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Meng T, Xu Z, Wang HJ, Huang J, Wen JL, Huang MP, Zhou CY, Zhong JP. Mitochondria-localizing triphenylphosphine-8-hydroxyquinoline Ru complexes induce ferroptosis and their antitumor evaluation. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112585. [PMID: 38718498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are one of the most promising anticancer drugs and ferroptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death, the study on the effect of Ru complexes on ferroptosis is helpful to find more effective antitumor drugs. Here, the synthesis and characterization of two Ru complexes containing 8-hydroxylquinoline and triphenylphosphine as ligands, [Ru(L1) (PPh3)2Cl2] (Ru-1), [Ru(L2) (PPh3)2Cl2] (Ru-2), were reported. Complexes Ru-1 ∼ Ru-2 showed good anticancer activity in Hep-G2 cells. Researches indicated that complexes Ru-1 ∼ Ru-2 could be enriched and appear as red fluorescence in the mitochondria, arouse dysfunction of mitochondria, induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), while the morphology of nuclei and cell apoptosis had no significant change. Further experiments proved that GPX4 and Ferritin were down-regulated, which eventually triggered ferroptosis in Hep-G2 cells. Remarkably, Ru-1 showed high inhibitory activity against xenograft tumor growth in vivo (TGIR = 49%). This study shows that the complex Ru-1 could act as a novel drug candidate by triggering cell ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Meng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Han-Jie Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jia-Li Wen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mei-Ping Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Jing-Ping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Tian H, Zhu N, Wang H, Li Y, Yang Q, Chen H, Zhou Z, Tan J, Zheng H, Xie J, Li W, Liang M, Guo Z, Li Z. Self-Oxygenated Hydrogel Enhances Immune Cell Response and Infiltration Via Triggering Dual DNA Damage to Activate cGAS-STING and Inhibiting CAFs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403428. [PMID: 39051518 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) offer promise in breaking through the treatment and survival dilemma of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), yet only immunomodulatory subtype and ≈5% TNBC patients respond as monotherapy due to lack of effector immune cells (internal problem) and physical barrier (external limitation) formed by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). A hydrogel drug-delivery platform, ALG@TBP-2/Pt(0)/nintedanib (ALG@TPN), is designed to induce strong immune functions and the dual elimination of the internal and external tumor microenvironment (TME). Activated by white light, through type I and II photodynamic therapy (PDT), TBP-2 generates large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intracellularly, oxidizing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The unique catalase activity of Pt(0) converts endogenous H2O2 to O2, reducing the anoxia-limiting PDT and enhancing ROS generation efficacy. Abundant ROS can oxidize Pt(0) to cytotoxic Pt(II), damaging the nuclear DNA (nDNA). Dual damage to mtDNA and nDNA might bi-directionally activate the cGAS/STING pathway and enhance the immune cell response. Besides, nintedanib demonstrates a significant inhibitory effect on CAFs, weakening the immune barrier and deepening immune cell infiltration. Overall, the study provides a self-oxygenating hydrogel with the "PDT/chemotherapy/anti-CAFs" effect, triggering the cGAS/STING pathway to reshape the TME. Both internal and external interventions increase anti-TNBC immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Tian
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Nan Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haiting Wang
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Yanpo Li
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Qiuping Yang
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Zhongming Zhou
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Jianhui Tan
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Huihui Zheng
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Jiayi Xie
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan, 421008, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhaoze Guo
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515000, China
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Gan L, Xia Y, Lv J, Xie J, Yan Y, Chen Y. A Fe 2O 3/CNx cascade nanoreactor with dual-enzyme-mimetic activities for cancer hypoxia relief to amplify chemo/photodynamic therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114070. [PMID: 38968858 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated therapeutic strategies, including chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and their combination, are effective for treating cancer. Developing a nanoreactor with combined functions of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) that can simultaneously convert excess H2O2 in tumors into O2 required for type II PDT and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for CDT can help achieve combined therapy. Here, we reported on a safe Fe2O3/CNx nanoreactor with dual enzyme simulated activity, in which CNx sheet was the carrier and reducing agent to convert Fe2O3 to Fe2+. After modified by MgO2 and photosensitizer Ce6, MgO2-Fe2O3/CNx-Ce6 (MFCC) platform integrated multiple functions, including photosensitizer delivery, compensated H2O2 continuous supply, relieve of hypoxia, generation of •OH and consumption of GSH into a single formulation. Under 660 nm irradiation for 4 min, MFCC actives more ROS to conduct PDT/CDT, leading to the remarkable reduced survival rate of breast cancer cells to 14 %. Due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, MFCC can retain and accumulate at the tumor site of mice for a longer period that inhibit the expression of tumor angiogenic factors, suppress tumor neovascularization, and suppress the proliferation and growth of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, PR China
| | - Yongzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, PR China
| | - Jie Lv
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, PR China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, PR China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, PR China.
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Fan R, Lin R, Zhang S, Deng A, Hai Y, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Cheng M, Wei G. Novel Pt(IV) complex OAP2 induces STING activation and pyroptosis via mitochondrial membrane remodeling for synergistic chemo-immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1742-1758. [PMID: 38572099 PMCID: PMC10985026 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane remodeling can trigger the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), leading to the activation of cellular oxidative stress and immune responses. While the role of mitochondrial membrane remodeling in promoting inflammation in hepatocytes is well-established, its effects on tumors have remained unclear. In this study, we designed a novel Pt(IV) complex, OAP2, which is composed of oxaliplatin (Oxa) and acetaminophen (APAP), to enhance its anti-tumor effects and amplify the immune response. Our findings demonstrate that OAP2 induces nuclear DNA damage, resulting in the production of nuclear DNA. Additionally, OAP2 downregulates the expression of mitochondrial Sam50, to promote mitochondrial membrane remodeling and trigger mtDNA secretion, leading to double-stranded DNA accumulation and ultimately synergistically activating the intracellular cGAS-STING pathway. The mitochondrial membrane remodeling induced by OAP2 overcomes the limitations of Oxa in activating the STING pathway and simultaneously promotes gasdermin-D-mediated cell pyroptosis. OAP2 also promotes dendritic cell maturation and enhances the quantity and efficacy of cytotoxic T cells, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Briefly, our study introduces the first novel small-molecule inhibitor that regulates mitochondrial membrane remodeling for active immunotherapy in anti-tumor research, which may provide a creative idea for targeting organelle in anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renming Fan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ruizhuo Lin
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Aohua Deng
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yongrui Hai
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Junyan Zhuang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Gaofei Wei
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Jeong DI, Kim HJ, Lee SY, Kim S, Huh JW, Ahn JH, Karmakar M, Kim HJ, Lee K, Lee J, Ko HJ, Cho HJ. Hydrogel design to overcome thermal resistance and ROS detoxification in photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer. J Control Release 2024; 366:142-159. [PMID: 38145660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Responsive heat resistance (by heat shock protein upregulation) and spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification have been regarded as the major obstacles for photothermal/photodynamic therapy of cancer. To overcome the thermal resistance and improve ROS susceptibility in breast cancer therapy, Au ion-crosslinked hydrogels including indocyanine green (ICG) and polyphenol are devised. Au ion has been introduced for gel crosslinking (by catechol-Au3+ coordination), cellular glutathione depletion, and O2 production from cellular H2O2. ICG can generate singlet oxygen from O2 (for photodynamic therapy) and induce hyperthermia (for photothermal therapy) under the near-infrared laser exposure. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate downregulates heat shock protein to overcome heat resistance during hyperthermia and exerts multiple anticancer functions in spite of its ironical antioxidant features. Those molecules are concinnously engaged in the hydrogel structure to offer fast gel transformation, syringe injection, self-restoration, and rheological tuning for augmented photo/chemotherapy of cancer. Intratumoral injection of multifunctional hydrogel efficiently suppressed the growth of primary breast cancer and completely eliminated the residual tumor mass. Proposed hydrogel system can be applied to tumor size reduction prior to surgery of breast cancer and the complete remission after its surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da In Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Huh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrinmoy Karmakar
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - KangJu Lee
- School of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Liu K, Yao Y, Xue S, Zhang M, Li D, Xu T, Zhi F, Liu Y, Ding D. Recent Advances of Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanomedicines-Energized Combined Phototherapy of Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2480. [PMID: 37896240 PMCID: PMC10610502 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a powerful tumor treatment tool due to its advantages including minimal invasiveness, high selectivity and thus dampened side effects. On the other side, the efficacy of PDT is severely frustrated by the limited oxygen level in tumors, thus promoting its combination with other therapies, particularly photothermal therapy (PTT) for bolstered tumor treatment outcomes. Meanwhile, nanomedicines that could respond to various stimuli in the tumor microenvironment (TME) provide tremendous benefits for combined phototherapy with efficient hypoxia relief, tailorable drug release and activation, improved cellular uptake and intratumoral penetration of nanocarriers, etc. In this review, we will introduce the merits of combining PTT with PDT, summarize the recent important progress of combined phototherapies and their combinations with the dominant tumor treatment regimen, chemotherapy based on smart nanomedicines sensitive to various TME stimuli with a focus on their sophisticated designs, and discuss the challenges and future developments of nanomedicine-mediated combined phototherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (K.L.); (S.X.); (M.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Gerontology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian 223800, China;
| | - Shujuan Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (K.L.); (S.X.); (M.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (K.L.); (S.X.); (M.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Dazhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, China; (D.L.); (F.Z.)
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (K.L.); (S.X.); (M.Z.); (T.X.)
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 NY74 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Feng Zhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, China; (D.L.); (F.Z.)
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (K.L.); (S.X.); (M.Z.); (T.X.)
| | - Dawei Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (K.L.); (S.X.); (M.Z.); (T.X.)
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Huang W, Yao F, Tian S, Liu M, Liu G, Jiang Y. Recent Advances in Zein-Based Nanocarriers for Precise Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1820. [PMID: 37514006 PMCID: PMC10384823 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has emerged as a leading cause of death worldwide. However, the pursuit of precise cancer therapy and high-efficiency delivery of antitumor drugs remains an enormous obstacle. The major challenge is the lack of a smart drug delivery system with the advantages of biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability, targeting and response release. Zein, a plant-based protein, possesses a unique self-assembly ability to encapsulate anticancer drugs directly or indirectly. Using zein as a nanotherapeutic pharmaceutic preparation can protect anticancer drugs from harsh environments, such as sunlight, stomach acid and pepsin. Moreover, the surface functionalization of zein is easily realized, which can endow it with targeting and stimulus-responsive release capacity. Hence, zein is an ideal nanocarrier for the precise delivery of anticancer drugs. Combined with our previous research experiences, we attempt to review the current state of the preparation of zein-based nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. The challenges, solutions and development trends of zein-based nanocarriers for precise cancer therapy are discussed. This review will provide a guideline for precise cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Huang
- College of Medicine and Health Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Fei Yao
- College of Medicine and Health Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Shuangyan Tian
- College of Medicine and Health Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Mohao Liu
- College of Medicine and Health Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Guijin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Yanbin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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