1
|
Hardgrove E, Zimmerman DM, von Fricken ME, Deem S. A scoping review of rodent-borne pathogen presence, exposure, and transmission at zoological institutions. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105345. [PMID: 34090722 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodents are one of the major taxa most likely to carry zoonotic diseases, harboring more than 85 unique zoonotic pathogens. While the significance of rodents' capacity to carry and transmit disease has been characterized in urban settings, the zoo environment is particularly unique given the overlap of collection, free-living, and feeder rodents as well as non-rodent collection animals, staff, and visitors. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This scoping review examines reports of rodent-borne pathogen detection or transmission in zoo settings extracted from the literature. Papers were included in the final analysis if there was evidence of presence or exposure to a pathogen in a rodent at a zoological institution. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE Publications were included from PubMed, CAB Abstracts and Biological Abstracts searched in August 2019. CHARTING METHODS Data extracted from publications on pathogen presence/exposure included publication identifiers, study identifiers, infectious agent identifiers, rodent identifiers, and non-rodent collection animal identifiers. Extraction from papers with evidence of disease transmission included number of rodents involved in transmission, non-rodent collection animal species and numbers, and job title of humans involved, diagnostic tests performed, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Aggregate literature examined included 207 publications presenting evidence of pathogen presence and/or exposure in rodents across 43 countries in over 140 zoological institutions. A total of 143 infectious agent genera were identified, comprising 14 viral genera, 31 bacterial genera, 83 parasitic genera, and 15 fungal genera. Of these infectious agents, over 75 % were potentially zoonotic. The most common disease-causing agent genera identified were Leptospira, Toxoplasma, Salmonella, and Yersinia. Additional screening for evidence of pathogen transmission across species yielded 30 publications, indicating an area for future investigation to better inform surveillance and management priorities in order to reduce exposure, infection, and transmission. CONCLUSIONS Analyzing the breadth of rodent species and pathogens identified at zoos highlights the unique opportunity zoos have to be at the forefront of the early detection and identification of novel hosts and geographic ranges of rodent-borne pathogens with high impact on both endangered species and people. The overlap of these populations at zoos exemplifies the importance of considering One Health when prioritizing surveillance and risk mitigation of rodent reservoirs at zoos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hardgrove
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - Dawn M Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Sharon Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quadros RMD, Weiss PHE, Miletti LC, Moura ABD. OCCURRENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (BANCROFT, 1893) MORAVEC, 1982 EGGS IN FECES OF DOGS AND CATS IN LAGES, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:6. [PMID: 26910455 PMCID: PMC4793947 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to report the incidence of Calodium hepaticum among dogs and cats,
pets or stray animals, captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) in Lages, Santa
Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples from 108 pet dogs and eight pet cats, and from 357
stray dogs and 97 stray cats, captured by CCZ, were analyzed within the period from
July 2010 to November 2012. Coproparasitological exams were performed by techniques
of sedimentation, centrifuge-flotation, and simple flotation. Among 465 fecal samples
from dogs and 105 from cats, the overall spurious infections for C. hepaticum eggs
were 1.05%. For dogs, this positivity was 0.43% and for cats it was 3.81%. The two
positive dogs were stray and out of the four cats, three were stray and one was a
pet. Although the occurrence of C. hepaticum eggs was low, these data reveal the
existence of infected rodents, especially in public places, since, out of the six
infected animals, five (83.33%) were stray. These results are discussed and analyzed
with an emphasis on the risk to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brasil, , , ,
| | - Anderson Barbosa de Moura
- Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brasil, , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Le Bailly M, Landolt M, Mauchamp L, Dufour B. Intestinal parasites in First World War German soldiers from "Kilianstollen", Carspach, France. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109543. [PMID: 25333988 PMCID: PMC4198135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleoparasitological investigations revealed the presence of intestinal helminths in samples taken from the abdominal cavities of two German soldiers, recovered in the First World War site named “Kilianstollen” in Carspach, France. Eggs from roundworm, whipworm, tapeworm and capillariids were identified. The morphological and morphometrical comparison, followed by statistical analyses, showed that the Carspach capillariid eggs are similar to rodent parasites. Poor sanitary conditions in the trenches, the lack of knowledge of parasites, and the widespread presence of commensal animals, can explain the occurrence of such parasites in human intestines. This study is the second dealing with 20th century human samples. It confirms the presence of intestinal worms in First World War German soldiers. In this case study, the application of statistics to precise measurements facilitated the diagnosis of ancient helminth eggs and completed the microscopic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Le Bailly
- University of Franche-Comte, CNRS UMR 6249 Chrono-Environment, Besancon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Michaël Landolt
- PAIR, CNRS UMR 7044 Archimède, ZA Sud, CIRSUD, Sélestat, France
| | - Leslie Mauchamp
- University of Franche-Comte, CNRS UMR 6249 Chrono-Environment, Besancon, France
| | - Benjamin Dufour
- University of Franche-Comte, CNRS UMR 6249 Chrono-Environment, Besancon, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McGarry JW, Higgins A, White NG, Pounder KC, Hetzel U. Zoonotic helminths of urban brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the UK: neglected public health considerations? Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:44-52. [PMID: 24661776 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urban brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) carry microbial human pathogens but their role as reservoir hosts for helminths of public health importance is less well known. In this study, 42 brown rats trapped on Merseyside were subject to thorough combined helminthological and pathohistological post-mortem examination. Eggs of the rodent-borne zoonotic nematode Calodium hepaticum were initially detected in histological sections of the livers of 9.5% of rats, but overall diagnostic sensitivity increased to 16.6% when entire liver tissue was disrupted and the resulting filtrates were examined for released eggs. In their rat host, mainly trapped inside the dockland, infections with C. hepaticum were associated with a chronic multifocal pyogranulomatous hepatitis with intralesional eggs and peripheral fibrosis. Mean intensity of hepatic C. hepaticum egg infections was 1041 eggs. This is the first report of C. hepaticum in an urban brown rat population in the UK and provides original data for liver egg burdens in this abundant commensal rodent. The zoonotic cestode Rodentolepis nana had a prevalence of infection of 14.3%. Rodent-specific, non-zoonotic helminths found were the spiruroid Mastophorus muris (16.0%) in the stomach, the trichuroid Trichosomoides crassicauda in the urinary bladder (31.0%); the ascarid Heterakis spumosa was the commonest helminth of the large intestine (76.2%). Many millions of brown rats inhabit cities and rural areas of the UK, and the infective stages of the zoonotic worm species, particularly C. hepaticum, are likely to be widely distributed in the environment presenting a threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W McGarry
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fuehrer HP. An overview of the host spectrum and distribution of Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica): part 1-Muroidea. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:619-40. [PMID: 24248632 PMCID: PMC3902076 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a worldwide-distributed species of zoonotic nematodes with a high affinity to the liver. Several rodent species of the superfamily Muroidea serve as main hosts for this pathogen. C. hepaticum has been found in Muroidean hosts in more than 60 countries in Europe; North, Central, and South America; Asia; Africa; and Oceania. C. hepaticum was documented in more than 90 Muroidean rodent species (Murinae, Deomyinae, Arvicolinae, Neotominae, Cricetinae, Sigmodontinae, Gerbillinae, and Cricetomyinae). Globally, the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) seems to be the main host species for this nematode. However, locally high prevalences (above 50 %) have also been observed in several other synanthropic (commensal and non-commensal) Muroidea species (e.g., Rattus tanezumi, Ondatra zibethicus, Apodemus sylvaticus). This review gives an overview of the distribution and host spectrum of C. hepaticum in Muroidea host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fuehrer HP. An overview of the host spectrum and distribution of Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica): part 2-Mammalia (excluding Muroidea). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:641-51. [PMID: 24257974 PMCID: PMC3902075 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a globally distributed zoonotic nematode with low host specificity and a high affinity to the liver. Although murid rodents are the main definite hosts, various other mammals can be affected with hepatic capillariasis: non-murid rodents, Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Hyracoidea, Marsupialia, Carnivora, and Primates. Overall, more than 180 mammalian species (including humans) are known as suitable hosts of this pathogen. This review gives an overview of the distribution and host spectrum of C. hepaticum in non-Muroidean mammals in wildlife and zoos as well as in domesticated and laboratory animals. Furthermore, the role of spurious infections in animals and the dissemination of C. hepaticum by mammalian and non-mammalian animals are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
A female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) and her two cubs held in a zoo in Chile exhibited signs of severe hepatic insufficiency. In spite of supportive treatment, the three animals died a few days after the onset of signs. Postmortem examination revealed ascites and fibrotic lesions in the liver of all the individuals. Histologically, the liver of two of them showed a severe parasitic ova infection and lipidosis, the morphologic characteristics of the parasitic ovas were consistent with Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepatica) eggs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first clinical case report of hepatic capillariasis in prosimians, and its implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rattus norvegicus como indicador de la circulación de Capillaria hepatica y Taenia taeniaeformis en la Plaza Minorista de Medellín, Colombia. BIOMEDICA 2012. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v32i4.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Kataranovski M, Mirkov I, Belij S, Popov A, Petrovic Z, Gaci Z, Kataranovski D. Intestinal helminths infection of rats (Ratus norvegicus) in the Belgrade area (Serbia): the effect of sex, age and habitat. Parasite 2011; 18:189-96. [PMID: 21678796 PMCID: PMC3671415 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2011182189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminths of Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) from the Belgrade area were studied as a part of a wider ecological research of rats in Serbia (data on the distribution, population ecology, economic and epizoothiological-epidemiological importance, and density control). Rats were captured from May 2005 to July 2009 at both urban and suburban-rural sites. Of a total of 302 trapped rats 48% were males and 52% females, with 36.5% and 38.8% of juvenile-subadult individuals, per sex respectively. Intestinal helminth infection was noted in 68.5% of rats, with a higher prevalence in male hosts and in adult individuals. Higher numbers of infected juveniles-subadults were noted in suburban-rural habitats, while an opposite tendency was noted in adult rats. Seven helminth species were recovered, of which five were nematode (Heterakis spumosa, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Capillaria sp., Trichuris muris and Syphacia muris) and two cestode species (Hymenolepis diminuta and Rodentolepis fraterna). The most prevalent parasites were Heterakis spumosa (36.7%) and Hymenolepis diminuta (30.5%). Sex and habitat-related differences were noted in the prevalence of infection with Capillaria sp. and Trichuris muris, while there were no age-related differences in the prevalence of infection with any individual helminth species. Significantly higher prevalence of infection was noted in summer as compared to spring or winter, with a tendency to be higher in autumn as compared to spring. The only significant difference in the prevalence of infection between habitat-related was noted during spring. H. spumosa was most prevalent in summer, while H. diminuta and N. brasiliensis in autumn. The mean intensity of infection with H. spumosa, R. fraterna, S. muris and T. muris was higher in autumn than in the other seasons, while N. brasiliensis and Capillaria sp. occured in winter. No more than four helminth species were found in one host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kataranovski
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa StankoviC", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Capillaria hepatica (C. hepatica) is a parasitic nematode causing hepatic capillariasis in numerous mammals. Ecologic studies showed that the first hosts of C. hepatica were rodents, among which rats had relatively high infection rates, which explains why C. hepatica spreads globally. Anatomical studies showed that the liver was the principal site of colonization by these parasites and physical damage tended to occur. Although C. hepatica might lead to serious liver disorders, relevant clinical reports were rare, because of the non-specific nature of clinical symptoms, leading to misdiagnosis. This review mainly focuses on the biological characteristics and epidemiology of C. hepatica in China and histopathologic changes in the liver, with expectation of gaining a better understanding of the disease and seeking more effective treatment.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jackson JA, Friberg IM, Bolch L, Lowe A, Ralli C, Harris PD, Behnke JM, Bradley JE. Immunomodulatory parasites and toll-like receptor-mediated tumour necrosis factor alpha responsiveness in wild mammals. BMC Biol 2009; 7:16. [PMID: 19386086 PMCID: PMC2685781 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunological analyses of wild populations can increase our understanding of how vertebrate immune systems respond to 'natural' levels of exposure to diverse infections. A major recent advance in immunology has been the recognition of the central role of phylogenetically conserved toll-like receptors in triggering innate immunity and the subsequent recruitment of adaptive response programmes. We studied the cross-sectional associations between individual levels of systemic toll-like receptor-mediated tumour necrosis factor alpha responsiveness and macro- and microparasite infections in a natural wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) population. Results Amongst a diverse group of macroparasites, only levels of the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and the louse Polyplax serrata were correlated (negatively) with innate immune responsiveness (measured by splenocyte tumour necrosis factor alpha responses to a panel of toll-like receptor agonists). Polyplax serrata infection explained a strikingly high proportion of the total variation in innate responses. Contrastingly, faecal oocyst count in microparasitic Eimeria spp. was positively associated with innate immune responsiveness, most significantly for the endosomal receptors TLR7 and TLR9. Conclusion Analogy with relevant laboratory models suggests the underlying causality for the observed patterns may be parasite-driven immunomodulatory effects on the host. A subset of immunomodulatory parasite species could thus have a key role in structuring other infections in natural vertebrate populations by affecting the 'upstream' innate mediators, like toll-like receptors, that are important in initiating immunity. Furthermore, the magnitude of the present result suggests that populations free from immunosuppressive parasites may exist at 'unnaturally' elevated levels of innate immune activation, perhaps leading to an increased risk of immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Jackson
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stidworthy MF, Lewis JCM, Masters NJ, Boardman SI, Hopper JS, de Linan FJL, Redrobe SP, Sayers G. Capillaria hepatica in primates in zoological collections in the British Isles. Vet Rec 2009; 164:66. [PMID: 19136692 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
13
|
Resendes AR, Amaral AFS, Rodrigues A, Almeria S. Prevalence of Calodium hepaticum (Syn. Capillaria hepatica) in house mice (Mus musculus) in the Azores archipelago. Vet Parasitol 2008; 160:340-3. [PMID: 19135804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calodium hepaticum (Syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a zoonotic liver nematode of mammals distributed worldwide. Rodents are believed to be the main reservoirs of this nematode. In this paper, prevalence of the parasite was analyzed in liver histological sections from 51 house mice (Mus musculus) caught in human-inhabited houses, from two localities (Furnas and Rabo de Peixe) on São Miguel island from the Azores archipelago (Portugal). Mean prevalence of infection was 19.6%, with 33.3% prevalence in Furnas and 4.1% in Rabo de Peixe (P=0.07). No significant differences were found between the prevalence of infection and the age, body weight and the sex of mice. Hepatic lesions found were either acute and/or chronic stage and consisted of moderate to severe multifocal pyogranulomatous hepatitis with encapsulated eggs with typical bipolar plugs and moderate to severe necrotizing hepatitis consistent with larva tracks. Periportal inflammatory infiltration, hepatocyte regeneration and bile duct hyperplasia were also noted. In most cases, hepatic lesions occupied more than 50% of the liver, but despite severe lesions, in some mice, no signs of hepatic failure were noticed. The high rate of infection found in the present study suggests that house mice are an important reservoir for this parasite in the Azores and could have a role in human transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Resendes
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Apartado 1422, 9501-855 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carrasco L, Raya AI, Núñez A, Gómez-Laguna J, Hernández S, Dubey JP. Fatal toxoplasmosis and concurrent Calodium hepaticum infection in Korean squirrels (Tanias sibericus). Vet Parasitol 2006; 137:180-3. [PMID: 16406358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four Korean squirrels (Tanias siberius) imported in Spain from People's Republic of China died 2 days after their arrival at a pet shop. They had neurological signs associated with generalized toxoplasmosis involving brain, lungs, liver, and the heart. Toxoplasma gondii-like tachyzoites and tissue cysts were found in organs of all four squirrels. The protozoa stained positively with T. gondii polyclonal antibodies and were ultrastructurally similar to T. gondii. Calodium (Capillaria) hepaticum infection was found in the liver of one squirrel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamentos de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Sanidad Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|