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Hao T, Tang L, Xu Q, Wang W, Li Z, Shen Y, Xu B, Luo H, Li Q, Wang J, Zhang J. Silk Fibroin Formed Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Gel for Dry Eye Syndrome Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:92. [PMID: 38684590 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye syndrome (DES), arising from various etiologic factors, leads to tear film instability and ocular surface damage. Given its anti-inflammatory effects, cyclosporine A (CsA) has been widely used as a short-term treatment option for DES. However, poor bioavailability and solubility of CsA in aqueous phase make the development of a cyclosporine A-based eye drop for ocular topical application a huge challenge. METHODS In this study, a novel strategy for preparing cyclosporine A-loaded silk fibroin nanoemulsion gel (CsA NBGs) was proposed to address these barriers. Additionally, the rheological properties, ocular irritation potential, tear elimination kinetics, and pharmacodynamics based on a rabbit dry eye model were investigated for the prepared CsA NBGs. Furthermore, the transcorneal mechanism across the ocular barrier was also investigated. RESULTS The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of CsA NBGs exhibited superior performance compared to cyclosporine eye drops, leading to a significant enhancement in the bioavailability of CsA NBGs. Furthermore, our investigation into the transcorneal mechanism of CsA NBGs revealed their ability to be absorbed by corneal epithelial cells via the paracellular pathway. CONCLUSION The CsA NBG formulation exhibits promising potential for intraocular drug delivery, enabling safe, effective, and controlled administration of hydrophobic drugs into the eye. Moreover, it enhances drug retention within the ocular tissues and improves systemic bioavailability, thereby demonstrating significant clinical translational prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianzi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bohui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, No.19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology, Lianshui People's Hospital, No.6 Hongri East Road, Lianshui, 223400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Li
- Collage of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
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Wolska E, Sadowska K. Drug Release from Lipid Microparticles-Insights into Drug Incorporation and the Influence of Physiological Factors. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:545. [PMID: 38675206 PMCID: PMC11054813 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of physiological factors, namely tear fluid and lysozyme enzyme, as well as surfactant polysorbate, on the release profile from solid lipid microparticles (SLM), in the form of dispersion intended for ocular application. Indomethacin (Ind) was used as a model drug substance and a release study was performed by applying the dialysis bag method. Conducting release studies taking into account physiological factors is expected to improve development and screening studies, as well as support the regulatory assessment of this multi-compartment lipid dosage form. The effect of the lysozyme was directly related to its effect on lipid microparticles, as it occurred only in their presence (no effect on the solubility of Ind). Polysorbate also turned out to be an important factor interacting with the SLM surface, which determined the release of Ind from SLM. However, in study models without tear fluid or lysozyme, the release of Ind did not exceed 60% within 96 h. Ultimately, only the simultaneous application of artificial tear fluid, lysozyme, and polysorbate allowed for the release of 100% of Ind through the SLM dispersion. The examination of the residues after the release studies indicated the possibility of releasing 100% of Ind from SLM without complete degradation of the microparticles' matrix. The incubation of SLM with tear fluid confirmed a similar influence of physiological factors contained in tear fluid on the surface structure of SLM as that observed during the in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Wolska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Sadowska
- Student Chapter of the International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE), Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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Pawde DM, Puppala ER, Rajdev B, Jala A, Rahman SNR, Goswami A, Sree A, Bharti S, Borkar RM, Naidu VGM, Murty USN, Shunmugaperumal T. From co-delivery to synergistic anti-inflammatory effect: Studies on chitosan-stabilized Janus emulsions having chloroquine phosphate and flavopiridol in Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced arthritis rat model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128776. [PMID: 38114014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the co-delivery of chloroquine phosphate and flavopiridol by intra-articular route was achieved to provide local joint targeting in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model. The presence of paired-bean structure onto the dispersed oil droplets of o/w nanosized emulsions allows efficient entrapment of two drugs (85.86-96.22 %). The dual drug-loaded emulsions displayed a differential in vitro drug release behavior, near normal cell viability in MTT assay, better cell uptake (internalization) and better reducing effect of mean immunofluorescence intensity of inflammatory proteins such as NF-κB and iNOS at in vitro RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. The radiographical study, ELISA test, RT-PCR study and H & E staining also indicated a reduction in joint tissue swelling, IL-6 and TNF-α levels diminution, fold change diminution in the mRNA expressions for NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2 and maintenance of near normal histology at bone cartilage interface respectively. The results of metabolomic pathway analysis performed by LC-MS/MS method using the rat blood (plasma) collected from disease control and dual drug-loaded emulsions treatment groups revealed a new follow-up study to understand not only the disease progression but also the formulation therapeutic efficacy assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datta Maroti Pawde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Eswara Rao Puppala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bishal Rajdev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Aishwarya Jala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Syed Nazrin Ruhina Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Abhinab Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Amoolya Sree
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Shreekant Bharti
- Department of Pathology/Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Roshan M Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - U S N Murty
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India.
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4
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Li Y, Guan Q, Xu J, Zhang H, Liu S, Ding Z, Wang Q, Wang Z, Liu M, Zhao Y. Comparative study of cyclosporine A liposomes and emulsions for ophthalmic drug delivery: Process optimization through response surface methodology (RSM) and biocompatibility evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113267. [PMID: 36940502 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, cyclosporine A loaded liposomes (CsA-Lips) were fabricated aimed at improving the biocompatibility of the ophthalmic formulation and getting rid of the direct contact of ocular tissues with irritant excipients. Response surface methodology was exploited in order to investigate the influence of miscellaneous factors on the key characteristics of CsA-Lips. Ratio of EPC:CsA, ratio of EPC:Chol, and stirring speed were selected as the independent variables, while size, drug-loading content (DL), and drug-loading content (DL) loss rate were applied as the response variables. In case of the maximal lack-of-fit p-value and minimum sequential p-value, quadratic model was regarded as the fittest model to analyze the data. The correlation of independent variables with response variables was described by three-dimension surface figures. Optimized formulation for CsA-Lips was obtained with ratio of EPC:CsA set as 15, ratio of EPC:Chol set as 2, and stirring speed set as 800 rpm. The particle size of CsA-Lips was 129.2 nm after optimalization while their TEM images exhibited spherical unilamellar vesicles with clearly shell-core structure. CsA released more rapidly from CsA-Lips in comparison with self-made emulsion and Restasis®. Besides, minimum cytotoxicity of CsA-Lips was perceived via both MTT method and LDH method, indicating the excellent compatibility of the ophthalmic formulation. Simultaneously, CsA-Lips showed enhanced nonspecific internalization in the cytoplasm with a time-dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, CsA-Lips could be adhibited as the hopeful ophthalmic drug delivery system clinically for dry eye syndrome (DES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingran Guan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaizhen Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China.
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Tan ML, Chandran S, Jereb R, Alam K, Bies R, Kozak D, Walenga R, Le Merdy M, Babiskin A. Mechanistic modeling of ophthalmic, nasal, injectable, and implant generic drug products: A workshop summary report. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:631-638. [PMID: 36851886 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For approval, a proposed generic drug product must demonstrate it is bioequivalent (BE) to the reference listed drug product. For locally acting drug products, conventional BE approaches may not be feasible because measurements in local tissues at the sites of action are often impractical, unethical, or cost-prohibitive. Mechanistic modeling approaches, such as physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, may integrate information from drug product properties and human physiology to predict drug concentrations in these local tissues. This may allow clinical relevance determination of critical drug product attributes for BE assessment during the development of generic drug products. In this regard, the Office of Generic Drugs of the US Food and Drug Administration has recently established scientific research programs to accelerate the development and assessment of generic products by utilizing model-integrated alternative BE approaches. This report summarizes the presentations and panel discussion from a public workshop that provided research updates and information on the current state of the use of PBPK modeling approaches to support generic product development for ophthalmic, injectable, nasal, and implant drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Tan
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sajeev Chandran
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research and IVIVC/Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical R & D, Lupin Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Rebeka Jereb
- Clinical Development, Sandoz Development Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Bies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at BuffaloBuffalo, New York, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross Walenga
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Andrew Babiskin
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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6
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Belenos A, Wood EL, Hu M, Kozak D, Xu X, Fisher AC. Product Quality Research for Developing and Assessing Regulatory Submissions for Generic Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsions. AAPS J 2023; 25:20. [PMID: 36702976 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Approval of the first generic 0.05% cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion (COE) in the U.S. represents a milestone achievement of the science and research program in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). COE is a locally acting complex drug product indicated to increase tear production in patients whose production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The path to approval required overcoming numerous scientific challenges to determining therapeutic equivalence to the reference listed drug. Researchers in CDER's Office of Pharmaceutical Quality and Office of Generic Drugs developed a quality by design approach to understand the effects of process and formulation variables on the product's critical quality attributes, including globule size distribution (GSD), turbidity, viscosity, zeta potential, surface tension, and osmolality. CDER researchers explored multiple techniques to perform physicochemical characterization and analyze the GSD including laser diffraction, nanoparticle tracking analysis, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, asymmetric field flow fractionation, and two-dimensional diffusion ordered spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance. Biphasic models to study drug transfer kinetics demonstrated that COEs with qualitative and quantitative sameness and comparable GSDs, analyzed using earth mover's distance, can be therapeutic equivalents. This body of research facilitated the review and approval of the first U.S. generic COE. In addition, the methods and fundamental understanding developed from this research may support the development and assessment of other complex generics. The approval of a generic COE should improve the availability of this complex drug product to U.S. patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Belenos
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Erin Leigh Wood
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Meng Hu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Adam C Fisher
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Renukuntla J, Palakurthi SS, Bolla PK, Clark BA, Boddu SHS, Manda P, Sockwell S, Charbe NB, Palakurthi S. Advances in in-vitro bioequivalence testing methods for complex ophthalmic generic products. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122209. [PMID: 36162609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) demands that the generic industry prove topical ocular products' pharmaceutical and bioequivalence (BE). In contrast to generic oral drugs, topical ocular product BE testing has proved difficult. New generic versions are compared to an authorized drug product known as a Reference Listed Drug (RLD) to demonstrate their bioequivalence. If the excellent in-vitro results may support the presumption of equivalence in-vivo performance and the only clinically significant difference between the generic and RLD is in its physicochemical qualities and drug release rate, then in-vivo BE studies may be waived. Proving BE through dissolution tests is a golden standard for most conventional dosage forms. However, due to the limited number of biorelevant in-vitro drug release testing (IVRT) approaches capable of differentiating their performance based on product quality and physicochemical properties, the development of generic ophthalmic products has been slow and time-consuming. Often, BE of topical ophthalmic formulations cannot be proved using a single in-vitro test; therefore, an elaborated discussion on various IVRT methods performed to demonstrate bioequivalence of complex generis like ophthalmic emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and gels is necessary. This manuscript aims to review the status of biowaiver criteria for complex ophthalmic products concerning the product-specific FDA guidance to the generic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sushesh Srivatsa Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Bradley A Clark
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Prashanth Manda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel Sockwell
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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Generalized multi-scale kinetic model for data-driven modelling: Mangifera pajang antioxidant degradation in choline chloride/ascorbic acid natural deep eutectic solvent. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Bellantone RA, Shah KB, Patel PG, Kaplan M, Xu X, Li V, Newman B, Abul Kaisar M. Cyclosporine release and distribution in ophthalmic emulsions determined by pulsatile microdialysis. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Adaptive perfusion: An in vitro release test (IVRT) for complex drug products. J Control Release 2021; 333:65-75. [PMID: 33766693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, adaptive perfusion, a pressure-driven separation method based on the principle of tangential flow filtration (TFF) was developed for investigating the rate and extent of drug release from drug products containing particulates, such as emulsions, suspensions, liposomes, drug-protein complexes. The TFF filters were pre-conditioned with unique conditioning solutions and processes to improve the fiber reproducibility and robustness. The adaptive perfusion method achieved size-based separation of the particulates with simultaneous analysis of the released drug as well as remaining drug. By contrast to conventional dialysis methods, the adaptive perfusion method can be used to measure the rate and extent of the drug release from drug solution, drug loaded micelles and nanoemulsions via adjustment of the filter molecular weight cutoff, feed flow rate or back-pressure. Notably, the adaptive perfusion method provided discriminatory drug release profiles for drug in solution, in micelles, and in small, medium, and large globule size nanoemulsions. The drug release profile obtained using adaptive perfusion method was found significantly faster (e.g., minutes rather than hours) and higher (e.g., >60%) than the release obtained using dialysis method. The IVRT method presented here is free from the constraints of rate-limiting factors, such as diffusion through dialysis membrane, and has potential to be extended further to examine the impact of manufacturing process on drug distribution and release characteristics of other challenging complex drug products.
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