Immunohistochemical Study of Porcine Nephroblastoma

Neoplasms in Domestic Ruminants and Swine: A Systematic Literature Review

BACKGROUND

Due to the limited information and lack of studies on neoplasms in domestic ruminants, i.e., cattle, sheep, and goats, and domestic swine, the objective of the present study was to systematically review the scientific literature to verify the occurrence, type, organ system, and organs most affected by neoplasms in these animals.

METHODS

The recommendations of the PRISMA methodology were followed for the elaboration of this study. The research consisted of a systematic review of neoplasms in domestic cattle, sheep, goats, and swine.

RESULTS

The number of neoplasms found was 1873. The most affected organ system was the integumentary system with 35.0%, followed in descending order by the alimentary system with 16.90%, the hematopoietic system with 13.50%, the special senses (i.e., eyes and ears) with 10.51%, the female and male genital systems with 7.31%, the urinary system with 4.38%, the liver and biliary system with 3.152%, the endocrine glands with 3.91%, the respiratory system with 2.67%, the nervous system with 2.35%, bones and joints with 0.43%, muscles and tendons with 0.37%, the cardiovascular system with 0.21%, and the pancreas with 0.16%. Of the animals with neoplasms studied, cattle were affected in 69.80% of cases, goats in 10.52%, sheep in 10.46%, and swine in 9.18%. In all species, the most frequent neoplasms were squamous cell carcinomas in ruminants, while melanoma was the most frequent in swine. Few studies carried out in slaughterhouses were found, and the existing ones referred to cattle and swine. No data were found on economic losses with carcass condemnation.

CONCLUSIONS

In view of the above, it is necessary to carry out extensive and detailed studies that provide knowledge about the impact of neoplasms on the production and condemnation of carcasses in domestic cattle, sheep, goats, and swine and the respective risk factors.

Identification of key carcinogenic genes in Wilms' tumor

This study aimed to probe carcinogenic genes and pathways associated with Wilms' tumor (WT) onset and malignancy progression. After screening, three datasets acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and GO functional enrichment, KEGG pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) were analyzed. The DEGs with top fold change values or top protein interaction scores were used to analyze overall survival based on the TARGET WT dataset. Together, 866 up-regulated genes in GDS1791, 585 up-regulated genes in GDS2010, and 277 down-regulated genes in GDS4802 were found, from which 46 key DEGs were selected for further analysis. In the PPI network, hub positions included COL5A1, COL4A1, ARPP21, SPARCL1, CD86, LY96 and PPP1R12B. The top DEGs (ARPP21, SYNPO, PRRC2B, PPP1R12B, EFCAB2 and LY96) were selected for survival analysis, and they consistently showed a significantly positive correlation with poor survival. Together, five key carcinogenic genes (SYNPO, PRRC2B, PPP1R12B, EFCAB2 and LY96) were highly associated with WT onset and patient survival. These risk genes, interaction networks and enrichments should improve our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms in WT development and help clinical applications.

Neoplastic lesions in domestic pigs detected at slaughter: literature review and a 20-year review (1998-2018) of carcass inspection in Catalonia

Background

The present paper reviews the occurrence of neoplasms in swine and presents a case series of 56 tumors submitted to the Slaughterhouse Support Network (Servei de Suport a Escorxadors [SESC] IRTA-CReSA]) from slaughtered pigs from 1998 to 2018 (April) in Catalonia (Spain). The aim of the study was to describe the spectrum of spontaneous neoplastic lesions found in slaughtered pigs and to compare the reported tumor cases with previous published data. Lymphoid neoplasms were characterized and classified using the WHO classification adapted for animals.

Results

The most reported neoplasm during this period was lymphoma (28). Within lymphomas, the B-cell type was the most common, being the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (15/28) the most represented subtype. Other submitted non-lymphoid neoplasms included melanoma (7), nephroblastoma (3), mast cell tumor (2), liposarcoma (2), osteochondromatosis (2), papillary cystadenocarcinoma (1), peripheral nerve sheath tumor (1), lymphoid leukemia (1), fibropapilloma (1), hemangiosarcoma (1), hepatoma (1), histiocytic sarcoma (1), pheochromocytoma (1) and osteosarcoma (1).

Conclusions

The existence of a well-established Slaughterhouse Support Network allowed the compilation of comprehensive data for further epidemiological and pathological studies, particularly about less commonly reported lesions in livestock such as neoplasms in pigs.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-021-00207-0.

Congenital Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions in Calves: a Review

Congenital tumours and tumour-like lesions represent a group of rare disorders in both veterinary and human medicine that arise from tissue remnants and are detected during pregnancy or within the first 2-3 months of life. Different forms of congenital tumours and congenital tumour-like lesions have been reported in calves and their development is poorly understood. They often pose a diagnostic challenge and the referring nomenclature occasionally may be equivocal. Previous reports regarding tumour-like lesions, soft tissue tumours, vascular tumours, round cell tumours and neoplasms of the nervous, peritoneum and urogenital systems are summarized in this review, and the role of genetic factors in the development of these conditions is discussed.

Primary renal mixed tumor characterized by marked proliferation of osteoblast-like cells with osteoid formation in a swine

Renal mixed tumor characterized by the absence of nephrogenic blastema and the presence of predominant osteoid-producing osteoblast-like cells occurred in the kidney of a 6-month-old, hybrid, female pig. At the post-mortem examination, the tumor was found as a calcified grayish-white mass at the cranial end of the left kidney. Histologically the tumor consisted of 3 growth areas of poorly differentiated spindle cells, osteoid-producing osteoblast-like cells, and luminal epithelial cells. Transition from the spindle cells to the osteoblast-like cells or the luminal epithelial cells was observed. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells and the osteoblast-like cells were consistently positive for β-catenin. Although the luminal epithelial cells and adjacent spindle cells were positive for cytokeratin, these 3 types of tumor cells were consistently negative for WT1. The tumor was diagnosed as primary renal mixed tumor characterized by marked proliferation of osteoblast-like cells with osteoid formation.

Multifocal Spinal Cord Nephroblastoma in a Dog

A 1-year-old male American pit bull terrier was presented with a history of proprioceptive deficits and mild lameness of the right hindlimb, which progressed after 5 months to paraparesis, culminating in tetraparesis after 2 weeks. Necropsy findings were limited to the spinal cord and consisted of multiple, intradural, extramedullary, slightly red masses which produced segmental areas of medullary swelling located in the cervical intumescence, thoracolumbar column, sacral segment and cauda equina. Histological evaluation revealed a tumour, composed of epithelial, stromal and blastemal cells, with structures resembling tubules, acini and embryonic glomeruli. Immunohistochemical labelling for vimentin, cytokeratin and S100 was positive for the stromal, epithelial and blastemal cells, respectively. A final diagnosis of multifocal spinal cord nephroblastoma was established. This is the first report of such a tumour showing concomitant involvement of the cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, sacral and cauda equina areas of the spinal cord.

Neoplasmas em suínos: 37 casos

Resumo: Neoplasmas em suínos são raros. Esse trabalho descreve os neoplasmas encontrados em suínos na rotina diagnóstica de um laboratório de patologia veterinária localizado na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Durante um período de 49 anos, 2.266 casos de várias afecções em suínos foram encontrados, dos quais 37 (1,6%) eram neoplasmas. Em ordem decrescente de frequência, os seguintes neoplasmas foram encontrados: Linfoma (11/37), nefroblastoma (11/37), melanoma (8/37) e papiloma (2/37). Adicionalmente, um caso de cada um dos seguintes tumores foi observado: Adenoma hepatocelular, carcinoma hepatocelular, colangiocarcinoma, histiocitoma fibroso maligno e sarcoma granulocítico. O aspecto macroscópico e histológico desses tumores é descrito e a sua epidemiologia é comparada com os dados disponíveis na literatura para neoplasia suína.

Immunohistochemical Characterization of 13 Canine Renal Cell Carcinomas

Canine renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are uncommon aggressive tumors that occur mainly in middle-aged male dogs. Their histologic classification bears no relationship with prognosis, and little information is available concerning their immunohistochemical properties. In this retrospective study, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 13 canine RCCs were retrieved from the archives, classified histologically, and evaluated immunohistochemically. The dogs were 7 males and 6 females (1 spayed) of 10 different breeds, averaging 8 years in age. The tumors were classified as papillary, tubulopapillary, papillary–cystic, solid, or sarcomatoid. All 13 tumors were immunohistochemically positive for uromodulin, 12 for c-KIT, 11 for vimentin, 9 for wide-spectrum-screening cytokeratins, 7 for cytokeratins AE1/AE3 and carcinoembryonic antigen, 4 for cytokeratins CAM 5.2, and 3 for CD10. All 3 solid RCCs expressed vimentin, c-KIT, and carcinoembryonic antigen and were negative for cytokeratins. All 7 papillary and tubulopapillary tumors expressed vimentin; 6 (86%), cytokeratins; and 6 (86%), c-KIT. Both papillary–cystic RCCs were positive for cytokeratins and c-KIT and negative for vimentin. These results indicate that the different histologic types of RCC have characteristic immunohistochemical profiles and that c-KIT may be involved in the pathogenesis of canine RCC.