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Karpov DS. CRISPR-Cas Systems and Genome Editing: Beginning the Era of CRISPR/Cas Therapies for Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5292. [PMID: 38791336 PMCID: PMC11121477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Harnessing of CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated genes) systems for detection, chemical modification, and sequence editing of nucleic acids dramatically changed many fields of fundamental science, biotechnology, and biomedicine [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Karpov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Prokhorova D, Matveeva A, Zakabunin A, Ryabchenko A, Stepanov G. Influence of N1-Methylpseudouridine in Guide RNAs on CRISPR/Cas9 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17116. [PMID: 38069437 PMCID: PMC10707292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there are many strategies to improve the activity of CRISPR/Cas9. A well-known and effective approach is guide RNA modification. Many chemical guide RNA modifications have been studied, whereas naturally occurring RNA modifications are largely unexplored. N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) is an RNA base modification widely used in mRNA therapy, and it holds great promise for application in genome editing systems. The present study focuses on investigating the effect of N1-methylpseudouridine on the functioning of CRISPR/Cas9. In vitro cleavage assays helped determine the level of m1Ψ guide RNA modification that is sufficient to cleave the target substrate. By analyzing FAM-labeled dsDNA substrate cleavage, we calculated the kinetic parameters and the specificity scores of modified guide RNAs. Neon transfection and digital PCR enabled us to assess the activity of modified guide RNAs in mammalian cells. Our study shows that the presence of m1Ψ in guide RNAs can help preserve on-target genome editing while significantly reducing the off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9 in vitro. We also demonstrate that Cas9 complexes with guide RNAs containing m1Ψ allow for genome editing in human cells. Thus, the incorporation of m1Ψ into guide RNAs supports CRISPR/Cas9 activity both in vitro and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grigory Stepanov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.P.); (A.Z.)
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Sakovina L, Vokhtantsev I, Vorobyeva M, Vorobyev P, Novopashina D. Improving Stability and Specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 System by Selective Modification of Guide RNAs with 2'-fluoro and Locked Nucleic Acid Nucleotides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13460. [PMID: 36362256 PMCID: PMC9655745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome editing approach using the components of the CRISPR/Cas system has found wide application in molecular biology, fundamental medicine and genetic engineering. A promising method is to increase the efficacy and specificity of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing systems by modifying their components. Here, we designed and chemically synthesized guide RNAs (crRNA, tracrRNA and sgRNA) containing modified nucleotides (2'-O-methyl, 2'-fluoro, LNA-locked nucleic acid) or deoxyribonucleotides in certain positions. We compared their resistance to nuclease digestion and examined the DNA cleavage efficacy of the CRISPR/Cas9 system guided by these modified guide RNAs. The replacement of ribonucleotides with 2'-fluoro modified or LNA nucleotides increased the lifetime of the crRNAs, while other types of modification did not change their nuclease resistance. Modification of crRNA or tracrRNA preserved the efficacy of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Otherwise, the CRISPR/Cas9 systems with modified sgRNA showed a remarkable loss of DNA cleavage efficacy. The kinetic constant of DNA cleavage was higher for the system with 2'-fluoro modified crRNA. The 2'-modification of crRNA also decreased the off-target effect upon in vitro dsDNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov Sakovina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Vokhtantsev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya Vorobyeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel Vorobyev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Darya Novopashina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Karn V, Sandhya S, Hsu W, Parashar D, Singh HN, Jha NK, Gupta S, Dubey NK, Kumar S. CRISPR/Cas9 system in breast cancer therapy: advancement, limitations and future scope. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:234. [PMID: 35879772 PMCID: PMC9316746 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide, therefore it is considered a major health concern. Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer which affects women on a global scale. Various current treatment strategies have been implicated for breast cancer therapy that includes surgical removal, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted biological therapy. However, constant effort is being made to introduce novel therapies with minimal toxicity. Gene therapy is one of the promising tools, to rectify defective genes and cure various cancers. In recent years, a novel genome engineering technology, namely the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 (Cas9) has emerged as a gene-editing tool and transformed genome-editing techniques in a wide range of biological domains including human cancer research and gene therapy. This could be attributed to its versatile characteristics such as high specificity, precision, time-saving and cost-effective methodologies with minimal risk. In the present review, we highlight the role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a targeted therapy to tackle drug resistance, improve immunotherapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamika Karn
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai, 410221, India
| | - Sandhya Sandhya
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Wayne Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Himanshu Narayan Singh
- Department of System Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India.,Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Navneet Kumar Dubey
- Victory Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taipei, 114757, Taiwan. .,ShiNeo Technology Co., Ltd., New Taipei City, 24262, Taiwan.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India.
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Rouatbi N, McGlynn T, Al-Jamal KT. Pre-clinical non-viral vectors exploited for in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: an overview. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3410-3432. [PMID: 35604372 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a potent and versatile tool for efficient genome editing. This technology has been exploited for several applications including disease modelling, cell therapy, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases including cancer. The in vivo application of CRISPR/Cas9 is hindered by poor stability, pharmacokinetic profile, and the limited ability of the CRISPR payloads to cross biological barriers. Although viral vectors have been implemented as delivery tools for efficient in vivo gene editing, their application is associated with high immunogenicity and toxicity, limiting their clinical translation. Hence, there is a need to explore new delivery methods that can guarantee safe and efficient delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 components to target cells. In this review, we first provide a brief history and principles of nuclease-mediated gene editing, we then focus on the different CRISPR/Cas9 formats outlining their potentials and limitations. Finally, we discuss the alternative non-viral delivery strategies currently adopted for in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rouatbi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Tasneem McGlynn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Xu Z, Wang Q, Zhong H, Jiang Y, Shi X, Yuan B, Yu N, Zhang S, Yuan X, Guo S, Yang Y. Carrier strategies boost the application of CRISPR/Cas system in gene therapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210081. [PMID: 37323878 PMCID: PMC10190933 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) genome editing technology shows great potential in gene therapy. However, proteins and nucleic acids suffer from enzymatic degradation in the physiological environment and low permeability into cells. Exploiting carriers to protect the CRISPR system from degradation, enhance its targeting of specific tissues and cells, and reduce its immunogenicity is essential to stimulate its clinical applications. Here, the authors review the state-of-the-art CRISPR delivery systems and their applications, and describe strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of CRISPR mediated genome editing, categorized by three types of cargo formats, that is, Cas: single-guide RNA ribonucleoprotein, Cas mRNA and single-guide RNA, and Cas plasmid expressing CRISPR/Cas systems. The authors hope this review will help develop safe and efficient nanomaterial-based carriers for CRISPR tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunkai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduChina
| | - Haiping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yaoyao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Bo Yuan
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceTianjin Eye InstituteTianjin Eye HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Na Yu
- Translational Medicine CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of EducationDalian Minzu UniversityDalianChina
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceTianjin Eye InstituteTianjin Eye HospitalTianjinChina
- Clinical College of OphthalmologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shutao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduChina
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Lin Y, Wagner E, Lächelt U. Non-viral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas system: DNA versus RNA versus RNP. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1166-1192. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the CRISPR/Cas technology has rapidly become an essential tool in modern biomedical research. The opportunities to specifically modify and correct genomic DNA has also raised big hope...
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8
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Sohail M, Xie S, Zhang X, Li B. Methodologies in visualizing the activation of CRISPR/Cas: The last mile in developing CRISPR-Based diagnostics and biosensing – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1205:339541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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