Intravenous pegylated liposomal prednisolone outperforms intramuscular methylprednisolone in treating rheumatoid arthritis flares: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Targeted nanoliposomes for precision rheumatoid arthritis therapy: a review on mechanisms and in vivo potential

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory immune-triggered disease that causes synovitis, cartilage degradation, and joint injury. In nanotechnology, conventional liposomes were extensively investigated for RA. However, they frequently undergo rapid clearance, reducing circulation time and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, their stability in the bloodstream is often compromised, resulting in premature drug release. The current review explores the potential of targeted liposomal-based nanosystems in the treatment of RA. It highlights the pathophysiology of RA, explores selective targeting sites, and elucidates diverse mechanisms of novel liposomal types and their applications. Furthermore, the targeting strategies of pH-sensitive, flexible, surface-modified, PEGylated, acoustic, ROS-mediated, and biofunctionalized liposomes are addressed. Targeted nanoliposomes showed potential in precisely delivering drugs to CD44, SR-A, FR-β, FLS, and toll-like receptors through the high affinity of ligands. In vitro studies interpreted stable release profiles and improved stability. Ex vivo studies on skin demonstrated that ultradeformable and glycerol-conjugated liposomes enhanced drug penetrability. In vivo experiments for liposomal types in the arthritis rat model depicted remarkable efficacy in reducing joint swelling, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and synovial hyperplasia. In conclusion, these targeted liposomes represented a significant leap forward in drug delivery, offering effective therapeutic options for RA. In the future, integrating these advanced liposomes with artificial intelligence, immunotherapy, and precision medicine holds great promise.

Desmoplastic tumor priming using clinical-stage corticosteroid liposomes

Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer. It contributes to a heterogeneous, hyperpermeable, and poorly perfused tumor vasculature, as well as to a dense and disorganized extracellular matrix, which together negatively affect drug delivery. Reasoning that glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects, we use clinical-stage dexamethasone liposomes (LipoDex) to prime the tumor microenvironment for improved drug delivery and enhanced treatment efficacy. We show that LipoDex priming improves tumor vascular function and reduces extracellular matrix deposition. Single-cell sequencing corroborates LipoDex-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and pro-fibrogenic gene expression in mononuclear cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Multimodal optical imaging illustrates that LipoDex pre-treatment increases the tumor accumulation and intratumoral distribution of subsequently administered polymeric and liposomal drug delivery systems. Using Doxil as a prototypic nanodrug, we finally show that LipoDex priming promotes antitumor treatment efficacy. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that desmoplastic tumors can be primed for improved drug targeting and therapy using clinical-stage glucocorticoid liposomes.

Drug Delivery Approaches for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Advances and Clinical Translation Aspects

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized with symmetrical progression of joint deformity that is often diagnosed at a chronic condition with other associated pathological conditions such as pericarditis, keratitis, pulmonary granuloma. Despite the understanding of RA pathophysiology in disease progression, current clinical treatment options such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologics, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provide only palliative therapy while causing adverse side effects such as off-target multi-organ toxicity and risk of infections. Further, available drug delivery strategies to treat RA pathogenicity does not successfully reach the site of action due to various barriers such as phagocytosis and first pass effect in addition to the disease complexity and unknown etiology, thereby leading to the development of irreversible joint dysfunction. Therefore, novel and effective strategies remain an unmet need to control the disease progression and to maintain the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This review provides a comprehensive outlook on the RA pathophysiology and its corresponding disease progression. Contributions of synoviocytes such as macrophages, fibroblast-like cells in increasing invasiveness to exacerbate joint damage is also outlined in this review, which could be a potential future therapeutic target to complement the existing treatment regimens in controlling RA pathogenesis. Further, various smart drug delivery approaches under research to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy with minimal adverse side effects have been discussed, which in turn emphasize the unmet challenges and future perspectives in addressing RA complications.

Liposomal Formulations: A Recent Update

Liposome-based drug delivery technologies have showed potential in enhancing medication safety and efficacy. Innovative drug loading and release mechanisms highlighted in this review of next-generation liposomal formulations. Due to poor drug release kinetics and loading capacity, conventional liposomes have limited clinical use. Scientists have developed new liposomal carrier medication release control and encapsulation methods to address these limits. Drug encapsulation can be optimized by creating lipid compositions that match a drug's charge and hydrophobicity. By selecting lipids and adding co-solvents or surfactants, scientists have increased drug loading in liposomal formulations while maintaining stability. Nanotechnology has also created multifunctional liposomes with triggered release and personalized drug delivery. Surface modification methods like PEGylation and ligand conjugation can direct liposomes to disease regions, improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing off-target effects. In addition to drug loading, researchers have focused on spatiotemporal modulation of liposomal carrier medication release. Stimuli-responsive liposomes release drugs in response to bodily signals. Liposomes can be pH- or temperature-sensitive. To improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity, researchers added stimuli-responsive components to liposomal membranes to precisely control drug release kinetics. Advanced drug delivery technologies like magnetic targeting and ultrasound. Pro Drug, RNA Liposomes approach may improve liposomal medication administration. Magnetic targeting helps liposomes aggregate at illness sites and improves drug delivery, whereas ultrasound-mediated drug release facilitates on-demand release of encapsulated medicines. This review also covers recent preclinical and clinical research showing the therapeutic promise of next-generation liposomal formulations for cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders and inflammatory disorders. The transfer of these innovative liposomal formulations from lab to clinical practice involves key difficulties such scalability, manufacturing difficulty, and regulatory limits.

Lipid-based nanocarriers: an attractive approach for rheumatoid arthritis management

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as transformative tools in modern drug delivery, offering unparalleled potential in enhancing the efficacy and safety of various therapeutics. In the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a disabling autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation, joint damage, and limited patient mobility, LNPs hold significant promise for revolutionizing treatment strategies. LNPs offer several advantages over traditional drug delivery systems, including improved pharmacokinetics, enhanced tissue penetration, and reduced systemic toxicity. This article concisely summarizes the pathogenesis of RA, its associated risk factors, and therapeutic techniques and their challenges. Additionally, it highlights the noteworthy advancements made in managing RA through LNPs, including liposomes, niosomes, bilosomes, cubosomes, spanlastics, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid micelles, lipid nanocapsules, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc. It also delves into the specific functional attributes of these nanocarrier systems, focusing on their role in treating and monitoring RA.

2024 update of the recommendations of the French Society of Rheumatology for the diagnosis and management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

The French Society of Rheumatology recommendations for managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been updated by a working group of 21 rheumatology experts, 4 young rheumatologists and 2 patient association representatives on the basis of the 2023 version of the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations and systematic literature reviews. Two additional topics were addressed: people at risk of RA development and RA-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Four general principles and 19 recommendations were issued. The general principles emphasize the importance of a shared decision between the rheumatologist and patient and the need for comprehensive management, both drug and non-drug, for people with RA or at risk of RA development. In terms of diagnosis, the recommendations stress the importance of clinical arthritis and in its absence, the risk factors for progression to RA. In terms of treatment, the recommendations incorporate recent data on the cardiovascular and neoplastic risk profile of Janus kinase inhibitors. With regard to RA-ILD, the recommendations highlight the importance of clinical screening and the need for high-resolution CT scan in the presence of pulmonary symptoms. RA-ILD management requires collaboration between rheumatologists and pulmonologists. The treatment strategy is based on controlling disease activity with methotrexate or targeted therapies (mainly abatacept or rituximab). The prescription for anti-fibrotic treatment should be discussed with a pulmonologist with expertise in RA-ILD.

Current practice, trends and attitudes of rheumatologists towards glucocorticoids use for rheumatoid arthritis (GURANTEE): a national cross-sectional survey across China

INTRODUCTION

To investigate current practices, changes, and perceptions of rheumatologists regarding GC use in RA patients.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire between April and August 2023. Rheumatologists from 31 province-level regions of Mainland China were invited to participate. Chi-squared tests were adopted to investigate the differences by sociodemographic characteristics.

RESULTS

1,717 rheumatologists from 598 hospitals completed the survey with a response rate of 92%. Up to 60% of participants expressed currently infrequent initiation of GC co-therapy with csDMARDs (hardly ever 7.0%; occasionally 24.6%; sometimes 29.1%), accompanied by a decline of frequency over time reported in 64.2%. Regarding attitudes towards bridging therapy with GC, 604 (35.2%) participants supported this approach, 468 (27.3%) opposed it, and 645 (37.6%) remained inconclusive. Time to GC discontinuation in context of csDMARDs was commonly reported within 6 months in current practice which has been narrowed over time. Reasons for chronic GC use were mostly reported due to suboptimal disease control, followed by the need of RA complications, and pre-existing comorbidities. After failure of GC cessation, majority of respondents (84.4%) would escalate RA therapy (commonly by addition of JAK inhibitors, TNF inhibitors), which usually or often facilitated the GC cessation. The most frequently reported advantages and weaknesses of GC were rapid and strong efficacy, adverse events, respectively. Regarding long-term low-dose GC use for RA, the percentage of respondents who supported, opposed, or depended on the situation were 15.9%, 17.2%, and 66.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The current data demonstrate that GC initiation for RA treatment is not as frequent as before and the awareness of GC discontinuation is growing in current practice. Attitudes towards GC co-therapy with csDMARDs vary considerably and long-term low-dose GC use remain situation dependent.

Microenvironment-Activatable Probe for Precise NIR-II Monitoring and Synergistic Immunotherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) represents an insidious autoimmune inflammatory disorder that severely lowers the life quality by progressively destructing joint functions and eventually causing permanent disability, posing a serious public health problem. Here, an advanced theranostic probe is introduced that integrates activatable second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging for precise RA diagnosis with multi-pronged RA treatments. A novel molecular probe comprising a long-wavelength aggregation-induced emission unit and a manganese carbonyl cage motif is synthesized, which enables NIR-II fluorescence activation and concurrently releasing therapeutic carbon monoxide (CO) gas in inflamed joint microenvironment. This molecular probe self-assembles into a biocompatible nanoprobe, which is subsequently conjugated with anti-IL-6R antibody to afford active-targeting ability of RA. The nanoprobe exhibits significant turn-on NIR-II fluorescence signal at the RA lesion, enabling highly sensitive RA diagnosis and real-time therapeutic monitoring. The combination of ROS scavenging, on-demand CO gas release, and IL-6 signaling blockade results in potent therapeutic effect and synergistic immunomodulation impact, significantly alleviating the RA symptoms and preventing joint destruction. This research introduces a novel paradigm for the development of high-performance, activatable theranostic strategies to facilitate precise detection and enhanced treatment of RA-related diseases.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Biomimetic Liposome for Targeted Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder that severely compromises joint health. The primary therapeutic strategy for advanced RA aims to inhibit joint inflammation. However, the nonspecific distribution of pharmacological agents has limited therapeutic efficacy and heightens the risks associated with RA treatment. To address this issue, we developed mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based biomimetic liposomes, termed MSCsome, which were composed of a fusion between MSC membranes and liposomes. MSC some with relatively simple preparation method effectively enhanced the targeting efficiency of drug to diseased joints. Interaction between lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 enhanced the affinity of the MSCsome for polarized macrophages, thereby improving its targeting capability to affected joints. The effective targeted delivery facilitated drug accumulation in joints, resulting in the significant inhibition of the inflammation, as well as protection and repair of the cartilage. In conclusion, this study introduced MSCsome as a promising approach for the effective treatment of advanced RA, providing a novel perspective on targeted drug delivery therapy for inflammatory diseases.

Glucocorticoid receptor signaling: intricacies and therapeutic opportunities

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a major nuclear receptor (NR) drug target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and several cancers. Despite the effectiveness of GR ligands, their systemic action triggers a plethora of side effects, limiting long-term use. Here, we discuss new concepts of and insights into GR mechanisms of action to assist in the identification of routes toward enhanced therapeutic benefits. We zoom in on the communication between different GR domains and how this is influenced by different ligands. We detail findings on the interaction between GR and chromatin, and highlight how condensate formation and coregulator confinement can perturb GR transcriptional responses. Last, we discuss the potential of novel ligands and the therapeutic exploitation of crosstalk with other NRs.

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

Chagas disease (CD) is the most important endemic parasitosis in South America and represents a great socioeconomic burden for the chronically ill and their families. The only currently available treatment against CD is based on the oral administration of benznidazole, an agent, developed in 1971, of controversial effectiveness on chronically ill patients and toxic to adults. So far, conventional pharmacological approaches have failed to offer more effective and less toxic alternatives to benznidazole. Nanomedicines reduce toxicity and increase the effectiveness of current oncological therapies. Could nanomedicines improve the treatment of the neglected CD? This question will be addressed in this review, first by critically discussing selected reports on the performance of benznidazole and other molecules formulated as nanomedicines in in vitro and in vivo CD models. Taking into consideration the developmental barriers for nanomedicines and the degree of current technical preclinical efforts, a prospect of developing nanomedicines against CD will be provided. Not surprisingly, we conclude that structurally simpler formulations with minimal production cost, such as oral nanocrystals and/or parenteral nano-immunostimulants, have the highest chances of making it to the market to treat CD. Nonetheless, substantive political and economic decisions, key to facing technological challenges, are still required regarding a realistic use of nanomedicines effective against CD.

Nanotechnology's frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment

Inflammation-associated diseases encompass a range of infectious diseases and non-infectious inflammatory diseases, which continuously pose one of the most serious threats to human health, attributed to factors such as the emergence of new pathogens, increasing drug resistance, changes in living environments and lifestyles, and the aging population. Despite rapid advancements in mechanistic research and drug development for these diseases, current treatments often have limited efficacy and notable side effects, necessitating the development of more effective and targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has provided crucial technological support for the prevention, treatment, and detection of inflammation-associated diseases. Various types of nanoparticles (NPs) play significant roles, serving as vaccine vehicles to enhance immunogenicity and as drug carriers to improve targeting and bioavailability. NPs can also directly combat pathogens and inflammation. In addition, nanotechnology has facilitated the development of biosensors for pathogen detection and imaging techniques for inflammatory diseases. This review categorizes and characterizes different types of NPs, summarizes their applications in the prevention, treatment, and detection of infectious and inflammatory diseases. It also discusses the challenges associated with clinical translation in this field and explores the latest developments and prospects. In conclusion, nanotechnology opens up new possibilities for the comprehensive management of infectious and inflammatory diseases.

A phase I first-in-man study to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of liposomal dexamethasone in patients with progressive multiple myeloma

Despite the introduction of multiple new drugs and combination therapies, conventional dexamethasone remains a cornerstone in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Its application is, however, limited by frequent adverse effects of which the increased infection rate may have the strongest clinical impact. The efficacy-safety ratio of dexamethasone in MM may be increased by encapsulation in long-circulating PEG-liposomes, thereby both enhancing drug delivery to MM lesions and reducing systemic corticosteroid exposure. We evaluated the preliminary safety and feasibility of a single intravenous (i.v.) infusion of pegylated liposomal dexamethasone phosphate (Dex-PL) in heavily pretreated relapsing or progressive symptomatic MM patients within a phase I open-label non-comparative interventional trial at two dose levels. In the 7 patients that were enrolled (prior to having to close the study prematurely due to slow recruitment), Dex-PL was found to be well tolerated and, as compared to conventional dexamethasone, no new or unexpected adverse events were detected. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed high and persisting concentrations of dexamethasone in the circulation for over a week after i.v. administration, likely caused by the long-circulation half-life of the liposomes that retain dexamethasone as the inactive phosphate prodrug form, something which could significantly limit systemic exposure to the active parent drug. Thus, despite the limitations of this small first-in-man trial, Dex-PL seems safe and well tolerated without severe side effects. Follow-up studies are needed to confirm this in a larger patient cohort and to evaluate if i.v. Dex-PL can provide a safer and more efficacious dexamethasone treatment option for MM.

Nanomedicine is more than a supporting role in rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints. Various medications successfully alleviate the symptoms of RA in clinical. Still, few therapy strategies can cure RA, especially when joint destruction begins, and there is currently no effective bone-protective treatment to reverse the articular damage. Furthermore, the RA medications now used in clinical practice accompany various adverse side effects. Nanotechnology can improve the pharmacokinetics of traditional anti-RA drugs and therapeutic precision through targeting modification. Although the clinical application of nanomedicines for RA is in its infancy, preclinical research is rising. Current anti-RA nano-drug studies mainly focus on the following: drug delivery systems, nanomedicines with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, biomimetic design with better biocompatibility and therapeutic features, and nanoparticle-dominated energy conversion therapies. These therapies have shown promising therapeutic benefits in animal models, indicating that nanomedicines are a potential solution to the current bottleneck in RA treatment. This review will summarize the present state of anti-RA nano-drug research.

Efficacy, duration of use and safety of glucocorticoids: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis

This systematic literature review (SLR) regarding the efficacy, duration of use and safety of glucocorticoids (GCs), was performed to inform the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies on GC efficacy were identified from a separate search on the efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). A combined search was performed for the duration of use and safety of GCs in RA patients. Dose-defined and time-defined GC treatment of any dose and duration (excluding intra-articular GCs) prescribed in combination with other DMARDs were considered. Results are presented descriptively. Two included studies confirmed the efficacy of GC bridging as initial therapy, with equal efficacy after 2 years of initial doses of 30 mg/day compared with 60 mg/day prednisone. Based on a recently performed SLR, in clinical trials most patients starting initial GC bridging are able to stop GCs within 12 (22% patients continued on GCs) to 24 months (10% patients continued on GCs). The safety search included 12 RCTs and 21 observational studies. Well-known safety risks of GC use were confirmed, including an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, serious infections, diabetes and mortality. Data on cardiovascular outcomes were Inconsistent. Overall, safety risks increased with increasing dose and/or duration, but evidence on which dose is safe was conflicting. In conclusion, this SLR has confirmed the efficacy of GCs in the treatment of RA. In clinical trials, most patients have shown to be able to stop GCs within 12-24 months. Well-known safety risks of GC use have been confirmed, but with heterogeneity between studies.