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Li N, He J. Hydrogel-based therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury repair: Recent advances and future prospects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134591. [PMID: 39127289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that can result in significant functional impairment and loss of quality of life. There is a growing interest in developing new therapies for SCI, and hydrogel-based multimodal therapeutic strategies have emerged as a promising approach. They offer several advantages for SCI repair, including biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, low immunogenicity, and the ability to deliver therapeutic agents. This article provides an overview of the recent advances in hydrogel-based therapy strategies for SCI repair, particularly within the past three years. We summarize the SCI hydrogels with varied characteristics such as phase-change hydrogels, self-healing hydrogel, oriented fibers hydrogel, and self-assembled microspheres hydrogel, as well as different functional hydrogels such as conductive hydrogels, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, adhesive hydrogel, antioxidant hydrogel, sustained-release hydrogel, etc. The composition, preparation, and therapeutic effect of these hydrogels are briefly discussed and comprehensively evaluated. In the end, the future development of hydrogels in SCI repair is prospected to inspire more researchers to invest in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China
| | - Jintao He
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China.
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Li L, Mu J, Chen J, Huang T, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Zhang T, Kong X, Sun J, Jiang X, Wu J, Cao J, Zhang X, Huang F, Feng S, Gao J. An integrated long-acting implant of clinical safe cells, drug and biomaterials effectively promotes spinal cord repair and restores motor functions. J Control Release 2024; 375:236-248. [PMID: 39245419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is incurable and raises growing concerns. The main barrier to nerve repair is the complicated inhibitory microenvironment, where single-targeted strategies are largely frustrated. Despite the progress in combinatory therapeutic systems, the development and translation of effective therapies remain a challenge with extremely limited clinical materials. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells are transplanted in combination with sustained release of methylprednisolone through delivery in one composite matrix of a microsphere-enveloped adhesive hydrogel. All the materials used, including the stem cells, drug, and the matrix polymers gelatin and hyaluronan, are clinically approved. The therapeutic effects and safety issues are evaluated on rat and canine SCI models. The implantation significantly promotes functional restoration and nerve repair in a severe long-span rat spinal cord transection model. Distant spinal cord segments and the urinary system are effectively protected against pathologic damage. Moreover, the local sustained drug delivery mitigates the inflammatory microenvironment when overcoming the clinical issue of systemic side effects. The study presents an innovative strategy to achieve safe and efficient combinatory treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiafu Mu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianchen Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youzhi Cai
- Department of Orthopedics and Center for Sport Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- Department of Radiology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Radiology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xinchi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xunqi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250033, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Yuan T, Liu W, Wang T, Ye F, Zhang J, Gu Z, Xu J, Li Y. Natural Polyphenol Delivered Methylprednisolone Achieve Targeted Enrichment for Acute Spinal Cord Injury Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404815. [PMID: 39105462 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The strong anti-inflammatory effect of methylprednisolone (MP) is a necessary treatment for various severe cases including acute spinal cord injury (SCI). However, concerns have been raised regarding adverse effects from MP, which also severely limits its clinical application. Natural polyphenols, due to their rich phenolic hydroxyl chemical properties, can form dynamic structures without additional modification, achieving targeted enrichment and drug release at the disease lesion, making them a highly promising carrier. Considering the clinical application challenges of MP, a natural polyphenolic platform is employed for targeted and efficient delivery of MP, reducing its systemic side effects. Both in vitro and SCI models demonstrated polyphenols have multiple advantages as carriers for delivering MP: (1) Achieved maximum enrichment at the injured site in 2 h post-administration, which met the desires of early treatment for diseases; (2) Traceless release of MP; (3) Reducing its side effects; (4) Endowed treatment system with new antioxidative properties, which is also an aspect that needs to be addressed for diseases treatment. This study highlighted a promising prospect of the robust delivery system based on natural polyphenols can successfully overcome the barrier of MP treatment, providing the possibility for its widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Tianyou Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Scattolin T, Tonon G, Botter E, Canale VC, Hasanzadeh M, Cuscela DM, Buschini A, Zarepour A, Khosravi A, Cordani M, Rizzolio F, Zarrabi A. Synergistic applications of cyclodextrin-based systems and metal-organic frameworks in transdermal drug delivery for skin cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3807-3839. [PMID: 38529820 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00312h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This review article explores the innovative field of eco-friendly cyclodextrin-based coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for transdermal drug delivery in the case of skin cancer therapy. We critically examine the significant advancements in developing these nanocarriers, with a focus on their unique properties such as biocompatibility, targeted drug release, and enhanced skin permeability. These attributes are instrumental in addressing the limitations inherent in traditional skin cancer treatments and represent a paradigm shift towards more effective and patient-friendly therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges faced in optimizing the synthesis process for large-scale production while ensuring environmental sustainability. The review also emphasizes the immense potential for clinical applications of these nanocarriers in skin cancer therapy, highlighting their role in facilitating targeted, controlled drug release which minimizes systemic side effects. Future clinical applications could see these nanocarriers being customized to individual patient profiles, potentially revolutionizing personalized medicine in oncology. With further research and clinical trials, these nanocarriers hold the promise of transforming the landscape of skin cancer treatment. With this study, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this field and outline future directions for advancing the development and clinical application of these innovative nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Eleonora Botter
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Viviana Claudia Canale
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mahdi Hasanzadeh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Yazd University, P.O. Box 89195-741, Yazd, Iran
| | - Denise Maria Cuscela
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- COMT (Interdepartmental Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Annamaria Buschini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- COMT (Interdepartmental Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600 077, India
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Turkey
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320315, Taiwan
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Zhao LX, Chen LL, Cheng D, Wu TY, Fan YG, Wang ZY. Potential Application Prospects of Biomolecule-Modified Two-Dimensional Chiral Nanomaterials in Biomedicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2022-2040. [PMID: 38506625 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Chirality, one of the most fundamental properties of natural molecules, plays a significant role in biochemical reactions. Nanomaterials with chiral characteristics have superior properties, such as catalytic properties, optoelectronic properties, and photothermal properties, which have significant potential for specific applications in nanomedicine. Biomolecular modifications such as nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides are sources of chirality for nanomaterials with great potential for application in addition to intrinsic chirality, artificial macromolecules, and metals. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, as opposed to other dimensions, due to proper surface area, extensive modification sites, drug loading potential, and simplicity of preparation, are prepared and utilized in diagnostic applications, drug delivery research, and tumor therapy. Current advanced studies on 2D chiral nanomaterials for biomedicine are focused on novel chiral development, structural control, and materials sustainability applications. However, despite the advances in biomedical research, chiral 2D nanomaterials still confront challenges such as the difficulty of synthesis, quality control, batch preparation, chiral stability, and chiral recognition and selectivity. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the origins, synthesis, applications, and challenges of 2D chiral nanomaterials with biomolecules as cargo and chiral modifications and highlight their potential roles in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Li-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Di Cheng
- Dalian Gentalker Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian 116699, China
| | - Ting-Yao Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Yao X, Chen X, Sun Y, Yang P, Gu X, Dai X. Application of metal-organic frameworks-based functional composite scaffolds in tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae009. [PMID: 38420353 PMCID: PMC10900102 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of materials science and tissue engineering, a variety of biomaterials have been used to construct tissue engineering scaffolds. Due to the performance limitations of single materials, functional composite biomaterials have attracted great attention as tools to improve the effectiveness of biological scaffolds for tissue repair. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great promise for application in tissue engineering because of their high specific surface area, high porosity, high biocompatibility, appropriate environmental sensitivities and other advantages. This review introduces methods for the construction of MOFs-based functional composite scaffolds and describes the specific functions and mechanisms of MOFs in repairing damaged tissue. The latest MOFs-based functional composites and their applications in different tissues are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of using MOFs-based composites in tissue engineering are summarized. The aim of this review is to show the great potential of MOFs-based functional composite materials in the field of tissue engineering and to stimulate further innovation in this promising area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xinran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Pengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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7
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Liu Y, Wang S, Quan C, Luan S, Shi H, Wang L. Metal-organic framework-based platforms for implantation applications: recent advances and challenges. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:637-649. [PMID: 38165820 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02620e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of minimally invasive technology has promoted the widespread use of implant interventional materials, which play an important role in alleviating patients' pain during and after surgery. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their related hybrids formed by bridging ligands and metal nodes via covalent bonds represent one of the smart platforms in implant interventional fields due to their large surface area, adjustable compositions and structures, biodegradability, etc. Significant progresses in the implantation application of MOF-based materials have been achieved recently, but these studies are still in the initial stage. This review highlights the recent advances of MOFs and their related hybrids in orthopedic implantation, cardio-vascular implantation, neural tissue engineering, and biochemical sensing. Each correction between the structural features of MOFs and their corresponding implanted works is highlighted. Finally, the confronting challenges and future perspectives in the implant interventional field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shuteng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Quan
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China.
| | - Shifang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hengchong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
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Guan P, Fan L, Zhu Z, Yang Q, Kang X, Li J, Zhang Z, Liu S, Liu C, Wang X, Xu J, Wang K, Sun Y. M2 microglia-derived exosome-loaded electroconductive hydrogel for enhancing neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:8. [PMID: 38167113 PMCID: PMC10763283 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Electroconductive hydrogels offer a promising avenue for enhancing the repair efficacy of spinal cord injuries (SCI) by restoring disrupted electrical signals along the spinal cord's conduction pathway. Nonetheless, the application of hydrogels composed of diverse electroconductive materials has demonstrated limited capacity to mitigate the post-SCI inflammatory response. Recent research has indicated that the transplantation of M2 microglia effectively fosters SCI recovery by attenuating the excessive inflammatory response. Exosomes (Exos), small vesicles discharged by cells carrying similar biological functions to their originating cells, present a compelling alternative to cellular transplantation. This investigation endeavors to exploit M2 microglia-derived exosomes (M2-Exos) successfully isolated and reversibly bonded to electroconductive hydrogels through hydrogen bonding for synergistic promotion of SCI repair to synergistically enhance SCI repair. In vitro experiments substantiated the significant capacity of M2-Exos-laden electroconductive hydrogels to stimulate the growth of neural stem cells and axons in the dorsal root ganglion and modulate microglial M2 polarization. Furthermore, M2-Exos demonstrated a remarkable ability to mitigate the initial inflammatory reaction within the injury site. When combined with the electroconductive hydrogel, M2-Exos worked synergistically to expedite neuronal and axonal regeneration, substantially enhancing the functional recovery of rats afflicted with SCI. These findings underscore the potential of M2-Exos as a valuable reparative factor, amplifying the efficacy of electroconductive hydrogels in their capacity to foster SCI rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhaobo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Baiyun Branch, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qinfeng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinchang Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junji Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zuyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shencai Liu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- The Operating Room of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yongjian Sun
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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