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Zhou H, He Z, Cao Y, Chu L, Liang B, Yu K, Deng Z. An injectable magnesium-loaded hydrogel releases hydrogen to promote osteoporotic bone repair via ROS scavenging and immunomodulation. Theranostics 2024; 14:3739-3759. [PMID: 38948054 PMCID: PMC11209720 DOI: 10.7150/thno.97412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The repair of osteoporotic bone defects remains challenging due to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), persistent inflammation, and an imbalance between osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Methods: Here, an injectable H2-releasing hydrogel (magnesium@polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), Mg@PEG-PLGA) was developed to remodel the challenging bone environment and accelerate the repair of osteoporotic bone defects. Results: This Mg@PEG-PLGA gel shows excellent injectability, shape adaptability, and phase-transition ability, can fill irregular bone defect areas via minimally invasive injection, and can transform into a porous scaffold in situ to provide mechanical support. With the appropriate release of H2 and magnesium ions, the 2Mg@PEG-PLGA gel (loaded with 2 mg of Mg) displayed significant immunomodulatory effects through reducing intracellular ROS, guiding macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, and inhibiting the IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that the 2Mg@PEG-PLGA gel inhibited osteoclastogenesis while promoting osteogenesis. Most notably, in animal experiments, the 2Mg@PEG-PLGA gel significantly promoted the repair of osteoporotic bone defects in vivo by scavenging ROS and inhibiting inflammation and osteoclastogenesis. Conclusions: Overall, our study provides critical insight into the design and development of H2-releasing magnesium-based hydrogels as potential implants for repairing osteoporotic bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Department of Ultrasound & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Youde Cao
- Department of Pathology from College of Basic Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Diagnostic & Testing Center, and Department of Clinical Pathology Laboratory of Pathology Diagnostic Center, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Bing Liang
- Department of Pathology from College of Basic Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Diagnostic & Testing Center, and Department of Clinical Pathology Laboratory of Pathology Diagnostic Center, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Kexiao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Panxi Seventh Branch Road, Jiangbei District, Chongqing 400021, P. R. China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
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Nittayacharn P, Abenojar E, Cooley MB, Berg FM, Counil C, Sojahrood AJ, Khan MS, Yang C, Berndl E, Golczak M, Kolios MC, Exner AA. Efficient ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to orthotopic liver tumors - Direct comparison of doxorubicin-loaded nanobubbles and microbubbles. J Control Release 2024; 367:135-147. [PMID: 38237687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Liver metastasis is a major obstacle in treating aggressive cancers, and current therapeutic options often prove insufficient. To overcome these challenges, there has been growing interest in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery using lipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs) and nanobubbles (NBs) as promising strategies for enhancing drug delivery to tumors. Our previous work demonstrated the potential of Doxorubicin-loaded C3F8 NBs (hDox-NB, 280 ± 123 nm) in improving cancer treatment in vitro using low-frequency unfocused therapeutic ultrasound (TUS). In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of sonicated hDox-NBs in orthotopic rat liver tumors. We compared their delivery and therapeutic efficiency with size-isolated MBs (hDox-MB, 1104 ± 373 nm) made from identical shell material and core gas. Results showed a similar accumulation of hDox in tumors treated with hDox-MBs and unfocused therapeutic ultrasound (hDox-MB + TUS) and hDox-NB + TUS. However, significantly increased apoptotic cell death in the tumor and fewer off-target apoptotic cells in the normal liver were found upon the treatment with hDox-NB + TUS. The tumor-to-liver apoptotic ratio was elevated 9.4-fold following treatment with hDox-NB + TUS compared to hDox-MB + TUS, suggesting that the therapeutic efficacy and specificity are significantly increased when using hDox-NB + TUS. These findings highlight the potential of this approach as a viable treatment modality for liver tumors. By elucidating the behavior of drug-loaded bubbles in vivo, we aim to contribute to developing more effective liver cancer treatments that could ultimately improve patient outcomes and decrease off-target side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinunta Nittayacharn
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Puttamonthon, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Eric Abenojar
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michaela B Cooley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Felipe M Berg
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claire Counil
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amin Jafari Sojahrood
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Muhammad Saad Khan
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Celina Yang
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Berndl
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Bakhrushina EO, Mikhel IB, Buraya LM, Moiseev ED, Zubareva IM, Belyatskaya AV, Evzikov GY, Bondarenko AP, Krasnyuk II, Krasnyuk II. Implantation of In Situ Gelling Systems for the Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents. Gels 2024; 10:44. [PMID: 38247767 PMCID: PMC10815592 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Implantation is a modern method of administering chemotherapeutic agents, with a highly targeted effect and better patient tolerance due to the low frequency of administration. Implants are capable of controlled release, which makes them a viable alternative to infusional chemotherapy, allowing patients to enjoy a better quality of life without the need for prolonged hospitalization. Compared to subcutaneous implantation, intratumoral implantation has a number of significant advantages in terms of targeting and side effects, but this area of chemotherapy is still poorly understood in terms of clinical trials. At the same time, there are more known developments of drugs in the form of implants and injections for intratumoral administration. The disadvantages of classical intratumoral implants are the need for surgical intervention to install the system and the increased risk of tumor rupture noted by some specialists. The new generation of implants are in situ implants-systems formed in the tumor due to a phase transition (sol-gel transition) under the influence of various stimuli. Among this systems some are highly selective for a certain type of malignant neoplasm. Such systems are injected and have all the advantages of intratumoral injections, but due to the phase transition occurring in situ, they form depot forms that allow the long-term release of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena O. Bakhrushina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (L.M.B.); (E.D.M.); (I.M.Z.); (A.V.B.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Iosif B. Mikhel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (L.M.B.); (E.D.M.); (I.M.Z.); (A.V.B.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Liliya M. Buraya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (L.M.B.); (E.D.M.); (I.M.Z.); (A.V.B.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Egor D. Moiseev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (L.M.B.); (E.D.M.); (I.M.Z.); (A.V.B.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Irina M. Zubareva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (L.M.B.); (E.D.M.); (I.M.Z.); (A.V.B.); (I.I.K.)
- Department of Pharmacology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Belyatskaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (L.M.B.); (E.D.M.); (I.M.Z.); (A.V.B.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Grigory Y. Evzikov
- Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia;
| | | | - Ivan I. Krasnyuk
- Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia;
| | - Ivan I. Krasnyuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia; (E.O.B.); (L.M.B.); (E.D.M.); (I.M.Z.); (A.V.B.); (I.I.K.)
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Moradi Kashkooli F, Hornsby TK, Kolios MC, Tavakkoli JJ. Ultrasound-mediated nano-sized drug delivery systems for cancer treatment: Multi-scale and multi-physics computational modeling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1913. [PMID: 37475577 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Computational modeling enables researchers to study and understand various complex biological phenomena in anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs), especially nano-sized DDSs (NSDDSs). The combination of NSDDSs and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS), that is, focused ultrasound and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, has made significant progress in recent years, opening many opportunities for cancer treatment. Multiple parameters require tuning and optimization to develop effective DDSs, such as NSDDSs, in which mathematical modeling can prove advantageous. In silico computational modeling of ultrasound-responsive DDS typically involves a complex framework of acoustic interactions, heat transfer, drug release from nanoparticles, fluid flow, mass transport, and pharmacodynamic governing equations. Owing to the rapid development of computational tools, modeling the different phenomena in multi-scale complex problems involved in drug delivery to tumors has become possible. In the present study, we present an in-depth review of recent advances in the mathematical modeling of TUS-mediated DDSs for cancer treatment. A detailed discussion is also provided on applying these computational models to improve the clinical translation for applications in cancer treatment. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler K Hornsby
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jahangir Jahan Tavakkoli
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Nittayacharn P, Abenojar E, Cooley M, Berg F, Counil C, Sojahrood AJ, Khan MS, Yang C, Berndl E, Golczak M, Kolios MC, Exner AA. Efficient ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to orthotopic liver tumors - Direct comparison of doxorubicin-loaded nanobubbles and microbubbles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555196. [PMID: 37732235 PMCID: PMC10508722 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Liver metastasis is a major obstacle in treating aggressive cancers, and current therapeutic options often prove insufficient. To overcome these challenges, there has been growing interest in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery using lipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs) and nanobubbles (NBs) as promising strategies for enhancing drug delivery to tumors. Our previous work demonstrated the potential of Doxorubicin-loaded C3F8 NBs (hDox-NB, 280 ± 123 nm) in improving cancer treatment in vitro using low-frequency ultrasound. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of sonicated hDox-NBs in orthotopic rat liver tumors. We compared their delivery and therapeutic efficiency with size-isolated MBs (hDox-MB, 1104 ± 373 nm). Results showed a similar accumulation of hDox in tumors treated with hDox-MBs and unfocused therapeutic ultrasound (hDox-MB+TUS) and hDox-NB+TUS. However, significantly increased apoptotic cell death in the tumor and fewer off-target apoptotic cells in the normal liver were found upon the treatment with hDox-NB+TUS. The tumor-to-liver apoptotic ratio was elevated 9.4-fold following treatment with hDox-NB+TUS compared to hDox-MB+TUS, suggesting that the therapeutic efficacy and specificity are significantly increased when using hDox-NB+TUS. These findings highlight the potential of this approach as a viable treatment modality for liver tumors. By elucidating the behavior of drug-loaded bubbles in vivo, we aim to contribute to developing more effective liver cancer treatments that could ultimately improve patient outcomes and decrease off-target side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Abenojar
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michaela Cooley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Felipe Berg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claire Counil
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Celina Yang
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Berndl
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Agata A. Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abulateefeh SR. Long-acting injectable PLGA/PLA depots for leuprolide acetate: successful translation from bench to clinic. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:520-530. [PMID: 35976565 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The excellent properties of polyesters combined with their ease of synthesis and modification enabled their wide use in the pharmaceutical industry. This has been translated into the approval of several injectable depots for clinical use. Long-acting depots for leuprolide acetate were among the first and most successful examples including Lupron Depot® and ELIGARD®. Studying these products is of great interest for researchers in both industry and academia. This will undoubtedly pave the road for the development of new as well as generic long-acting depots for a variety of drugs.
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Pial MMH, Tomitaka A, Pala N, Roy U. Implantable Devices for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022; 3:19-38. [PMID: 37600442 PMCID: PMC10438892 DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the female population worldwide. Standard treatments such as chemotherapy show noticeable results. However, along with killing cancer cells, it causes systemic toxicity and apoptosis of the nearby healthy cells, therefore patients must endure side effects during the treatment process. Implantable drug delivery devices that enhance therapeutic efficacy by allowing localized therapy with programmed or controlled drug release can overcome the shortcomings of conventional treatments. An implantable device can be composed of biopolymer materials, nanocomposite materials, or a combination of both. This review summarizes the recent research and current state-of-the art in these types of implantable devices and gives perspective for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asahi Tomitaka
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA
| | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Upal Roy
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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Bohara S, Rohner N, Budziszewski E, Suthakorn J, von Recum HA, Exner AA. Ultrasound Triggered Drug Release from Affinity-Based β-Cyclodextrin Polymers for Infection Control. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:2513-2521. [PMID: 34173088 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a slow, sustained drug delivery system that provides on-demand delivery bursts through the application of pulsed therapeutic ultrasound (TUS). Insoluble β-cyclodextrin-polymer (pCD) disks were loaded with a saturated antibiotic solution of rifampicin (RIF) and used for drug delivery studies. To obtain on-demand release from the implants, TUS was applied at an intensity of 1.8 W/cm2. The therapeutic efficacy of the combination treatment was assessed in bacterial culture via an in vitro Staphylococcus aureus bioluminescence assay. The results demonstrated that the application of pulsed TUS at 3 MHz and 1.8 W/cm2 to pCD implants leads to a significantly higher short-term burst in the drug release rate compared to samples not treated with TUS. The addition of TUS increased the drug release by 100% within 4 days. The pCD disk + RIF stimulated with TUS showed a comparatively higher bacterial eradication with CFU/mL of 4.277E+09, and 8.00E+08 at 1 and 24 h compared with control treated bacteria at 1.48E+10. Overall, these results suggest that the addition of pulsed TUS could be an effective technology to noninvasively expedite antibiotic release on demand at desired intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Bohara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand.,Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-5056, USA
| | - Nathan Rohner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA
| | - Emily Budziszewski
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-5056, USA
| | - Jackrit Suthakorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Horst A von Recum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA.
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-5056, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA.
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