coil B7-H6-loaded polymer conjugate activates NK cells in vitro and, in combination with coiled coil scFv, enables their targeting towards a model tumor cell line. Prepared chimeric biopolymer represents a promising precursor for targeted cancer immunotherapy by activating the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kalousková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Ondřej Skořepa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Denis Cmunt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Celeste Abreu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Kateřina Krejčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jan Bláha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Irena Sieglová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.S.); (V.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Vlastimil Král
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.S.); (V.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.S.); (V.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (O.S.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gambles MT, Li J, Wang J, Sborov D, Yang J, Kopeček J. Crosslinking of CD38 Receptors Triggers Apoptosis of Malignant B Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154658. [PMID: 34361811 PMCID: PMC8348492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we designed an inventive paradigm in nanomedicine—drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT). The ability of DFMT to induce apoptosis is based on biorecognition at cell surface, and crosslinking of receptors without the participation of low molecular weight drugs. The system is composed of two nanoconjugates: a bispecific engager, antibody or Fab’ fragment—morpholino oligonucleotide (MORF1) conjugate; the second nanoconjugate is a multivalent effector, human serum albumin (HSA) decorated with multiple copies of complementary MORF2. Here, we intend to demonstrate that DFMT is a platform that will be effective on other receptors than previously validated CD20. We appraised the impact of daratumumab (DARA)- and isatuximab (ISA)-based DFMT to crosslink CD38 receptors on CD38+ lymphoma (Raji, Daudi) and multiple myeloma cells (RPMI 8226, ANBL-6). The biological properties of DFMTs were determined by flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence microscopy, reactive oxygen species determination, lysosomal enlargement, homotypic cell adhesion, and the hybridization of nanoconjugates. The data revealed that the level of apoptosis induction correlated with CD38 expression, the nanoconjugates meet at the cell surface, mitochondrial signaling pathway is strongly involved, insertion of a flexible spacer in the structure of the macromolecular effector enhances apoptosis, and simultaneous crosslinking of CD38 and CD20 receptors increases apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiahui Li
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Douglas Sborov
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tavares MR, Pechar M, Chytil P, Etrych T. Polymer-Based Drug-Free Therapeutics for Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibacterial Treatment. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100135. [PMID: 34008348 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the area of biomedicinal polymers, which serve as nanomedicines even though they do not contain any anticancer or antiinflammatory drugs. These polymer nanomedicines with unique design are in the literature highlighted as a novel class of therapeutics called "drug-free macromolecular therapeutics." Their therapeutic efficacy is based on the tailored multiple presentations of biologically active vectors, i.e., peptides, oligopeptides, or oligosaccharides. Thus, they enable, for example, to directly induce the apoptosis of malignant cells by the crosslinking of surface slowly internalizing receptors, or to deplete the efficacy of tumor-associated proteins. The precise biorecognition of natural binding motifs by multiple vectors on the polymer construct remains the crucial part in the designing of these drug-free nanomedicines. Here, the rationales, designs, synthetic approaches, and therapeutic potential of drug-free macromolecular therapeutics consisting of various active vectors are described in detail. Recent developments and achievements for namely B-cell lymphoma treatment, Gal-3-positive tumors, inflammative liver injury, and bacterial treatment are reviewed and highlighted. Finally, a possible future prospect within this highly exciting new field of nanomedicine research is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rodrigues Tavares
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
| | - Petr Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Macarrón Palacios A, Grzeschik J, Deweid L, Krah S, Zielonka S, Rösner T, Peipp M, Valerius T, Kolmar H. Specific Targeting of Lymphoma Cells Using Semisynthetic Anti-Idiotype Shark Antibodies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:560244. [PMID: 33324393 PMCID: PMC7726437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.560244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a key player of the adaptive immune system. It is a unique part of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules expressed on the surface of B cells. In case of many B-cell lymphomas, the tumor cells express a tumor-specific and functionally active BCR, also known as idiotype. Utilizing the idiotype as target for lymphoma therapy has emerged to be demanding since the idiotype differs from patient to patient. Previous studies have shown that shark-derived antibody domains (vNARs) isolated from a semi-synthetic CDR3-randomized library allow for the rapid generation of anti-idiotype binders. In this study, we evaluated the potential of generating patient-specific binders against the idiotype of lymphomas. To this end, the BCRs of three different lymphoma cell lines SUP-B8, Daudi, and IM-9 were identified, the variable domains were reformatted and the resulting monoclonal antibodies produced. The SUP-B8 BCR served as antigen in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screening of the yeast-displayed vNAR libraries which resulted after three rounds of screening in the enrichment of antigen-binding vNARs. Five vNARs were expressed as Fc fusion proteins and consequently analyzed for their binding to soluble antigen using biolayer interferometry (BLI) revealing binding constants in the lower single-digit nanomolar range. These variants showed specific binding to the parental SUP-B8 cell line confirming a similar folding of the recombinantly expressed proteins compared with the native cell surface-presented BCR. First initial experiments to utilize the generated vNAR-Fc variants for BCR-clustering to induce apoptosis or ADCC/ADCP did not result in a significant decrease of cell viability. Here, we report an alternative approach for a personalized B-cell lymphoma therapy based on the construction of vNAR-Fc antibody-drug conjugates to enable specific killing of malignant B cells, which may widen the therapeutic window for B-cell lymphoma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Macarrón Palacios
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Randárová E, Kudláčová J, Etrych T. HPMA copolymer-antibody constructs in neoplastic treatment: an overview of therapeutics, targeted diagnostics, and drug-free systems. J Control Release 2020; 325:304-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
12
|
Fan F, Piao JG, Zhao Y, Jin L, Li M, Wang Y, Yang L. Bioinspired Membrane-Disruptive Macromolecules as Drug-Free Therapeutics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1267-1275. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
13
|
Wang J, Li L, Yang J, Clair PM, Glenn MJ, Stephens DM, Radford DC, Kosak KM, Deininger MW, Shami PJ, Kopeček J. Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics induce apoptosis in cells isolated from patients with B cell malignancies with enhanced apoptosis induction by pretreatment with gemcitabine. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 16:217-225. [PMID: 30639670 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT) is a new paradigm for the treatment of B cell malignancies. Apoptosis is initiated by the biorecognition of complementary oligonucleotide motifs at the cell surface resulting in crosslinking of CD20 receptors. DMFT is composed from two nanoconjugates: 1) bispecific engager, Fab'-MORF1 (anti-CD20 Fab' fragment conjugated with morpholino oligonucleotide), and 2) a crosslinking (effector) component P-(MORF2)X (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer grafted with multiple copies of complementary morpholino oligonucleotide). We evaluated this concept in 44 samples isolated from patients diagnosed with various subtypes of B cell malignancies. Apoptosis was observed in 65.9% of the samples tested. Pretreatment of cells with gemcitabine (GEM) or polymer-gemcitabine conjugate (2P-GEM) enhanced CD20 expression levels thus increasing apoptosis induced by DFMT. These positive results demonstrated that DFMT has remarkable therapeutic potential in various subtypes of B cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Phillip M Clair
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Martha J Glenn
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah M Stephens
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Ken M Kosak
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael W Deininger
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paul J Shami
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li L, Yang J, Wang J, Kopeček J. Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics exhibit amplified apoptosis in G2/M phase arrested cells. J Drug Target 2018; 27:566-572. [PMID: 30198798 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1521414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT) have been recently developed to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It is a consecutive delivery of two nanoconjugates: (1) bispecific engager that pretargets surface CD20, and (2) multivalent effector polymer that hybridises with CD20-bound engagers. Without the need of low molecular weight drug, the hybridisation of morpholino oligonucleotide containing DFMT at NHL cell surface triggers CD20 crosslinking and subsequent apoptosis. We have previously determined various factors that affect the efficacy of DFMT regarding the synthetic structures. Here, we show that DFMT-mediated apoptosis is also influenced by the state of cells. Compared with other cell cycle states, cells arrested at G2/M phase exhibit enhanced CD20 expression, and have more sustainable CD20 binding by DFMT, resulting in a higher degree of DFMT-mediated CD20 crosslinking. Moreover, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was phosphorylated in G2/M phase, thereby increasing the cell susceptibility to DFMT. As a result, DFMT mediated augmented apoptosis in G2/M phase cells. When DFMT was combined with a polymer-docetaxel conjugate that triggered G2/M blockage, a combinatorial apoptotic effect was achieved to induce programmed cell death. Our findings suggest the co-delivery of DFMT and G2/M inhibiting drug combinations may present a therapeutic advantage in NHL treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang J, Li L, Kopeček J. Biorecognition: A key to drug-free macromolecular therapeutics. Biomaterials 2018; 190-191:11-23. [PMID: 30391799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights a new paradigm in macromolecular nanomedicine - drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT). The effectiveness of the new system is based on biorecognition events without the participation of low molecular weight drugs. Apoptosis of cells can be initiated by the biorecognition of complementary peptide/oligonucleotide motifs at the cell surface resulting in the crosslinking of slowly internalizing receptors. B-cell CD20 receptors and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were chosen as the first target. Exposing cells to a conjugate of one motif with a targeting ligand decorates the cells with this motif. Further exposure of decorated cells to a macromolecule (synthetic polymer or human serum albumin) containing multiple copies of the complementary motif as grafts results in receptor crosslinking and apoptosis induction in vitro and in vivo. The review focuses on recent developments and explores the mechanism of action of DFMT. The altered molecular signaling pathways demonstrated the great potential of DFMT to overcome rituximab resistance resulting from either down-regulation of CD20 or endocytosis and trogocytosis of rituximab/CD20 complexes. The suitability of this approach for the treatment of blood borne cancers is confirmed. In addition, the widespread applicability of DFMT as a new concept in macromolecular therapeutics for numerous diseases is exposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang L, Fang Y, Li L, Yang J, Radford DC, Kopeček J. Human Serum Albumin‐Based Drug‐Free Macromolecular Therapeutics: Apoptosis Induction by Coiled‐Coil‐Mediated Cross‐Linking of CD20 Antigens on Lymphoma B Cell Surface. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800224. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCDUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Yixin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCDUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCDUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCDUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | | | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCDUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li H, Jin H, Wan W, Wu C, Wei L. Cancer nanomedicine: mechanisms, obstacles and strategies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1639-1656. [PMID: 30035660 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting nanoparticles to cancers for improved therapeutic efficacy and decreased side effects remains a popular concept in the past decades. Although the enhanced permeability and retention effect serves as a key rationale for all the currently commercialized nanoformulations, it does not enable uniform delivery of nanoparticles to all tumorous regions in all patients with sufficient quantities. Also, the increase in overall survival is often modest. Many factors may influence the delivering process of nanoparticles, which must be taken into consideration for the promise of nanomedicine in patients to be realized. Herein, we review the mechanisms and influencing factors during the delivery of cancer therapeutics and summarize current strategies that have been developed for the fabrication of smart drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
- Tumor Immunology & Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Translational Medicine Institute, the Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hai Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/LaboratoryDiagnosis, First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University,168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Spine Tumor Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/LaboratoryDiagnosis, First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University,168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology & Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zaiden M, Rütter M, Shpirt L, Ventura Y, Feinshtein V, David A. CD44-Targeted Polymer-Paclitaxel Conjugates to Control the Spread and Growth of Metastatic Tumors. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3690-3699. [PMID: 29957956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in cancer therapy is to control metastatic spread, seeding, and growth of tumors in distant organs. Recently, we reported on the design of a novel "drug-free" therapeutic copolymer bearing the antimigratory A5G27 peptide, designated P-(A5G27)-FITC, that shows excellent specificity to cancer cells overexpressing CD44v3 and CD44v6 and inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion. We demonstrated that P-(A5G27)-FITC accumulated preferentially in subcutaneous (sc) implanted 4T1 tumors following parenteral administration. Moreover, we showed that pretreatment of mice with P-(A5G27)-FITC prior to 4T1 cell inoculation inhibited colonization of circulating 4T1 cells in the lungs. In this study, we designed a new polymer-peptide-drug conjugate to inhibit vigorously growing primary tumors and control invasive behavior of cancer cells. To this end, the antimitotic drug (paclitaxel, PTX) was conjugated to P-(A5G27)-FITC. The targeted polymer-drug conjugate (P-(A5G27)-PTX) was significantly more toxic toward CD44-overexpressing cancer cells than the nontargeted copolymer. In vivo, a single iv injection of P-(A5G27)-PTX prolonged the survival of C57BL/6 mice with established B16-F10 lung metastases. When injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice implanted sc with 4T1 tumors, P-(A5G27)-PTX significantly decreased the rate of primary tumor growth, increased the median survival of mice, and reduced the number of 4T1 metastases in the lungs when compared to nontargeted copolymer. Most interestingly, the CD44-targeted "drug-free" copolymer P-(A5G27) (without PTX) significantly inhibited the rate of tumor growth and further prolonged the median survival time of mice to the same extent as the PTX-containing formulations (P-(A5G27)-PTX or free PTX). Overall, this study highlights the therapeutic potential of the HPMA copolymer-A5G27 conjugates ("drug-free" and PTX-bearing copolymers) to control the metastatic spread of cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Li L, Yang J, Wang J, Kopeček J. Amplification of CD20 Cross-Linking in Rituximab-Resistant B-Lymphoma Cells Enhances Apoptosis Induction by Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3658-3670. [PMID: 29595951 PMCID: PMC5916500 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the CD20-targeted monoclonal antibody rituximab (RTX) has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape for B-cell malignancy, relapsed and refractory disease due to RTX resistance continue to constitute major challenges, illustrating the need for better therapies. Here, we apply drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT) that amplifies CD20 cross-linking to enhance apoptosis in RTX-resistant cells. Bispecific engager (anti-CD20 Fab' conjugated with oligonucleotide1) pretargets CD20 and the deletion of Fc-region minimizes its premature endocytosis in resistant cells that rapidly internalize and consume CD20/RTX complexes. Second-step delivery of multivalent polymeric effector (linear copolymer conjugated with multiple copies of complementary oligonucleotide 2) simultaneously hybridizes multiple CD20-bound engagers and strengthens CD20 ligation. Moreover, the restoration of CD20 expression by the pretreatment of cells with a polymer-gemcitabine conjugate, a CD20 expression enhancer, unleashes the full potential of DFMT in the CD20-deficient resistant cells. Hence, amplification of CD20 cross-linking is achieved by (1) the enhancement of surface CD20 accessibility, (2) the increase in CD20 expression, and (3) multimeric CD20 binding, which ultimately translates into the amplified activation of a wide range of innate apoptotic responses. We demonstrated that the altered molecular signaling pathway that originally results in RTX resistance could be circumvented and compensated by other DFMT-augmented pathways. Of note, our preliminary data provide proof-of-concept that CD20 cross-linking amplification emerges as an important strategy for overcoming RTX resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
NanoDDS 2016: The 14th International Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Symposium. J Control Release 2017; 263:1-3. [PMID: 28734902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Li L, Yang J, Wang J, Kopeček J. Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics Induce Apoptosis via Calcium Influx and Mitochondrial Signaling Pathway. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [PMID: 28805013 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an innovative paradigm has been proposed in macromolecular therapeutics for treatment of B-cell lymphomas that can specifically kill cancer cells without a drug. The design rationale of this drug-free macromolecular therapeutic (DFMT) system is crosslinking the cell surface receptor to initiate apoptosis. However, how the apoptosis signal is triggered after receptor hyper-crosslinking remains to be elucidated. Here, two pathways, calcium influx dependent pathway and mitochondrial signal pathway, are identified to play major roles in triggering the programmed cell death. With the first step pretargeting and second step multiple binding, receptor hyper-crosslinking is achieved in a highly specific, time-dependent manner and largely mediated by multivalence. As a consequence, extracellular calcium influx is triggered, which subsequently decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential and induces apoptosis. The mitochondrial depolarization also stems from the Bcl-2 inhibition mediated by DFMT, followed by the cytochrome c release that activates caspase signaling. With the participation of the two-pronged mechanism, a programmed apoptosis is induced in response to DFMT treatment. The current findings can offer important implications to optimize the anti-CD20 strategies to treat B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|