1
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Hamm P, Meinel L, Driessen MD. An Introductory Guide to Protease Sensitive Linker Design Using Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 as an Example. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3693-3706. [PMID: 38813796 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Proteases play a crucial role, not only in physiological, but also in pathological processes, such as cancer, inflammation, arthritis, Alzheimer's, and infections, to name but a few. Their ability to cleave peptides can be harnessed for a broad range of biotechnological purposes. To do this efficiently, it is essential to find an amino acid sequence that meets the necessary requirements, including interdependent factors like specificity, selectivity, cleavage kinetics, or synthetic accessibility. Cleavage sequences from natural substrates of the protease may not be optimal in terms of specificity and selectivity, which is why these frequently require arduous and sometimes unsuccessful optimization such as by iterative exchange of single amino acids. Hence, here we describe the systematic design of protease sensitive linkers (PSLs)─peptide sequences specifically cleaved by a target protease─guided by the mass spectrometry based determination of target protease specific cleavage sites from a proteome-based peptide library. It includes a procedure for identifying bespoke PSL sequences, their optimization, synthesis, and validation and introduces a program that can indicate potential cleavage sites by hundreds of enzymes in any arbitrary amino acid sequence. Thereby, we provide an introduction to PSL design, illustrated by the example of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13). This introduction can serve as a guide and help to greatly accelerate the development and use of protease-sensitive linkers in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Hamm
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc D Driessen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department for Oral and Craniomaxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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2
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Ruopp M, Zhu S, Worschech R, Haas D, Maschauer S, Prante O, Meinel L, Lühmann T. Bioconjugation of a Fibroblast Activation Protein Targeted Interleukin-4. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5580-5588. [PMID: 37721169 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an immune-modulating therapeutic with growing potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Current challenges of IL-4 therapy include a low serum half-life and pleiotropic activity, suggesting effective targeting of IL-4. To develop an interleukin-4 bioconjugate with rapid targeting to inflammatory disease sites, we report the chemical synthesis, bioconjugation, and in vitro characterization of a murine interleukin-4 (mIL-4) conjugate decorated with a fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI). The FAPI targeting moiety features 2,2',2″,2‴-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to allow future biodistribution and imaging studies of the FAPI-mIL-4 bioconjugate. We demonstrated site-specific coupling of mIL-4 and FAPI-DOTA deploying chemo-enzyme and enzyme chemistries with a high purity exceeding 95%. The FAPI-DOTA modified mIL-4 was bioactive with polarization of murine macrophages into the M2 state while maintaining specific binding to FAP on fibroblast cells. Together, these results point to future in vivo use of the FAPI-mIL-4 bioconjugate to assess biodistribution and biological effects in animal models of inflammatory joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ruopp
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Worschech
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Haas
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Alexander AK, Elshahawi SI. Promiscuous Enzymes for Residue-Specific Peptide and Protein Late-Stage Functionalization. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300372. [PMID: 37338668 PMCID: PMC10496146 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of peptides and proteins holds significant promise for drug discovery and facilitates bioorthogonal chemistry. This selective functionalization leads to innovative advances in in vitro and in vivo biological research. However, it is a challenging endeavor to selectively target a certain amino acid or position in the presence of other residues containing reactive groups. Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for selective, efficient, and economical modifications of molecules. Enzymes that have the ability to modify multiple complex substrates or selectively install nonnative handles have wide applications. Herein, we highlight enzymes with broad substrate tolerance that have been demonstrated to modify a specific amino acid residue in simple or complex peptides and/or proteins at late-stage. The different substrates accepted by these enzymes are mentioned together with the reported downstream bioorthogonal reactions that have benefited from the enzymatic selective modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Alexander
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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4
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Thobakgale L, Ombinda-Lemboumba S, Mthunzi-Kufa P. Chemical Sensor Nanotechnology in Pharmaceutical Drug Research. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2688. [PMID: 35957119 PMCID: PMC9370582 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increase in demand for pharmaceutical treatments due to pandemic-related illnesses has created a need for improved quality control in drug manufacturing. Understanding the physical, biological, and chemical properties of APIs is an important area of health-related research. As such, research into enhanced chemical sensing and analysis of pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for drug development, delivery and monitoring has become immensely popular in the nanotechnology space. Nanomaterial-based chemical sensors have been used to detect and analyze APIs related to the treatment of various illnesses pre and post administration. Furthermore, electrical and optical techniques are often coupled with nano-chemical sensors to produce data for various applications which relate to the efficiencies of the APIs. In this review, we focus on the latest nanotechnology applied to probing the chemical and biochemical properties of pharmaceutical drugs, placing specific interest on several types of nanomaterial-based chemical sensors, their characteristics, detection methods, and applications. This study offers insight into the progress in drug development and monitoring research for designing improved quality control methods for pharmaceutical and health-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebogang Thobakgale
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, University Road, Westville, Durban 3630, South Africa
| | - Saturnin Ombinda-Lemboumba
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Patience Mthunzi-Kufa
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, University Road, Westville, Durban 3630, South Africa
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5
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Hauptstein N, Dirauf M, Wittwer K, Cinar G, Siering O, Raschig M, Lühmann T, Scherf-Clavel O, Sawatsky B, Nischang I, Schubert US, Pfaller CK, Meinel L. PEtOxylated Interferon-α2a Bioconjugates Addressing H1N1 Influenza A Virus Infection. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3593-3601. [PMID: 35904477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV), including the pandemic 2009 (pdm09) H1N1 or avian influenza H5N1 virus, may advance into more pathogenic, potentially antiviral drug-resistant strains (including loss of susceptibility against oseltamivir). Such IAV strains fuel the risk of future global outbreaks, to which this study responds by re-engineering Interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a) bioconjugates into influenza therapeutics. Type-I interferons such as IFN-α2a play an essential role in influenza infection and may prevent serious disease courses. We site-specifically conjugated a genetically engineered IFN-α2a mutant to poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s (PEtOx) of different molecular weights by strain-promoted azide-alkyne cyclo-addition. The promising pharmacokinetic profile of the 25 kDa PEtOx bioconjugate in mice echoed an efficacy in IAV-infected ferrets. One intraperitoneal administration of this bioconjugate, but not the marketed IFN-α2a bioconjugate, changed the disease course similar to oseltamivir, given orally twice every study day. PEtOxylated IFN-α2a bioconjugates may expand our therapeutic arsenal against future influenza pandemics, particularly in light of rising first-line antiviral drug resistance to IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Wittwer
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Gizem Cinar
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Siering
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Martina Raschig
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bevan Sawatsky
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Hauptstein N, Pouyan P, Wittwer K, Cinar G, Scherf-Clavel O, Raschig M, Licha K, Lühmann T, Nischang I, Schubert US, Pfaller CK, Haag R, Meinel L. Polymer selection impacts the pharmaceutical profile of site-specifically conjugated Interferon-α2a. J Control Release 2022; 348:881-892. [PMID: 35764249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to biologics is a successful strategy to favorably impact the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the resulting bioconjugate. We compare bioconjugates synthesized by strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) using PEG and linear polyglycerol (LPG) of about 20 kDa or 40 kDa, respectively, with an azido functionalized human Interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a) mutant. Site-specific PEGylation and LPGylation resulted in IFN-α2a bioconjugates with improved in vitro potency compared to commercial Pegasys. LPGylated bioconjugates had faster disposition kinetics despite comparable hydrodynamic radii to their PEGylated analogues. Overall exposure of the PEGylated IFN-α2a with a 40 kDa polymer exceeded Pegasys, which, in return, was similar to the 40 kDa LPGylated conjugates. The study points to an expanded polymer design space through which the selected polymer class may result in a different distribution of the studied bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paria Pouyan
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Wittwer
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Gizem Cinar
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Raschig
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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7
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Beudert M, Hahn L, Horn AHC, Hauptstein N, Sticht H, Meinel L, Luxenhofer R, Gutmann M, Lühmann T. Merging bioresponsive release of insulin-like growth factor I with 3D printable thermogelling hydrogels. J Control Release 2022; 347:115-126. [PMID: 35489547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
3D printing of biomaterials enables spatial control of drug incorporation during automated manufacturing. This study links bioresponsive release of the anabolic biologic, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in response to matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) to 3D printing using the block copolymer of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and thermoresponsive poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazine) (POx-b-POzi). For that, a chemo-enzymatic synthesis was deployed, ligating IGF-I enzymatically to a protease sensitive linker (PSL), which was conjugated to a POx-b-POzi copolymer. The product was blended with the plain thermogelling POx-b-POzi hydrogel. MMP exposure of the resulting hydrogel triggered bioactive IGF-I release. The bioresponsive IGF-I containing POx-b-POzi hydrogel system was further detailed for shape control and localized incorporation of IGF-I via extrusion 3D printing for future applications in biomedicine and biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Beudert
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Hahn
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anselm H C Horn
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Erlangen National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niklas Hauptstein
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Erlangen National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, DE-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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Pearson JJ, Temenoff JS. Growth Factor Immobilization Strategies for Musculoskeletal Disorders. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:13-25. [PMID: 35118607 PMCID: PMC10772941 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tissue regenerative solutions for musculoskeletal disorders have become increasingly important with a growing aged population. Current growth factor treatments often require high dosages with the potential for off-target effects. Growth factor immobilization strategies offer approaches towards alleviating these concerns. This review summarizes current growth factor immobilization techniques (encapsulation, affinity interactions, and covalent binding) and the effects of immobilization on growth factor loading, release, and bioactivity. RECENT FINDINGS The breadth of immobilization techniques based on encapsulation, affinity, and covalent binding offer multiple methods to improve the therapeutic efficacy of growth factors by controlling bioactivity and release. Growth factor immobilization strategies have evolved to more complex systems with the capacity to load and release multiple growth factors with spatiotemporal control. The advancements in immobilization strategies allow for development of new, complex musculoskeletal tissue treatment strategies with improved spatiotemporal control of loading, release, and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Pearson
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Johnna S Temenoff
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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9
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Haas D, Hauptstein N, Dirauf M, Driessen MD, Ruopp M, Schubert US, Lühmann T, Meinel L. Chemo-Enzymatic PEGylation/POxylation of Murine Interleukin-4. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 33:97-104. [PMID: 34967625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a potentially interesting anti-inflammatory therapeutic, which is rapidly excreted. Therefore, serum half-life extension by polymer conjugation is desirable, which may be done by PEGylation. Here, we use PEtOx as an alternative to PEG for bioconjugate engineering. We genetically extended murine IL-4 (mIL-4) with the d-domain of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a previously identified substrate of transglutaminase (TG) Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa). Thereby, engineered mIL-4 (mIL-4-TG) became an educt for TG catalyzed C-terminal, site-directed conjugation. This was deployed to enzymatically couple an azide group containing peptide sequence to mIL-4, allowing C-terminal bioconjugation of polyethylene glycol or poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Both bioconjugates had wild-type potency and alternatively polarized macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Haas
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc D Driessen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruopp
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Machtakova M, Thérien-Aubin H, Landfester K. Polymer nano-systems for the encapsulation and delivery of active biomacromolecular therapeutic agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:128-152. [PMID: 34762084 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00686j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biomacromolecular therapeutic agents, particularly proteins, antigens, enzymes, and nucleic acids are emerging as powerful candidates for the treatment of various diseases and the development of the recent vaccine based on mRNA highlights the enormous potential of this class of drugs for future medical applications. However, biomacromolecular therapeutic agents present an enormous delivery challenge compared to traditional small molecules due to both a high molecular weight and a sensitive structure. Hence, the translation of their inherent pharmaceutical capacity into functional therapies is often hindered by the limited performance of conventional delivery vehicles. Polymer drug delivery systems are a modular solution able to address those issues. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the design of polymer delivery systems specifically tailored to the delivery challenges of biomacromolecular therapeutic agents. In the future, only in combination with a multifaceted and highly tunable delivery system, biomacromolecular therapeutic agents will realize their promising potential for the treatment of diseases and for the future of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Machtakova
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Héloïse Thérien-Aubin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Gurram S, Srivastava G, Badve V, Nandre V, Gundu S, Doshi P. Pyridine Borane as Alternative Reducing Agent to Sodium Cyanoborohydride for the PEGylation of L-asparaginase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:827-847. [PMID: 34550501 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation is a reductive alkylation of a protein N-terminal/α-amine of protein with mPEG chain by reducing agent. To obtain quantitative and site-specific PEGylation, sodium cyanoborohydride is commonly used as a reducing agent. The reduction process of sodium cyanoborohydride produces highly poisonous hydrogen cyanide, which may render the final product toxic. Herein, we have studied various reducing agents such as dimethylamine borane, triethylamine borane, trimethylamine borane, pyridine borane, morpholine borane, 2-picoline borane, and 5-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridine borane were tested as alternatives to sodium cyanoborohydride for the PEGylation of L-asparaginase. The characterization of reacted pegaspargase was carried out by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, SEC-HPLC, RP-HPLC, SEC-MALS, CD, enzyme activity, and cell proliferation assays using with lymphoblast cells and MTS/PMS as substrate. Pyridine borane was determined to be the best acceptable reducing agent for PEGylation in terms of purity and activity. As a result, instead of sodium cyanoborohydride, pyridine borane can be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Gurram
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gopal Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishnupriya Badve
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod Nandre
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shridevi Gundu
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pooja Doshi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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12
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Hahn L, Beudert M, Gutmann M, Keßler L, Stahlhut P, Fischer L, Karakaya E, Lorson T, Thievessen I, Detsch R, Lühmann T, Luxenhofer R. From Thermogelling Hydrogels toward Functional Bioinks: Controlled Modification and Cytocompatible Crosslinking. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100122. [PMID: 34292657 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are key components in bioink formulations to ensure printability and stability in biofabrication. In this study, a well-known Diels-Alder two-step post-polymerization modification approach is introduced into thermogelling diblock copolymers, comprising poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and thermoresponsive poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazine). The diblock copolymers are partially hydrolyzed and subsequently modified by acid/amine coupling with furan and maleimide moieties. While the thermogelling and shear-thinning properties allow excellent printability, trigger-less cell-friendly Diels-Alder click-chemistry yields long-term shape-fidelity. The introduced platform enables easy incorporation of cell-binding moieties (RGD-peptide) for cellular interaction. The hydrogel is functionalized with RGD-peptides using thiol-maleimide chemistry and cell proliferation as well as morphology of fibroblasts seeded on top of the hydrogels confirm the cell adhesion facilitated by the peptides. Finally, bioink formulations are tested for biocompatibility by incorporating fibroblasts homogenously inside the polymer solution pre-printing. After the printing and crosslinking process good cytocompatibility is confirmed. The established bioink system combines a two-step approach by physical precursor gelation followed by an additional chemical stabilization, offering a broad versatility for further biomechanical adaptation or bioresponsive peptide modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Matthias Beudert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Larissa Keßler
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Philipp Stahlhut
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Lena Fischer
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Biophysics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, Erlangen, 91052, Germany
| | - Emine Karakaya
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 6, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Biophysics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, Erlangen, 91052, Germany
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 6, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
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13
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Gresham RC, Bahney CS, Leach JK. Growth factor delivery using extracellular matrix-mimicking substrates for musculoskeletal tissue engineering and repair. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1945-1956. [PMID: 33426369 PMCID: PMC7773685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration commonly employ growth factors (GFs) to influence neighboring cells and promote migration, proliferation, or differentiation. Despite promising results in preclinical models, the use of inductive biomacromolecules has achieved limited success in translation to the clinic. The field has yet to sufficiently overcome substantial hurdles such as poor spatiotemporal control and supraphysiological dosages, which commonly result in detrimental side effects. Physiological presentation and retention of biomacromolecules is regulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which acts as a reservoir for GFs via electrostatic interactions. Advances in the manipulation of extracellular proteins, decellularized tissues, and synthetic ECM-mimetic applications across a range of biomaterials have increased the ability to direct the presentation of GFs. Successful application of biomaterial technologies utilizing ECM mimetics increases tissue regeneration without the reliance on supraphysiological doses of inductive biomacromolecules. This review describes recent strategies to manage GF presentation using ECM-mimetic substrates for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea S. Bahney
- Steadman Phillippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
- UCSF Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J. Kent Leach
- UC Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Health, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Dodt K, Driessen MD, Lamer S, Schlosser A, Lühmann T, Meinel L. A Complete and Versatile Protocol: Decoration of Cell-Derived Matrices with Mass-Encoded Peptides for Multiplexed Protease Activity Detection. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6598-6617. [PMID: 33320595 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article provides guidance toward a platform technology for monitoring enzyme activity within the extracellular matrix (ECM) assessed by quantifying reporters secreted into the cell culture supernatant and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. The reporters are enzymatically and covalently bound to the ECM by transglutaminases (TG) using the peptide sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I's (IGF-I) D-domain which is known to be bound to the ECM by transglutaminase. The IGF-I D-domain sequence is followed by a peptide sequence cleaved by the intended target protease. This protease-sensitive peptide sequence (PSS) is cleaved off the ECM and can be used to monitor target-enzyme activity by employing a downstream mass tag designed according to isobaric mass encoding strategies, i.e., the combination of isotopically labeled, heavy amino acids. Thereby, cleavage events are linked to the appearance of encoded mass tags, readily allowing multiplexing. This article presents the design and synthesis of these mass reporters. It further aims at detailing the search for peptide sequences responding to target proteases to facilitate future work on enzyme activity measurement for enzymatic activities of hitherto unknown enzymes. In conclusion, the goal of this article is to arm scientists interested in measurements of local enzymatic activities within the ECM with robust protocols and background knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dodt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marc D Driessen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lamer
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
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15
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Ortiz-Gómez V, Rodríguez-Ramos VD, Maldonado-Hernández R, González-Feliciano JA, Nicolau E. Antimicrobial Polymer-Peptide Conjugates Based on Maximin H5 and PEG to Prevent Biofouling of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46991-47001. [PMID: 32937073 PMCID: PMC8177746 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bacteria can easily attach to surfaces and form stable biofilms. The formation of such biofilms in surfaces presents a problem in environmental, biomedical, and industrial processes, among many others. Aiming to provide a plausible solution to this issue, the anionic and hydrophobic peptide Maximin H5 C-terminally deaminated isoform (MH5C) has been modified with a cysteine in the C-terminal (MH5C-Cys) and coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers of varying sizes (i.e., 2 kDa and 5 kDa) to serve as a surface protective coating. Briefly, the MH5C-Cys was bioconjugated to PEG and purified by size exclusion chromatography while the reaction was confirmed via SDS-PAGE and MALDI ToF. Moreover, the preventive antimicrobial activity of the MH5C-Cys-PEG conjugates was performed via the growth curves method, showing inhibition of bacterial growth after 24 h. The efficacy of these peptide-polymer conjugates was extensively characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays to evaluate their ability to eradicate and prevent the biofilms. Interestingly, this work demonstrated a critical PEG polymer weight of 5 kDa as ideal when coupled to the peptide to achieve inhibition and eradication of the biofilm formation in both bacteria strains. According to the MICs (40 μM) and MBICs (300 μM), we can conclude that this conjugate (MH5C-Cys-5 kDa) has an action that prevents/inhibits the formation of biofilms and the eradication of biofilms (MBEC 500 μM). In contrast, the MH5C-Cys peptide with PEG polymer of 2 kDa did not show inhibition or eradication of the biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Ortiz-Gómez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Victor D Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Rafael Maldonado-Hernández
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - José A González-Feliciano
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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16
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Targeting interleukin-4 to the arthritic joint. J Control Release 2020; 326:172-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Dodt K, Lamer S, Drießen M, Bölch S, Schlosser A, Lühmann T, Meinel L. Mass-Encoded Reporters Reporting Proteolytic Activity from within the Extracellular Matrix. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5240-5253. [PMID: 33455273 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reporting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity directly from the extracellular matrix (ECM) may provide critical insights to better characterize 2D and 3D cell culture model systems of inflammatory diseases and potentially leverage in vivo diagnosis. In this proof-of-concept study, we designed MMP-sensors, which were covalently linked onto the ECM by co-administration of the activated transglutaminase factor XIIIa (FXIIIa). Elements of the featured MMP-sensors are the D-domain of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) through which co-administered FXIIIa covalently links the sensor to the ECM followed by an MMP sensitive peptide sequence and locally reporting on MMP activity, an isotopically labeled mass tag encoding for protease activity, and an affinity tag facilitating purification from fluids. All sensors come in identical pairs, other than the MMP sensitive peptide sequence, which is synthesized with l-amino acids or d-amino acids, the latter serving as internal standard. As a proof of concept for multiplexing, we successfully profiled two MMP-sensors with different MMP sensitive peptide sequences reporting MMP activity directly from an engineered 3D ECM. Future use may include covalently ECM bound diagnostic depots reporting MMP activity from inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dodt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lamer
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Drießen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bölch
- Department for Orthopedic Surgery, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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18
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19
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Hör J, Garriss G, Di Giorgio S, Hack LM, Vanselow JT, Förstner KU, Schlosser A, Henriques-Normark B, Vogel J. Grad-seq in a Gram-positive bacterium reveals exonucleolytic sRNA activation in competence control. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103852. [PMID: 32227509 PMCID: PMC7196914 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA–protein interactions are the crucial basis for many steps of bacterial gene expression, including post‐transcriptional control by small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs). In stark contrast to recent progress in the analysis of Gram‐negative bacteria, knowledge about RNA–protein complexes in Gram‐positive species remains scarce. Here, we used the Grad‐seq approach to draft a comprehensive landscape of such complexes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, in total determining the sedimentation profiles of ~ 88% of the transcripts and ~ 62% of the proteins of this important human pathogen. Analysis of in‐gradient distributions and subsequent tag‐based protein capture identified interactions of the exoribonuclease Cbf1/YhaM with sRNAs that control bacterial competence for DNA uptake. Unexpectedly, the nucleolytic activity of Cbf1 stabilizes these sRNAs, thereby promoting their function as repressors of competence. Overall, these results provide the first RNA/protein complexome resource of a Gram‐positive species and illustrate how this can be utilized to identify new molecular factors with functions in RNA‐based regulation of virulence‐relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hör
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Geneviève Garriss
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor & Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Di Giorgio
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,ZB MED-Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Hack
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens T Vanselow
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- ZB MED-Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, TH Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor & Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,SCELSE and LKC, Nanyang Technological University, NTU, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Ren X, Zhao M, Lash B, Martino MM, Julier Z. Growth Factor Engineering Strategies for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:469. [PMID: 32039177 PMCID: PMC6985039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors are critical molecules for tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, recombinant growth factors have raised a lot of hope for regenerative medicine applications. While using growth factors to promote tissue healing has widely shown promising results in pre-clinical settings, their success in the clinic is not a forgone conclusion. Indeed, translation of growth factors is often limited by their short half-life, rapid diffusion from the delivery site, and low cost-effectiveness. Trying to circumvent those limitations by the use of supraphysiological doses has led to serious side-effects in many cases and therefore innovative technologies are required to improve growth factor-based regenerative strategies. In this review, we present protein engineering approaches seeking to improve growth factor delivery and efficacy while reducing doses and side effects. We focus on engineering strategies seeking to improve affinity of growth factors for biomaterials or the endogenous extracellular matrix. Then, we discuss some examples of increasing growth factor stability and bioactivity, and propose new lines of research that the field of growth factor engineering for regenerative medicine may adopt in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Ren
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Moyuan Zhao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Blake Lash
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mikaël M. Martino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziad Julier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Belén LH, Rangel-Yagui CDO, Beltrán Lissabet JF, Effer B, Lee-Estevez M, Pessoa A, Castillo RL, Farías JG. From Synthesis to Characterization of Site-Selective PEGylated Proteins. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1450. [PMID: 31920645 PMCID: PMC6930235 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent attachment of therapeutic proteins to polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used for the improvement of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties, as well as the reduction in reactogenicity and related side effects. This technique named PEGylation has been successfully employed in several approved drugs to treat various diseases, even cancer. Some methods have been developed to obtain PEGylated proteins, both in multiple protein sites or in a selected amino acid residue. This review focuses mainly on traditional and novel examples of chemical and enzymatic methods for site-selective PEGylation, emphasizing in N-terminal PEGylation, that make it possible to obtain products with a high degree of homogeneity and preserve bioactivity. In addition, the main assay methods that can be applied for the characterization of PEGylated molecules in complex biological samples are also summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán Lissabet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Brian Effer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Manuel Lee-Estevez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine East, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge G. Farías
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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22
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Lühmann T, Gutmann M, Moscaroli A, Raschig M, Béhé M, Meinel L. Biodistribution of Site-Specific PEGylated Fibroblast Growth Factor-2. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:425-432. [PMID: 33463203 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a small 18 kDa protein with clinical potential for ischemic heart disease, wound healing, and spinal cord injury. However, the therapeutic potential of systemic FGF-2 administration is challenged by its fast elimination. Therefore, we deployed genetic codon expansion to integrate an azide functionality to the FGF-2 N-terminus, which was site-directly decorated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) through bioorthogonal strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). PEGylated FGF-2 was as bioactive as wild-type FGF-2 as demonstrated by cell proliferation and Erk phosphorylation of fibroblasts. The PEGylated FGF-2 conjugate was radiolabeled with [111In] Indium cation ([111In]In3+) to study its biodistribution through noninvasive imaging by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and by quantitative activity analysis of the respective organs in healthy mice. This study details the biodistribution pattern of site-specific PEGylated FGF-2 in tissues after intravenous (iv) administration compared to the unconjugated protein. Low accumulation of the PEGylated FGF-2 variant in the kidney and the liver was demonstrated, whereas specific uptake of PEGylated FGF-2 into the retina was significantly diminished. In conclusion, site-specific PEGylation of FGF-2 by SPAAC resulted in a superior outcome for the synthesis yield and in conjugates with excellent biological performances with a gain of half-life but reduced tissue access in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Lühmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Moscaroli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Martina Raschig
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Wang H, Hou Y, Hu Y, Dou J, Shen Y, Wang Y, Lu H. Enzyme-Activatable Interferon–Poly(α-amino acid) Conjugates for Tumor Microenvironment Potentiation. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3000-3008. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiaxiang Dou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yucai Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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Gutmann M, Bechold J, Seibel J, Meinel L, Lühmann T. Metabolic Glycoengineering of Cell-Derived Matrices and Cell Surfaces: A Combination of Key Principles and Step-by-Step Procedures. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:215-233. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gutmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Bechold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110562. [PMID: 30715061 PMCID: PMC6265872 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments' quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.
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