1
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Mani L, Naveed A, McAdoo A, Rosenthal E, Hom M. Efficacy of depatuxizumab mafodotin (ABT-414) in preclinical models of head and neck cancer. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:520-526. [PMID: 38375733 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in 80-90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), making it an ideal target for antibody-drug conjugates. Depatuxizumab mafodotin (ABT-414), is an EGFR-targeting ADC comprised of the monoclonal antibody ABT-806 conjugated to monomethyl auristatin F, a tubulin polymerization inhibitor. This study assessed the in vivo efficacy of ABT-414 in HNSCC. The effects of ABT-414 on HNSCCs were determined using in vitro cytotoxicity assays and in vivo flank xenograft mouse models. The distribution of ABT-414 was assessed ex vivo via optical imaging methods using a conjugate of ABT-414 to the near-infrared agent IRDye800. In vitro treatment of high EGFR-expressing human HNSCC cell lines (UMSCC47 and FaDu) with ABT-414 (0-3.38 nM) resulted in dose-dependent cell death (IC50 values of 0.213 nM and 0.167 nM, respectively). ABT-414 treatment of the FaDu mouse xenografts displayed antitumor activity (P = 0.023) without a change in body mass (P = 0.1335), whereas treatment of UMSCC47 did not generate a significant response (P = 0.1761). Fluorescence imaging revealed ABT-414-IRDye800 accumulation in the tumors of both FaDu and UMSCC47 cell lines, with a signal-to-background ratio of >10. ABT-414 treatment yielded antitumor activity in FaDu tumors, but not in UMSCC47, highlighting the potential for ABT-414 efficacy in high EGFR-expressing tumors. Although ABT-414-IRDye800 localized tumors in both cell lines, the differing antitumor responses highlight the need for further investigation into the role of the tumor microenvironment in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Abdullah Naveed
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Ashtyn McAdoo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Eben Rosenthal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Marisa Hom
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
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2
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Zhao C, Zhang R, Yang H, Gao Y, Zou Y, Zhang X. Antibody-drug conjugates for non-small cell lung cancer: Advantages and challenges in clinical translation. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116378. [PMID: 38908529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 85 % of all lung cancers and having a poor treatment and prognosis. Conventional clinical chemotherapy and immunotherapy are challenged by systemic toxicity and drug resistance, so researchers are increasingly focusing on antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), an innovative concept combining chemotherapy and targeted therapy, in which a drug selectively binds to antigens on the surface of a tumor cell via antibodies, which internalize the ADC, and then transfers the ADC to the lysosome via the endosomes to degrade the drug and kill the tumor cell. Despite the promising nature of ADCs, no ADC product for any indication including NSCLC has been approved for marketing by the FDA to date. In this review, we summarize the main advantages of ADCs and discuss in depth the design of the most desirable ADCs for NSCLC therapy. In addition to preclinical studies, we focus on the current state of clinical research on ADCs as interventions for the treatment of NSCLC by summarizing real-time clinical trial data from ClinicalTrials.gov, and reasonably speculate on the direction of the design of future generations of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhao
- Department of China Medical University, The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ruihan Zhang
- Department of China Medical University, The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yiwei Gao
- Department of China Medical University, The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Rehabilitation Centre, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Liu H, Ji M, Xiao P, Gou J, Yin T, He H, Tang X, Zhang Y. Glucocorticoids-based prodrug design: Current strategies and research progress. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100922. [PMID: 38966286 PMCID: PMC11222810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Attributing to their broad pharmacological effects encompassing anti-inflammation, antitoxin, and immunosuppression, glucocorticoids (GCs) are extensively utilized in the clinic for the treatment of diverse diseases such as lupus erythematosus, nephritis, arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, keratitis, macular edema, and leukemia. However, long-term use often causes undesirable side effects, including metabolic disorders-induced Cushing's syndrome (buffalo back, full moon face, hyperglycemia, etc.), osteoporosis, aggravated infection, psychosis, glaucoma, and cataract. These notorious side effects seriously compromise patients' quality of life, especially in patients with chronic diseases. Therefore, glucocorticoid-based advanced drug delivery systems for reducing adverse effects have received extensive attention. Among them, prodrugs have the advantages of low investment, low risk, and high success rate, making them a promising strategy. In this review, we propose the strategies for the design and summarize current research progress of glucocorticoid-based prodrugs in recent decades, including polymer-based prodrugs, dendrimer-based prodrugs, antibody-drug conjugates, peptide-drug conjugates, carbohydrate-based prodrugs, aliphatic acid-based prodrugs and so on. Besides, we also raise issues that need to be focused on during the development of glucocorticoid-based prodrugs. This review is expected to be helpful for the research and development of novel GCs and prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Muse Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peifu Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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4
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Xu X, Zhang J, Wang T, Li J, Rong Y, Wang Y, Bai C, Yan Q, Ran X, Wang Y, Zhang T, Sun J, Jiang Q. Emerging non-antibody‒drug conjugates (non-ADCs) therapeutics of toxins for cancer treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1542-1559. [PMID: 38572098 PMCID: PMC10985036 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The non-selective cytotoxicity of toxins limits the clinical relevance of the toxins. In recent years, toxins have been widely used as warheads for antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) due to their efficient killing activity against various cancer cells. Although ADCs confer certain targeting properties to the toxins, low drug loading capacity, possible immunogenicity, and other drawbacks also limit the potential application of ADCs. Recently, non-ADC delivery strategies for toxins have been extensively investigated. To further understand the application of toxins in anti-tumor, this paper provided an overview of prodrugs, nanodrug delivery systems, and biomimetic drug delivery systems. In addition, toxins and their combination strategies with other therapies were discussed. Finally, the prospect and challenge of toxins in cancer treatment were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yukang Rong
- School of Education, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenxia Bai
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohua Ran
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Elter JK, Liščáková V, Moravec O, Vragović M, Filipová M, Štěpánek P, Šácha P, Hrubý M. Solid-Phase Synthesis as a Tool to Create Exactly Defined, Branched Polymer Vectors for Cell Membrane Targeting. Macromolecules 2024; 57:1050-1071. [PMID: 38370914 PMCID: PMC10867888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Modern drug formulations often require, besides the active drug molecule, auxiliaries to enhance their pharmacological properties. Tailor-made, biocompatible polymers covalently connected to the drug molecule can fulfill this function by increasing its solubility, reducing its toxicity, and guiding it to a specific target. If targeting membrane-bound proteins, localization of the drug close to the cell membrane and its target is beneficial to increase drug efficiency and residence time. In this study, we present the synthesis of highly defined, branched polymeric structures with membrane-binding properties. One to three hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(2-ethyloxazoline) side chains were connected via a peptoid backbone using a two-step iterative protocol for solid-phase peptoid synthesis. Additional groups, e.g., a hydrophobic anchor for membrane attachment, were introduced. Due to the nature of solid-phase synthesis, the number and order of the side chains and additional units can be precisely defined. The method proved to be versatile for the generation of multifunctional, branched polymeric structures of molecular weights up to approximately 7000 g mol-1. The behavior of all compounds towards biological membranes and cells was investigated using liposomes as cell membrane models, HEK293 and U251-MG cell lines, and red blood cells, thereby demonstrating their potential value as drug auxiliaries with cell membrane affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K. Elter
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Liščáková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- First
Faculty of Medicine, Charles University
Kateřinská, 1660/32, 121 08, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Moravec
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vragović
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Filipová
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06, Praha 6, Czech Republic
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6
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Choi Y, Choi Y, Hong S. Recent Technological and Intellectual Property Trends in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Research. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:221. [PMID: 38399275 PMCID: PMC10892729 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy, an advanced therapeutic technology comprising antibodies, chemical linkers, and cytotoxic payloads, addresses the limitations of traditional chemotherapy. This study explores key elements of ADC therapy, focusing on antibody development, linker design, and cytotoxic payload delivery. The global rise in cancer incidence has driven increased investment in anticancer agents, resulting in significant growth in the ADC therapy market. Over the past two decades, notable progress has been made, with approvals for 14 ADC treatments targeting various cancers by 2022. Diverse ADC therapies for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have emerged, with numerous candidates currently undergoing clinical trials. Recent years have seen a noteworthy increase in ADC therapy clinical trials, marked by the initiation of numerous new therapies in 2022. Research and development, coupled with patent applications, have intensified, notably from major companies like Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY, USA), AbbVie Pharmaceuticals Inc. (USA), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Tarrytown, NY, USA), and Seagen Inc. (Bothell, WA, USA). While ADC therapy holds great promise in anticancer treatment, challenges persist, including premature payload release and immune-related side effects. Ongoing research and innovation are crucial for advancing ADC therapy. Future developments may include novel conjugation methods, stable linker designs, efficient payload delivery technologies, and integration with nanotechnology, driving the evolution of ADC therapy in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Choi
- Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
- Department of BigData, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbeen Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea;
| | - Surin Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea;
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7
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Zhang Z, Li L, Xu H, Lee CLK, Jia Z, Loh TP. Silicon-Containing Thiol-Specific Bioconjugating Reagent. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1776-1782. [PMID: 38198597 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A new bioconjugation reagent containing silicon has been developed for the selective reaction with thiols. The inclusion of silicon significantly improves chemoselectivity and suppresses retro processes, thereby exceeding the capabilities of traditional reagents. The method is versatile and compatible with a broad range of thiols and unsaturated carbonyl compounds and yields moderate to high results. These reactions can be conducted under biocompatible conditions, thereby making them suitable for protein bioconjugation. The resulting conjugates display good stability in the presence of various biomolecules, which suggests their potential application for the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates. Furthermore, the presence of a silicon moiety within the conjugated products opens up new avenues for drug release and bridging inorganics with other disciplines. This new class of silicon-containing thiol-specific bioconjugation reagents has significant implications for researchers working in bioanalytical science and medicinal chemistry and leads to innovative opportunities for advancing the field of bioconjugation research and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Lanyang Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hailun Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chi-Lik Ken Lee
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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8
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Chang FL, Lee CC, Tsai KC, Lin TY, Chiang CW, Pan SL, Lee YC. An auristatin-based antibody-drug conjugate targeting EphA2 in pancreatic cancer treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 688:149214. [PMID: 37951154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, a highly aggressive form of cancer with a poor prognosis, necessitates the development of innovative treatment strategies. Our prior research showcased the growth-inhibiting effects of the anti-EphA2 antibody drug hSD5 on pancreatic cancer tumors. This antibody targets and induces the degradation of the EphA2 receptor while also prompting the antibody's internalization. A deeper dive into the hSD5 Fab crystallographic structure and docking studies revealed that hSD5's CDRH3 drives the primary interaction between hSD5 and the EphA2 active site. In this study, we developed a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)-the auristatin-based hSD5-vedotin specifically targeting EphA2 in pancreatic cancer cells. This ADC aims at the tumor-specific antigen EphA2, triggering endocytosis and releasing the conjugated payload molecule Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), amplifying the tumor-killing effect. Upon cellular entry, hSD5-vedotin demonstrated an impressive tumor-killing response, inhibiting tumor cell growth and promoting apoptosis even at lower antibody concentrations. In a pancreatic cancer xenograft animal model, hSD5-vedotin showcased the potential to suppress tumor growth entirely. Notably, potential immune resistance responses were also observed in recurrent pancreatic cancer tumors. Our empirical results underscore the possibility of developing hSD5-vedotin further, which we anticipate will have a broader and more potent therapeutic impact on pancreatic cancer and other EphA2-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ling Chang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Chiang
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Guo X, Wu Y, Xue Y, Xie N, Shen G. Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291836. [PMID: 38106416 PMCID: PMC10722299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progressions in immunotherapy have transformed cancer treatment, providing a promising strategy that activates the immune system of the patient to find and eliminate cancerous cells. Bispecific antibodies, which engage two separate antigens or one antigen with two distinct epitopes, are of tremendous concern in immunotherapy. The bi-targeting idea enabled by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is especially attractive from a medical standpoint since most diseases are complex, involving several receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways. Several research look into the processes in which BsAbs identify different cancer targets such angiogenesis, reproduction, metastasis, and immune regulation. By rerouting cells or altering other pathways, the bispecific proteins perform effector activities in addition to those of natural antibodies. This opens up a wide range of clinical applications and helps patients with resistant tumors respond better to medication. Yet, further study is necessary to identify the best conditions where to use these medications for treating tumor, their appropriate combination partners, and methods to reduce toxicity. In this review, we provide insights into the BsAb format classification based on their composition and symmetry, as well as the delivery mode, focus on the action mechanism of the molecule, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives in BsAb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Guo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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10
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Porębska N, Ciura K, Chorążewska A, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Multivalent protein-drug conjugates - An emerging strategy for the upgraded precision and efficiency of drug delivery to cancer cells. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108213. [PMID: 37453463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
With almost 20 million new cases per year, cancer constitutes one of the most important challenges for public health systems. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, targeted anti-cancer strategies employ sophisticated therapeutics to precisely identify and attack cancer cells, limiting the impact of drugs on healthy cells and thereby minimizing the unwanted side effects of therapy. Protein drug conjugates (PDCs) are a rapidly growing group of targeted therapeutics, composed of a cancer-recognition factor covalently coupled to a cytotoxic drug. Several PDCs, mainly in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that employ monoclonal antibodies as cancer-recognition molecules, are used in the clinic and many PDCs are currently in clinical trials. Highly selective, strong and stable interaction of the PDC with the tumor marker, combined with efficient, rapid endocytosis of the receptor/PDC complex and its subsequent effective delivery to lysosomes, is critical for the efficacy of targeted cancer therapy with PDCs. However, the bivalent architecture of contemporary clinical PDCs is not optimal for tumor receptor recognition or PDCs internalization. In this review, we focus on multivalent PDCs, which represent a rapidly evolving and highly promising therapeutics that overcome most of the limitations of current bivalent PDCs, enhancing the precision and efficiency of drug delivery to cancer cells. We present an expanding set of protein scaffolds used to generate multivalent PDCs that, in addition to folding into well-defined multivalent molecular structures, enable site-specific conjugation of the cytotoxic drug to ensure PDC homogeneity. We provide an overview of the architectures of multivalent PDCs developed to date, emphasizing their efficacy in the targeted treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ciura
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
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11
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Maiti R, Patel B, Patel N, Patel M, Patel A, Dhanesha N. Antibody drug conjugates as targeted cancer therapy: past development, present challenges and future opportunities. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:361-388. [PMID: 37071273 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising cancer therapeutics with minimal toxicity as compared to small cytotoxic molecules alone and have shown the evidence to overcome resistance against tumor and prevent relapse of cancer. The ADC has a potential to change the paradigm of cancer chemotherapeutic treatment. At present, 13 ADCs have been approved by USFDA for the treatment of various types of solid tumor and haematological malignancies. This review covers the three structural components of an ADC-antibody, linker, and cytotoxic payload-along with their respective structure, chemistry, mechanism of action, and influence on the activity of ADCs. It covers comprehensive insight on structural role of linker towards efficacy, stability & toxicity of ADCs, different types of linkers & various conjugation techniques. A brief overview of various analytical techniques used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ADC is summarized. The current challenges of ADCs, such as heterogeneity, bystander effect, protein aggregation, inefficient internalization or poor penetration into tumor cells, narrow therapeutic index, emergence of resistance, etc., are outlined along with recent advances and future opportunities for the development of more promising next-generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Maiti
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Nrupesh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Alkesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirav Dhanesha
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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12
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Fernandes SRG, Mohajershojai T, Lundsten S, Sarmento B, Tomé JPC, Nestor M, Jha P. Photoactive immunoconjugates for targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 243:112716. [PMID: 37126865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an alternative or as a complement of conventional approaches for cancer treatment. In PDT, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from the interaction between the photosensitizer (PS), visible light and molecular oxygen, kill malignant cells by triggering a cascade of cytotoxic reactions. In this process, the PS plays an extremely important role in the effectiveness of the therapy. In the present work, a new photoimmunoconjugate (PIC), based on cetuximab and the known third generation PS-glycophthalocyanine ZnPcGal4, was synthesized via reductive amination. The rationale behind this was the simultaneous cancer-associated specific targeting of PIC and photosensitization of targeted receptor positive cells. Varied reaction parameters and photodynamic conditions, such as PS concentrations and both type and intensities of light, were optimized. ZnPcGal4 showed significant photoactivity against EGFR expressing A431, EGFR-transfected HCT116 and HT29 cells when irradiated with white light of stronger intensity (38 mW/cm2). Similarly, the synthesized PICs-T1 and T2 also demonstrated photoactivity with high intensity white light. The best optimized PIC: sample 28 showed no precipitation and aggregation when inspected visually and analyzed through SE-HPLC. Fluorescence excitation of sample 28 and 125I-sample 28 radioconjugate (125I-PIC, 125I-radiolabeling yield ≥95%, determined with ITLC) at 660 nm showed presence of appended ZnPcGal4. In addition, simultaneous fluorescence and radioactivity detection of the 125I-PIC in serum and PBS (pH 7.4) for the longest incubated time point of 72 h, respectively, and superimposed signals thereof demonstrated ≥99% of loading and/or labeling yield, assuring overall stability of the PIC and corresponding PIC-radioconjugate w.r.t. both the appended ZnPcGal4 and bound-125I. Moreover, real-time binding analyses on EGFR-transfected HCT116 cells showed specific binding of 125I-PIC, suggesting no alternation in the binding kinetics of the mAb after appending it with ZnPcGal4. These results suggest dual potential applications of synthesized PICs both for PDT and radio-immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R G Fernandes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences & Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Tabassom Mohajershojai
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Sara Lundsten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden; Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| | - João P C Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences & Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marika Nestor
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden.
| | - Preeti Jha
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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13
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Agnello L, d’Argenio A, Nilo R, Fedele M, Camorani S, Cerchia L. Aptamer-Based Strategies to Boost Immunotherapy in TNBC. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072010. [PMID: 37046670 PMCID: PMC10093095 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system (IS) may play a crucial role in preventing tumor development and progression, leading, over the last years, to the development of effective cancer immunotherapies. Nevertheless, immune evasion, the capability of tumors to circumvent destructive host immunity, remains one of the main obstacles to overcome for maximizing treatment success. In this context, promising strategies aimed at reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment and promoting antitumor immunity are rapidly emerging. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive breast cancer subtype with poor outcomes, is highly immunogenic, suggesting immunotherapy is a viable strategy. As evidence of this, already, two immunotherapies have recently become the standard of care for patients with PD-L1 expressing tumors, which, however, represent a low percentage of patients, making more active immunotherapeutic approaches necessary. Aptamers are short, highly structured, single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to their protein targets at high affinity and specificity. They are used for therapeutic purposes in the same way as monoclonal antibodies; thus, various aptamer-based strategies are being actively explored to stimulate the IS’s response against cancer cells. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential of the recently reported aptamer-based approaches to boost the IS to fight TNBC.
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14
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Kinch MS, Kraft Z, Schwartz T. Immunoconjugates and bispecific antibodies: Trends in therapeutic success and commercial focus. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103462. [PMID: 36464142 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the selective targeting of disease, as well as changing the character of the pharmaceutical industry. Although most attention has focused on conventional antibodies, immunoconjugates and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are beginning to show greater potential. Herein, we identify trends in the development and approval of antibody derivatives, as well as the organizations developing these products. Whereas industry development of immunoconjugates has grown steadily over four decades, momentum behind bispecific agents has seemingly expanded only recently. Together, our findings suggest that antibody derivatives provide interesting, albeit still speculative, opportunities for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kinch
- Center for Research Innovation in Biotechnology, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA.
| | - Zachary Kraft
- Center for Research Innovation in Biotechnology, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - Tyler Schwartz
- Center for Research Innovation in Biotechnology, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
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15
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Postulating the possible cellular signalling mechanisms of antibody drug conjugates in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Signal 2023; 102:110539. [PMID: 36455831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders in the world. Although the basic pathology of the disease is elucidated, it is difficult to restore or prevent the worsening of neurodegeneration and its symptoms. Antibody and small molecule-based approaches have been studied and are in study individually, but a combined approach like conjugation has not been performed to date. The conjugation between antibodies and drugs which are already used for Alzheimer's treatment or developed specifically for this purpose may have better efficacy and dual action in mitigating Alzheimer's disease. A probable mechanism for antibody-drug conjugates in Alzheimer's disease is discussed in the present review.
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16
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Lo CF, Chiu TY, Liu YT, Pan PY, Liu KL, Hsu CY, Fang MY, Huang YC, Yeh TK, Hsu TA, Chen CT, Huang LR, Tsou LK. Targeting the Phosphatidylserine-Immune Checkpoint with a Small-Molecule Maytansinoid Conjugate. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12802-12824. [PMID: 36153998 PMCID: PMC9574934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ligand-targeting drug delivery systems have made significant
strides
for disease treatments with numerous clinical approvals in this era
of precision medicine. Herein, we report a class of small molecule-based
immune checkpoint-targeting maytansinoid conjugates. From the ligand
targeting ability, pharmacokinetics profiling, in vivo anti-pancreatic cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and sorafenib-resistant
liver cancer efficacies with quantitative mRNA analysis of treated-tumor
tissues, we demonstrated that conjugate 40a not only
induced lasting regression of tumor growth, but it also rejuvenated
the once immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to an “inflamed
hot tumor” with significant elevation of gene expressions that
were not accessible in the vehicle-treated tumor. In turn, the immune
checkpoint-targeting small molecule drug conjugate from this work
represents a new pharmacodelivery strategy that can be expanded with
combination therapy with existing immune-oncology treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Fu Lo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tai-Yu Chiu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Tzu Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yun Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Liang Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Yu Fang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsu-An Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Ahmad MZ, Alasiri AS, Alasmary MY, Abdullah MM, Ahmad J, Abdel Wahab BA, M Alqahtani SA, Pathak K, Mustafa G, Khan MA, Saikia R, Gogoi U. Emerging advances in nanomedicine for breast cancer immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:957-983. [PMID: 35852105 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Early diagnosis and an appropriate therapeutic approach for all cancers are climacterics for a favorable prognosis. Targeting the immune system in breast cancer is already a clinical reality with notable successes, specifically with checkpoint blockade antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. However, there have been inevitable setbacks in the clinical application of cancer immunotherapy, including inadequate immune responses due to insufficient delivery of immunostimulants to immune cells and uncontrolled immune system modulation. Rapid advancements and new evidence have suggested that nanomedicine-based immunotherapy may be a viable option for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alasiri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Yahia Alasmary
- Medical Department, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Abdullah
- Advanced Materials & Nano-Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science & Arts, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Basel A Abdel Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Saif Aboud M Alqahtani
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalyani Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadmi Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Riya Saikia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Urvashee Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
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18
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Theranostic Small-Molecule Prodrug Conjugates for Targeted Delivery and Controlled Release of Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137160. [PMID: 35806163 PMCID: PMC9266369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the design and synthesis of a small-molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) platform that demonstrated several advantages over antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) in terms of in vivo pharmacokinetics, solid tumor penetration, definitive chemical structure, and adaptability for modular synthesis. Constructed on a tri-modal SMDC platform derived from 1,3,5-triazine (TZ) that consists of a targeting moiety (Lys-Urea-Glu) for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), here we report a novel class of chemically identical theranostic small-molecule prodrug conjugates (T-SMPDCs), [18/19F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7, for PSMA-targeted delivery and controlled release of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists to elicit de novo immune response for cancer immunotherapy. In vitro competitive binding assay of [19F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7 showed that the chemical modification of Lys-Urea-Glu did not compromise its binding affinity to PSMA. Receptor-mediated cell internalization upon the PSMA binding of [18F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7 showed a time-dependent increase, indicative of targeted intracellular delivery of the theranostic prodrug conjugate. The designed controlled release of gardiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, was realized by a legumain cleavable linker. We further performed an in vivo PET/CT imaging study that showed significantly higher uptake of [18F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7 in PSMA+ PC3-PIP tumors (1.9 ± 0.4% ID/g) than in PSMA− PC3-Flu tumors (0.8 ± 0.3% ID/g) at 1 h post-injection. In addition, the conjugate showed a one-compartment kinetic profile and in vivo stability. Taken together, our proof-of-concept biological evaluation demonstrated the potential of our T-SMPDCs for cancer immunomodulatory therapies.
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19
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Small Molecule Drug Conjugates Harnessing Thioester-Linked Maytansinoids. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071316. [PMID: 35890212 PMCID: PMC9323955 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-targeting drug conjugates are a class of clinically validated biopharmaceutical drugs constructed by conjugating cytotoxic drugs with specific disease antigen targeting ligands through appropriate linkers. The integrated linker-drug motif embedded within such a system can prevent the premature release during systemic circulation, thereby allowing the targeting ligand to engage with the disease antigen and selective accumulation. We have designed and synthesized new thioester-linked maytansinoid conjugates. By performing in vitro cytotoxicity, targeting ligand binding assay, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, we investigated the utility of this new linker-drug moiety in the small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) system. In particular, we conjugated the thioester-linked maytansinoids to the phosphatidylserine-targeting small molecule zinc dipicolylamine and showed that Zn8_DM1 induced tumor regression in the HCC1806 triple-negative breast cancer xenograft model. Moreover, in a spontaneous sorafenib-resistant liver cancer model, Zn8_DM1 exhibited potent antitumor growth efficacy. From quantitative mRNA analysis of Zn8_DM1 treated-tumor tissues, we observed the elevation of gene expressions associated with a “hot inflamed tumor” state. With the identification and validation of a plethora of cancer-associated antigens in the “omics” era, this work provided the insight that antibody- or small molecule-based targeting ligands can be conjugated similarly to generate new ligand-targeting drug conjugates.
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20
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Wang N, Mei Q, Wang Z, Zhao L, Zhang D, Liao D, Zuo J, Xie H, Jia Y, Kong F. Research Progress of Antibody–Drug Conjugate Therapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:889017. [PMID: 35692796 PMCID: PMC9177940 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.889017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is an intractable malignant tumor that has the fifth highest morbidity and the third highest mortality in the world. Even though various treatment options did much to ameliorate the prognosis of advanced gastric cancer, the survival time remained unsatisfactory. It is significant to develop new therapeutic agents to improve the long-term outcome. Antibody–drug conjugate is an innovative and potent antineoplastic drug composed of a specifically targeted monoclonal antibody, a chemical linker, and a small molecule cytotoxic payload. Powerful therapeutic efficacy and moderate toxicity are its preponderant advantages, which imply the inevitable pharmaceutical developments to meet the demand for individualized precision therapy. Nevertheless, it is unavoidable that there is a phenomenon of drug resistance in this agent. This article systematically reviewed the recent progress of antibody–drug conjugates in advanced gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingyun Mei
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Dou Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongying Liao
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhui Zuo
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxia Xie
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Jia
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanming Kong
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Fanming Kong,
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