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An Overview of Promising Alternative Fuels for Road, Rail, Air, and Inland Waterway Transport in Germany. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15041443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To solve the challenge of decarbonizing the transport sector, a broad variety of alternative fuels based on different concepts, including Power-to-Gas and Power-to-Liquid, and propulsion systems, have been developed. The current research landscape is investigating either a selection of fuel options or a selection of criteria, a comprehensive overview is missing so far. This study aims to close this gap by providing a holistic analysis of existing fuel and drivetrain options, spanning production to utilization. For this purpose, a case study for Germany is performed considering different vehicle classes in road, rail, inland waterway, and air transport. The evaluated criteria on the production side include technical maturity, costs, as well as environmental impacts, whereas, on the utilization side, possible blending with existing fossil fuels and the satisfaction of the required mission ranges are evaluated. Overall, the fuels and propulsion systems, Methanol-to-Gasoline, Fischer–Tropsch diesel and kerosene, hydrogen, battery-electric propulsion, HVO, DME, and natural gas are identified as promising future options. All of these promising fuels could reach near-zero greenhouse gas emissions bounded to some mandatory preconditions. However, the current research landscape is characterized by high insecurity with regard to fuel costs, depending on the predicted range and length of value chains.
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Schlögl R. Chemische Batterien mit CO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlögl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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Elucidating the Influence of the d-Band Center on the Synthesis of Isobutanol. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the search for carbon-efficient synthesis pathways for green alternatives to fossil fuels continues, an expanding class of catalysts have been developed for the upgrading of lower alcohols. Understanding of the acid base functionalities has greatly influenced the search for new materials, but the influence of the metal used in catalysts cannot be explained in a broader sense. We address this herein and correlate our findings with the most fundamental understanding of chemistry to date by applying it to d-band theory as part of an experimental investigation. The commercial catalysts of Pt, Rh, Ru, Cu, Pd, and Ir on carbon as a support have been characterized by means of SEM, EDX-mapping, STEM, XRD, N2-physisorption, and H2-chemisorption. Their catalytic activity has been established by means of c-methylation of ethanol with methanol. For all catalysts, the TOF with respect to i-butanol was examined. The Pt/C reached the highest TOF with a selectivity towards i-butanol of 89%. The trend for the TOFs could be well correlated with the d-band centers of the metal, which formed a volcano curve. Therefore, this study is another step towards the rationalization of catalyst design for the upgrading of alcohols into carbon-neutral fuels or chemical feedstock.
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Tao L, Choksi TS, Liu W, Pérez-Ramírez J. Synthesizing High-Volume Chemicals from CO 2 without Direct H 2 Input. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6066-6089. [PMID: 32946662 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonizing the chemical industry will eventually entail using CO2 as a feedstock for chemical synthesis. However, many chemical syntheses involve CO2 reduction using inputs such as renewable hydrogen. In this review, chemical processes are discussed that use CO2 as an oxidant for upgrading hydrocarbon feedstocks. The captured CO2 is inherently reduced by the hydrocarbon co-reactants without consuming molecular hydrogen or renewable electricity. This CO2 utilization approach can be potentially applied to synthesize eight emission-intensive molecules, including olefins and epoxides. Catalytic systems and reactor concepts are discussed that can overcome practical challenges, such as thermodynamic limitations, over-oxidation, coking, and heat management. Under the best-case scenario, these hydrogen-free CO2 reduction processes have a combined CO2 abatement potential of approximately 1 gigatons per year and avoid the consumption of 1.24 PWh renewable electricity, based on current market demand and supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Tao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Tej S Choksi
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular Engineering National University Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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Abstract
Conventional fossil fuels such as gasoline or diesel should be substituted in the future by environmentally-friendly alternatives in order to reduce emissions in the transport sector and thus mitigate global warming. In this regard, iso-butanol is very promising as its chemical and physical properties are very similar to those of gasoline. Therefore, ongoing research deals with the development of catalytically-supported synthesis routes to iso-butanol, starting from renewably-generated methanol. This research has already revealed that the dehydrogenation of ethanol plays an important role in the reaction sequence from methanol to iso-butanol. To improve the fundamental understanding of the ethanol dehydrogenation step, the Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) methodology was applied to illuminate that the catalysts used, Pt/C, Ir/C and Cu/C, are very active in ethanol adsorption. H2 and acetaldehyde are formed on the catalyst surfaces, with the latter quickly decomposing into CO and CH4 under the given reaction conditions. Based on the TAP results, this paper proposes a reaction scheme for ethanol dehydrogenation and acetaldehyde decomposition on the respective catalysts. The samples are characterized by means of N2 sorption and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM).
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Cheng J, Dong H, Zhang H, Yuan L, Li H, Yue L, Hua J, Zhou J. Improving CH 4 production and energy conversion from CO 2 and H 2 feedstock gases with mixed methanogenic community over Fe nanoparticles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123799. [PMID: 32673781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To achieve methanogenic community optimization and improve the conversion efficiency of CO2 to CH4, Fe nanoparticles were used to promote the Methanothermobacter abundance in methanogens, which significantly increased the conversion efficiency of CO2 and H2 feedstock gases to CH4 product. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that Methanothermobacter abundance markedly increased from 7 to 16% when the Fe nanoparticles concentration increased from 0 to 1.5 g/LR (the working volume in the bioreactor). Therefore, the CH4 yield significantly promoted from 0.105 to 0.186 L/LR. However, when the Fe nanoparticles concentration was further increased to 2 g/LR, methanogenesis was inhibited due to toxic effects. The electron transfer constant kapp of anaerobic sludge increased by 32.8-fold to 5.77 × 10-2 s-1 when the Fe nanoparticles concentration increased from 0 to 1.5 g/LR, which significantly promoted carbon conversion efficiency from 52.9 to 92.9% and energy conversion efficiency from 46.3 to 76.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Haiquan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Hangzhou Environmental Group Company Limited, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Luyun Yuan
- Hangzhou Environmental Group Company Limited, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liangchen Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junjie Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Abstract
Efforts to obtain raw materials from CO2 by catalytic reduction as a means of combating greenhouse gas emissions are pushing the boundaries of the chemical industry. The dimensions of modern energy regimes, on the one hand, and the necessary transport and trade of globally produced renewable energy, on the other, will require the use of chemical batteries in conjunction with the local production of renewable electricity. The synthesis of methanol is an important option for chemical batteries and will, for that reason, be described here in detail. It is also shown that the necessary, robust, and fundamental understanding of processes and the material science of catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 does not yet exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlögl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Thonemann N, Stießel S, Maga D, Dresen B, Hiebel M, Hunstock B, Deerberg G, Weidner E. Location Planning for the Production of CO
2
‐Based Chemicals Using the Example of Olefin Production. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Thonemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Sebastian Stießel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Daniel Maga
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Boris Dresen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Markus Hiebel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Björn Hunstock
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Görge Deerberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Eckhard Weidner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
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Burre J, Bongartz D, Brée L, Roh K, Mitsos A. Power‐to‐X: Between Electricity Storage, e‐Production, and Demand Side Management. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201900102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Burre
- RWTH Aachen UniversityProcess Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT) Forckenbeckstraße 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Dominik Bongartz
- RWTH Aachen UniversityProcess Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT) Forckenbeckstraße 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Luisa Brée
- RWTH Aachen UniversityProcess Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT) Forckenbeckstraße 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kosan Roh
- RWTH Aachen UniversityProcess Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT) Forckenbeckstraße 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- RWTH Aachen UniversityProcess Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT) Forckenbeckstraße 51 52074 Aachen Germany
- JARA-ENERGY Templergraben 55 52056 Aachen Germany
- Forschungszentrum JülichEnergy Systems Engineering (IEK-10) Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
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10
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Thonemann N, Stießel S, Maga D, Hiebel M, Dresen B, Hunstock B, Deerberg G, Weidner E. Standortplanung für die Herstellung CO
2
‐basierter Chemikalien am Beispiel der Olefinproduktion. CHEM-ING-TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Thonemann
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | | | - Daniel Maga
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Markus Hiebel
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Boris Dresen
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Björn Hunstock
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Görge Deerberg
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Eckhard Weidner
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
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