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Iron mobilization during lactation reduces oxygen stores in a diving mammal. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4322. [PMID: 35918323 PMCID: PMC9345918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The profound impacts that maternal provisioning of finite energy resources has on offspring survival have been extensively studied across mammals. This study shows that in addition to calories, high hemoprotein concentrations in diving mammals necessitates exceptional female-to-pup iron transfer. Numerous indices of iron mobilization (ferritin, serum iron, total-iron-binding-capacity, transferrin saturation) were significantly elevated during lactation in adult female Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), but not in skip-breeders. Iron was mobilized from endogenous stores for incorporation into the Weddell seal’s milk at concentrations up to 100× higher than terrestrial mammals. Such high rates of iron offload to offspring drew from the female’s own heme stores and led to compromised physiologic dive capacities (hemoglobin, myoglobin, and total body oxygen stores) after weaning their pups, which was further reflected in shorter dive durations. We demonstrate that lactational iron transfer shapes physiologic dive thresholds, identifying a cost of reproduction to a marine mammal. Here, the authors show that Weddell seal mothers mobilize endogenous iron stores during lactation to provide to pups, resulting in iron concentrations in milk 100x higher than terrestrial mammals. This was associated with reduced dive durations in the mother, a cost of reproduction.
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Sullivan KE, Lavin SR, Livingston S, Knutson M, Valdes EV, Warren LK. Safety and efficacy of a novel iron chelator (HBED; (N,N'-Di(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid)) in equine (Equus caballus) as a model for black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1107-1117. [PMID: 35894091 PMCID: PMC9542505 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While iron overload disorder (IOD) and related disease states are not considered a common occurrence in domestic equids, these issues appear prevalent in black rhinoceroses under human care. In addressing IOD in black rhinos, altering dietary iron absorption and excretion may be the most globally practical approach. A main option for treatment used across other species such as humans, is chelation therapy using iron‐specific synthetic compounds. As horses may serve as an appropriate digestive model for the endangered rhinoceros, we evaluated the potential use of the oral iron chelator N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine‐N,N‐diacetic acid (HBED) in horses for safety and efficacy prior to testing in black rhinoceros. Health and iron digestibility and dynamics were assessed in horses (n = 6) before, and after treatment with HBED (50 mg/kg body weight) for 8 days using a crossover design with serum, faecal and urine collection. A preliminary pharmacokinetic trial was also performed but no trace of HBED was found in serially sampled plasma through 8 h post‐oral dosing. HBED increased urinary iron output in horses compared to control by 0.7% of total iron intake (p < 0.01), for an average of 27 mg urinary iron/day, similar to human chelation goals. Blood chemistry, blood cell counts and overall wellness were not affected by treatment. As healthy horses are able to regulate iron absorption, the lack of change in iron balance is unsurprising. Short‐term HBED administration appeared to be safely tolerated by horses, therefore it was anticipated it would also be safe to administer to black rhinos for the management of iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, Florida, USA
| | - Shana R Lavin
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, Florida, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shannon Livingston
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, Florida, USA
| | - Mitchell Knutson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eduardo V Valdes
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, Florida, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lori K Warren
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Flores SRL, Nelson S, Woloshun RR, Wang X, Ha JH, Lee JK, Yu Y, Merlin D, Collins JF. Intestinal iron absorption is appropriately modulated to match physiological demand for iron in wild-type and iron-loaded Hamp (hepcidin) knockout rats during acute colitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252998. [PMID: 34143808 PMCID: PMC8213193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal damage, barrier breach, inflammation, and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) typify ulcerative colitis (UC) in humans. The anemia in UC appears to mainly relate to systemic inflammation. The pathogenesis of this ‘anemia of inflammation’ (AI) involves cytokine-mediated transactivation of hepatic Hamp (encoding the iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin). In AI, high hepcidin represses iron absorption (and iron release from stores), thus lowering serum iron, and restricting iron for erythropoiesis (causing anemia). In less-severe disease states, inflammation may be limited to the intestine, but whether this perturbs iron homeostasis is uncertain. We hypothesized that localized gut inflammation will increase overall iron demand (to support the immune response and tissue repair), and that hepatic Hamp expression will decrease in response, thus derepressing (i.e., enhancing) iron absorption. Accordingly, we developed a rat model of mild, acute colitis, and studied iron absorption and homeostasis. Rats exposed (orally) to DSS (4%) for 7 days had intestinal (but not systemic) inflammation, and biomarker analyses demonstrated that iron utilization was elevated. Iron absorption was enhanced (by 2-3-fold) in DSS-treated, WT rats of both sexes, but unexpectedly, hepatic Hamp expression was not suppressed. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of regulation of iron absorption during acute colitis, Hamp KO rats were used for further experimentation. The severity of DSS-colitis was similar in Hamp KOs as in WT controls. In the KOs, increased iron requirements associated with the physiological response to colitis were satisfied by mobilizing hepatic storage iron, rather than by increasing absorption of enteral iron (as occurred in WT rats). In conclusion then, in both sexes and genotypes of rats, iron absorption was appropriately modulated to match physiological demand for dietary iron during acute intestinal inflammation, but regulatory mechanisms may not involve hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen R. L. Flores
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Savannah Nelson
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Regina R. Woloshun
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Lee
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Yang Yu
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Didier Merlin
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - James F. Collins
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ruetten M, Steinmetz HW, Thiersch M, Kik M, Vaughan L, Altamura S, Muckenthaler MU, Gassmann M. Iron Regulation in Elderly Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus) Chronically Infected With Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:596379. [PMID: 33195633 PMCID: PMC7661576 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.596379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction of nutrients to pathogens (nutritional immunity) is a critical innate immune response mechanism that operates when pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis have the potential to evade humoral immunity. Tuberculosis is of growing concern for zoological collections worldwide and is well-illustrated by infections of Asian and African elephants, where tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose. Here, we investigated hematological parameters and iron deposition in liver, lung, and spleen of three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For reference purposes, we analyzed tissue samples from control M. tuberculosis-negative elephants with and without evidence of inflammation and/or chronic disease. Molecular analyses of bacterial lesions of post mortally collected tissues confirmed M. tuberculosis infection in three elephants. DNA sequencing of the bacterial cultures demonstrated a single source of infection, most likely of human origin. In these elephants, we observed moderate microcytic anemia as well as liver (mild), lung (moderate) and spleen (severe) iron accumulation, the latter mainly occurring in macrophages. Macrophage iron sequestration in response to infection and inflammation is caused by inhibition of iron export via hepcidin-dependent and independent mechanisms. The hepatic mRNA levels of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin were increased in only one control elephant suffering from chronic inflammation without mycobacterial infection. By contrast, all three tuberculosis-infected elephants showed low hepcidin mRNA levels in the liver and low serum hepcidin concentrations. In addition, hepatic ferroportin mRNA expression was high. This suggests that the hepcidin/ferroportin regulatory system aims to counteract iron restriction in splenic macrophages in M. tuberculosis infected elephants to provide iron for erythropoiesis and to limit iron availability for a pathogen that predominantly proliferates in macrophages. Tuberculosis infections appear to have lingered for more than 30 years in the three infected elephants, and decreased iron availability for mycobacterial proliferation may have forced the bacteria into a persistent, non-proliferative state. As a result, therapeutic iron substitution may not have been beneficial in these elephants, as this therapy may have enhanced progression of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ruetten
- PathoVet AG, Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory, Lindau, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Thiersch
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marja Kik
- Pathology Division, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lloyd Vaughan
- PathoVet AG, Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
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5
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Sullivan KE, Mylniczenko ND, Nelson SE, Coffin B, Lavin SR. Practical Management of Iron Overload Disorder (IOD) in Black Rhinoceros (BR; Diceros bicornis). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111991. [PMID: 33138144 PMCID: PMC7692874 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Black rhinoceros under human care are predisposed to Iron Overload Disorder that is unlike the hereditary condition seen in humans. We aim to address the black rhino caretaker community at multiple perspectives (keeper, curator, veterinarian, nutritionist, veterinary technician, and researcher) to describe approaches to Iron Overload Disorder in black rhinos and share learnings. This report includes sections on (1) background on how iron functions in comparative species and how Iron Overload Disorder appears to work in black rhinos, (2) practical recommendations for known diagnostics, (3) a brief review of current investigations on inflammatory and other potential biomarkers, (4) nutrition knowledge and advice as prevention, and (5) an overview of treatment options including information on chelation and details on performing large volume voluntary phlebotomy. The aim is to use evidence to support the successful management of this disorder to ensure optimal animal health, welfare, and longevity for a sustainable black rhinoceros population. Abstract Critically endangered black rhinoceros (BR) under human care are predisposed to non-hemochromatosis Iron Overload Disorder (IOD). Over the last 30 years, BR have been documented with diseases that have either been induced by or exacerbated by IOD, prompting significant efforts to investigate and address this disorder. IOD is a multi-factorial chronic disease process requiring an evidence-based and integrative long-term approach. While research continues to elucidate the complexities of iron absorption, metabolism, and dysregulation in this species, preventive treatments are recommended and explained herein. The aim of this report is to highlight the accumulated evidence in nutrition, clinical medicine, and behavioral husbandry supporting the successful management of this disorder to ensure optimal animal health, welfare, and longevity for a sustainable black rhinoceros population.
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Zhou DR, Eid R, Miller KA, Boucher E, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Intracellular second messengers mediate stress inducible hormesis and Programmed Cell Death: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:773-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Theelen MJP, Beukers M, Grinwis GCM, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan MM. Chronic iron overload causing haemochromatosis and hepatopathy in 21 horses and one donkey. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:304-309. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. P. Theelen
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - M. Beukers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - G. C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
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8
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Fan X, McLaughlin C, Ravasini J, Robinson C, George AM. Zeolite protects mice from iron-induced damage in a mouse model trial. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1773-1781. [PMID: 30410857 PMCID: PMC6212648 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, zeolites have been used for their utility in binding metals, and they feature in a multitude of agricultural and industrial applications in which the honeycombed zeolite structures form ideal ion exchangers, catalysts and binding agents. Zeolites are currently in a transition period, moving towards implementation in human ailments and diseases. Here, we postulated that zeolites may be able to counter the effects of excess iron and conducted a mouse model trial to gauge the utility of this notion. We used the transgenic mouse strain MexTAg299 for a thirty‐week pilot trial in which iron polymaltose and/or the zeolite clinoptilolite was injected into the peritoneum twice weekly. Mice were sacrificed at the end of the trial period and examined by postmortem and histology for significant physiological differences between mouse subgroups. In this study, we demonstrated that a common zeolite, clinoptilolite, is able to maintain the general health and well‐being of mice and prevent iron‐induced deleterious effects following iron overload. When zeolites are given with iron biweekly as intraperitoneal injections, mice showed far less macroscopic visual organ discoloration, along with near normal histology, under iron overload conditions when compared to mice injected with iron only. The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine potential alternatives to current iron chelation treatments, and the results indicate an advantage to using zeolites in conditions of iron excess. Zeolites may have translational potential for use in cases of human iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Fan
- Faculty of Science School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Chris McLaughlin
- Faculty of Science School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Jason Ravasini
- Faculty of Science School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Cleo Robinson
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Perth Australia.,Molecular Anatomical Pathology PathWest Laboratory Medicine QEII Medical Centre Nedlands Perth Australia
| | - Anthony M George
- Faculty of Science School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
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9
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Jaramillo E, Lagos NA, Labra FA, Paredes E, Acuña E, Melnick D, Manzano M, Velásquez C, Duarte C. Recovery of black-necked swans, macrophytes and water quality in a Ramsar wetland of southern Chile: Assessing resilience following sudden anthropogenic disturbances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:291-301. [PMID: 29448019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In 2004 migration and mortality for unknown reasons of the herbivorous Black necked swan (Cygnus melancorhyphus (Molina, 1782)) occurred within the Río Cruces wetland (southern Chile), a Ramsar Site and nature sanctuary. Before 2004, this wetland hosted the largest breeding population of this water bird in the Neotropic Realm. The concurrent decrease in the spatial occurrence of the aquatic plant Egeria densa Planch. 1849 - the main food source of swans - was proposed as a cause for swan migration and mortality. Additionally, post-mortem analyses carried out on swans during 2004 showed diminished body weight, high iron loads and histopathological abnormalities in their livers, suggesting iron storage disease. Various hypotheses were postulated to describe those changes; the most plausible related to variations in water quality after a pulp mill located upstream the wetland started to operate in February 2004. Those changes cascaded throughout the stands of E. densa whose remnants had high iron contents in their tissues. Here we present results of a long-term monitoring program of the wetland components, which show that swan population abundance, body weights and histological liver conditions recovered to pre-disturbance levels in 2012. The recovery of E. densa and iron content in plants throughout the wetland, also returned to pre-disturbance levels in the same 8-year time period. These results show the temporal scale over which resilience and natural restoring processes occur in wetland ecosystems of temperate regions such as southern Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Jaramillo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio A Labra
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Paredes
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Emilio Acuña
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Melnick
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mario Manzano
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Velásquez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH IRON STORAGE DISEASE IN CAPTIVE EGYPTIAN FRUIT BATS (ROUSETTUS AEGYPTIACUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:45-55. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0224.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin: A possible therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:35-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Mortazavi H, Baharvand M, Movahhedian A, Mohammadi M, Khodadoustan A. Xerostomia due to systemic disease: a review of 20 conditions and mechanisms. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4:503-10. [PMID: 25221694 PMCID: PMC4160670 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.139284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia is a common complaint of nearly half of the elderly population and about one-fifth of younger adults. It causes several signs and symptoms, and compromise oral functions and health-related quality-of-life. Multiple reasons are proposed to describe the etiology of xerostomia such as local factors, psychogenic factors, and systemic diseases. In order to manage xerostomia effectively, identification of the main causality is mandatory. The aim of this review was to present systemic diseases leading to xerostomia with their mechanisms of action. We used various general search engines and specialized databases such as Google, Google Scholar, Yahoo, PubMed, PubMed Central, MedLine Plus, Medknow, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Scopus, WebMD, EMBASE, and authorized textbooks to find relevant topics by means of Medical Subject Headings keywords such as "xerostomia," "hyposalivations," "mouth dryness," "disease," and "systemic." We appraised 97 English-language articles published over the last 40 years in both medical and dental journals including reviews, meta-analysis, original papers, and case reports. Upon compilation of relevant data, it was concluded that autoimmune diseases most frequently involve salivary glands and cause xerostomia followed by diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and graft-versus-host disease. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of systemic disease-related xerostomia are: autoimmunity, infiltration of immunocompetent cells, granuloma formation, fibrosis and dehydration, deposition of proteinaceous substances, bacterial infection, and side-effects of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mortazavi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Baharvand
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Movahhedian
- Dental Student, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi
- Dental Student, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Schermerhorn T. Normal glucose metabolism in carnivores overlaps with diabetes pathology in non-carnivores. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:188. [PMID: 24348462 PMCID: PMC3847661 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivores, such as the dolphin and the domestic cat, have numerous adaptations that befit consumption of diets with high protein and fat content, with little carbohydrate content. Consequently, nutrient metabolism in carnivorous species differs substantially from that of non-carnivores. Important metabolic pathways known to differ between carnivores and non-carnivores are implicated in the development of diabetes and insulin resistance in non-carnivores: (1) the hepatic glucokinase (GCK) pathway is absent in healthy carnivores yet GCK deficiency may result in diabetes in rodents and humans, (2) healthy dolphins and cats are prone to periods of fasting hyperglycemia and exhibit insulin resistance, both of which are risk factors for diabetes in non-carnivores. Similarly, carnivores develop naturally occurring diseases such as hemochromatosis, fatty liver, obesity, and diabetes that have strong parallels with the same disorders in humans. Understanding how evolution, environment, diet, and domestication may play a role with nutrient metabolism in the dolphin and cat may also be relevant to human diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schermerhorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- *Correspondence: Thomas Schermerhorn, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA e-mail:
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