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4,7-Didehydro-neophysalin B Protects Rat Lung Epithelial Cells against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage through Nrf2-Mediated Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4189083. [PMID: 36132230 PMCID: PMC9484967 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4189083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The administration of 4,7-didehydro-neophysalin B is expected to be a promising strategy for mitigating oxidative stress in respiratory diseases. This study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of 4,7-didehydro-neophysalin B for apoptosis resistance of rat lung epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) to oxidative stress and evaluating its underlying mechanism of action. The RLE-6TN cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were divided into five groups, and 4,7-didehydro-neophysalin B was administered into it. To evaluate its mechanism of action, the expression of oxidative stress and apoptotic proteins was investigated. 4,7-Didehydro-neophysalin B significantly inhibited H2O2-induced RLE-6TN cell damage. It also activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway which was evident from the increased transcription of antioxidant responsive of KLF9, NQO1, Keap-1, and HO-1. Nrf2 was found to be a potential target of 4,7-didehydro-neophysalin B. The protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were increased while Bax and p53 were decreased significantly. Flow cytometry showed that 4,7-didehydro-neophysalin B protected RLE-6TN cells from apoptosis and has improved the oxidative damage. This study provided a promising evidence that 4,7-didehydro-neophysalin B can be a therapeutic option for oxidative stress in respiratory diseases.
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Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Gelgie AE, Korsa MG, Kerro Dego O. Mycoplasma bovis Mastitis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100123. [PMID: 35909617 PMCID: PMC9325741 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis mastitis (MBM) is highly contagious and causes significant economic losses through reduction in milk quantity and quality, culling and treatment costs. Adhesion and invasion are among the most important virulence mechanisms to establish infection in the mammary gland. M. bovis can elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses during mammary gland infection. There is no effective commercial vaccine against MBM to date and early detection and isolation/culling remains vital control measure for MBM in dairy farms.
Bovine mycoplasmoses, which is mostly caused by Mycoplasma bovis, is a significant problem in the dairy and beef industry. Mycoplasmal mastitis has a global occurrence with notable effects in the United States and Europe. The pathogen was first detected in a mastitis case in California, United States, and regarded as major contagious mastitis. It is highly contagious and resistant to antibiotics and lack cell wall rendering certain group of antibiotics ineffective. Outbreaks mostly originate from introduction of diseased dairy cows to a farm and poor hygienic practices that help to maintain cow to cow transmission. Rapid detection scheme is needed to be in place in dairy farms to devise preventive measures and stop future outbreaks. However; early detection is hampered by the fastidious growth of M. bovis and the need for specialized equipment and reagents in laboratory settings. Intramammary Mycoplasma bovis infections cause elevation in milk somatic cell count which is one of the important factors to determine milk quality for grading and hence dictates milk price. There are multiple attributes of M. bovis regarded as virulence factors such as adhesion to and invasion into host cells, avoidance of phagocytosis, resistance to killing by the alternative complement system, biofilm formation, and hydrogen peroxide production. Nevertheless, there are still undetermined virulence factors that hamper the development of sustainable control tools such as effective vaccine. To date, most vaccine trials have failed, and there is no commercial M. bovis mastitis vaccine. Mycoplasma bovis has been shown to modulate both humoral and cellular immune response during bovine mastitis. In the future, research seeking new immunogenic and protective vaccine targets are highly recommended to control this important dairy cattle disease worldwide.
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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5
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Liu Y, Zhou M, Xu S, Khan MA, Shi Y, Qu W, Gao J, Liu G, Kastelic JP, Han B. Mycoplasma bovis-generated reactive oxygen species and induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10429-10445. [PMID: 32921448 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of bovine mastitis in China and worldwide. We hypothesized that M. bovis damages bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC), with the degree of damage varying among field isolates. Our objective was to evaluate 2 novel sequence type (ST) field strains of M. bovis (ST172 and ST173) for their ability to induce oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, pathomorphological changes, and apoptosis in bMEC, as a model for pathogenesis of M. bovis-induced bovine mastitis. Cytotoxicity (as indicated by release of lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) from bMEC depended on multiplicity of infection (MOI), with a high MOI (1:1,000) being required to induce cytotoxicity. Morphological changes in bMEC, including shrinkage, loss of cell integrity, and heavy staining (hematoxylin and eosin) of cytoplasm were apparent 24 h after infection with ST172 or ST173 M. bovis, with more severe changes being induced by the latter strain. Adhesion and invasion assays both had curvilinear patterns, peaking 12 h after infection with MOI of 1:1,000. Both production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proportion of apoptotic cells increased with time after infection. Increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios and activation of caspase-3 implied involvement of mitochondria-dependent pathways of apoptosis. Furthermore, intracellular ROS generation, apoptosis, and cleaved caspase-3 were mitigated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a ROS scavenger. Both interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were significantly upregulated by ST172 and ST173 M. bovis, with little change in expression of tumor necrosis factor-α. One ST173 M. bovis isolate had the greatest cytotoxicity of all of our field isolates, with the highest LDH release, adhesion, invasion, ROS production, and apoptosis. In conclusion, our hypothesis was supported: M. bovis damaged bMEC by generating ROS and initiating a mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis, with the degree of damage varying among field isolates. This study provided new knowledge regarding pathogenesis of M. bovis-induced bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Siyu Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Asfandyar Khan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weijie Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Özdemir S. Expression profiling of microRNAs in the Mycoplasma bovis infected mammary gland tissue in Holstein Friesian cattle. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104426. [PMID: 32768518 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response associated with mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis is a very complicated biological process in several type of cells, including immune cells, mammary epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Thus, revealing of the microRNAs in the Mycoplasma bovis infected mammary gland tissues is particularly important for the immune response mechanism to Mycoplasma bovis. Firstly, 20 mammary gland tissue samples were collected from Holstein Friesian cattle that was located in Erzurum province at 2018 and screened for Mycoplasma bovis. Then, total RNA was isolated from Mycoplasma bovis infected tissues and high-throughput sequencing was performed. After bioinformatics analysis, GO and KEGG analysis of target genes of identified microRNAs were conducted. In this study, a total of 616 microRNAs were found. Our results revealed that 24 of the known microRNAs were expressed differently and 13 of the novel microRNAs were expressed differently in Mycoplasma bovis positive tissues. The target genes of these microRNAs were found to be associated with especially inflammation pathways, including B cell and T cell receptor signaling, Fc gamma R-mediated, phagocytosis/chemokine signaling, and MAPK signaling. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that identified miRNAs may be involved in the signaling pathways during mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Özdemir
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey.
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7
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Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex and recent reports identified that other species are also affected by M bovis. Control of the disease caused by M bovis has been unsuccessful owing to many factors, including the capacity of M bovis to evade and modulate the immune system of the host; the lack of known virulence factors; the absence of a cell wall, which renders antibiotics targeting cell-wall synthesis unusable; and the failure of vaccines to control disease on the field. The current knowledge on virulence and pathogenesis is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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8
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Nunoya T, Omori T, Tomioka H, Umeda F, Suzuki T, Uetsuka K. Intracellular Localization of Mycoplasma bovis in the Bronchiolar Epithelium of Experimentally Infected Calves. J Comp Pathol 2020; 176:14-18. [PMID: 32359627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung tissues from calves infected experimentally with Mycoplasma bovis were examined by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. All inoculated calves had dark red areas of consolidation affecting both left and right lungs, which were characterized microscopically by subacute purulent bronchiolitis with hyperplasia of the surrounding lymphoid tissue. Immunohistochemically, M. bovis antigen was detected on the surface and inside the cytoplasm of bronchiolar epithelial cells in the pneumonic foci. The antigen was also found in the cytoplasm of phagocytes at the margin of bronchiolar exudates. Electron microscopically, numerous organisms were demonstrated in the immunohistochemically-positive sites. These findings suggest that M. bovis organisms adhere to the bronchiolar epithelium and at least some of them invade the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nunoya
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - T Omori
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tomioka
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Umeda
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uetsuka
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Health and Hygiene, Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
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9
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Maunsell FP, Chase C. Mycoplasma bovis: Interactions with the Immune System and Failure to Generate an Effective Immune Response. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:471-483. [PMID: 31590898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host responses are often ineffective at clearing Mycoplasma bovis infection and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. M bovis possesses a surprisingly large repertoire of strategies to evade and modulate host responses. Unopsonized M bovis impairs phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils and macrophages. Apoptosis of neutrophils and lymphocytes is enhanced, whereas it is delayed in macrophages. Both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines are stimulated during M bovis infection depending on the cell type and location, and overall systemic responses tend to have a T-helper 2 bias. M bovis reduces proliferation of T cells and, in chronic infection, causes T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christopher Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2175, SAR Room 125 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Perez K, Mullen N, Canter JA, Ley DH, May M. Phenotypic diversity in an emerging mycoplasmal disease. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103798. [PMID: 31639466 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a known pathogen of poultry, and newly emerged pathogen of house finches wherein it is associated with lethal conjunctivitis. Factors present in MG that are known to mediate virulence include cytadherence, sialidase activity, peroxide production, and biofilm formation. We have quantitatively assessed these factors for MG isolates from house finches from a temporal and geographic distribution across the continental United States that show differing capacity for virulence in vivo. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed across strains for sialidase activity, cytadherence, and hydrogen peroxide production. Sialidase activity increased over time in geographically static populations, but did not correlate with time overall. All strains were able to bind α-2,6-linked sialic acid. No strains were found to bind α-2,3-linked sialic acid. All strains produced biofilms in vitro; however, no significant differences were observed in the density of biofilms across strains. Quantitative variance in virulence-associated traits is consistent with within-host evolutionary adaptation in response to a change in ecological niche by a parasitic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailey Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Nathan Mullen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Jessica A Canter
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - David H Ley
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Meghan May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA.
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JOSHI VIVEK, BHANUPRAKASH AG, MANDAL RSK, ALAM S, GUPTA VK, DIMRI UMESH. Oxidative stress and imbalance of serum trace mineral metabolism contribute to bovine respiratory disease in dairy calves. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i3.78267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common infectious cause of clinical disease and death in young calves. The study was undertaken to scrutinize a relationship between tissue damage by oxidative stress, concentrations of serum trace minerals and clinical status of calves during BRD. The method of clinical scoring and thoracic auscultation were used to screen and select infected calves. In this study, comparison of lipid peroxides (LPO), antioxidant enzymes and serum trace minerals was done between BRD infected and healthy subjects (18 calves in each group). The infected group was further divided into 3 subgroups according to clinical scores (CS) (5,6,7). The blood LPO levels were significantly higher in BRD infected calves. The antioxidative activities of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase and serum uric acid were significantly lower in BRD infected calves. The concentrations of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium) were significantly reduced during BRD. All hematobiochemical parameters varied proportionately with the CS of infected calves. These findings demonstrated simultaneous occurrence of increased oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidative trace minerals during BRD in calves. A strong correlation exists between severity of oxidative stress and CS of calves.
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Bürgi N, Josi C, Bürki S, Schweizer M, Pilo P. Mycoplasma bovis co-infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in bovine macrophages. Vet Res 2018; 49:2. [PMID: 29316971 PMCID: PMC5761114 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that synergisms between Mycoplasma bovis and other microorganisms might exacerbate disease outcome of bovine mycoplasmosis. Screening several bovine cell types to assess their potential use as in vitro infection models for M. bovis, it was observed that a widely used cell line of bovine macrophages (Bomac cells) is in fact persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The cell line was first cured of this virus allowing comparative studies between both cell lines. Subsequently, uptake and co-culture of two M. bovis strains of different clonal complexes with Bomac cells contaminated with BVDV and in BVDV-free Bomac cells were assessed. Additionally, cell viability, cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis after infection with M. bovis were evaluated. No differences in the levels of uptake and growth in co-culture were observed between the two Bomac cell types and both M. bovis strains. Cytotoxicity was increased after infection of BVDV-free cells with one of the two strains, while apoptotic cell death was slightly induced by this strain in both cell lines. Overall, the presence or absence of BVDV in Bomac cells did not grossly change the parameters tested upon infection with M. bovis. Nevertheless, this cell model is very useful when studying viral co-infections with bacteria and could also be used for multiple co-infections. Considering the broad contamination of cell cultures with BVDV, careful screening for this virus should routinely be performed as its presence might be relevant depending on the molecular mechanisms being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bürgi
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Josi
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Bürki
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Rasheed MA, Qi J, Zhu X, Chenfei H, Menghwar H, Khan FA, Zhao G, Zubair M, Hu C, Chen Y, Chen H, Guo A. Comparative Genomics of Mycoplasma bovis Strains Reveals That Decreased Virulence with Increasing Passages Might Correlate with Potential Virulence-Related Factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:177. [PMID: 28553620 PMCID: PMC5426083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. To understand its virulence mechanisms, we sequenced three attenuated M. bovis strains, P115, P150, and P180, which were passaged in vitro 115, 150, and 180 times, respectively, and exhibited progressively decreasing virulence. Comparative genomics was performed among the wild-type M. bovis HB0801 (P1) strain and the P115, P150, and P180 strains, and one 14.2-kb deleted region covering 14 genes was detected in the passaged strains. Additionally, 46 non-sense single-nucleotide polymorphisms and indels were detected, which confirmed that more passages result in more mutations. A subsequent collective bioinformatics analysis of paralogs, metabolic pathways, protein-protein interactions, secretory proteins, functionally conserved domains, and virulence-related factors identified 11 genes that likely contributed to the increased attenuation in the passaged strains. These genes encode ascorbate-specific phosphotransferase system enzyme IIB and IIA components, enolase, L-lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glycerol, and multiple sugar ATP-binding cassette transporters, ATP binding proteins, NADH dehydrogenase, phosphate acetyltransferase, transketolase, and a variable surface protein. Fifteen genes were shown to be enriched in 15 metabolic pathways, and they included the aforementioned genes encoding pyruvate kinase, transketolase, enolase, and L-lactate dehydrogenase. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in M. bovis strains representing seven passages from P1 to P180 decreased progressively with increasing numbers of passages and increased attenuation. However, eight mutants specific to eight individual genes within the 14.2-kb deleted region did not exhibit altered H2O2 production. These results enrich the M. bovis genomics database, and they increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying M. bovis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Rasheed
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologySahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Jingjing Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - He Chenfei
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Harish Menghwar
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Farhan A Khan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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14
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Zhang H, Zhao G, Guo Y, Menghwar H, Chen Y, Chen H, Guo A. Mycoplasma bovis MBOV_RS02825 Encodes a Secretory Nuclease Associated with Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050628. [PMID: 27136546 PMCID: PMC4881454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the activity of one Mycoplasma bovis nuclease encoded by MBOV_RS02825 and its association with cytotoxicity. The bioinformatics analysis predicted that it encodes a Ca2+-dependent nuclease based on existence of enzymatic sites in a TNASE_3 domain derived from a Staphylococcus aureus thermonuclease (SNc). We cloned and purified the recombinant MbovNase (rMbovNase), and demonstrated its nuclease activity by digesting bovine macrophage linear DNA and RNA, and closed circular plasmid DNA in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+ at 22–65 °C. In addition, this MbovNase was localized in membrane and rMbovNase able to degrade DNA matrix of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). When incubated with macrophages, rMbovNase bound to and invaded the cells localizing to both the cytoplasm and nuclei. These cells experienced apoptosis and the viability was significantly reduced. The apoptosis was confirmed by activated expression of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and Bax, and inhibition of Iκβα and Bcl-2. In contrast, rMbovNaseΔ181–342 without TNASE_3 domain exhibited deficiency in all the biological functions. Furthermore, rMbovNase was also demonstrated to be secreted. In conclusion, it is a first report that MbovNase is an active nuclease, both secretory and membrane protein with ability to degrade NETs and induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yusi Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Harish Menghwar
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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15
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Hackstein H, Lippitsch A, Krug P, Schevtschenko I, Kranz S, Hecker M, Dietert K, Gruber AD, Bein G, Brendel C, Baal N. Prospectively defined murine mesenchymal stem cells inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced acute lung injury and improve pneumonia survival. Respir Res 2015; 16:123. [PMID: 26438075 PMCID: PMC4594670 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have described the immunosuppressive capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) but these studies use mixtures of heterogeneous progenitor cells for in vitro expansion. Recently, multipotent MSC have been prospectively identified in murine bone marrow (BM) on the basis of PDFGRa+ SCA1+ CD45− TER119− (PαS) expression but the immunomodulatory capacity of these MSC is unknown. Methods We isolated PαS MSC by high-purity FACS sorting of murine BM and after in vitro expansion we analyzed the in vivo immunomodulatory activity during acute pneumonia. PαS MSC (1 × 106) were applied intratracheally 4 h after acute respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae induced infection. Results PαS MSC treatment resulted in significantly reduced alveolitis and protein leakage in comparison to mock-treated controls. PαS MSC-treated mice exhibited significantly reduced alveolar TNF-α and IL-12p70 expression, while IL-10 expression was unaffected. Dissection of respiratory dendritic cell (DC) subsets by multiparameter flow cytometry revealed significantly reduced lung DC infiltration and significantly reduced CD86 costimulatory expression on lung CD103+ DC in PαS MSC-treated mice. In the post-acute phase of pneumonia, PαS MSC-treated animals exhibited significantly reduced respiratory IL-17+ CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells. Moreover, PαS MSC treatment significantly improved overall pneumonia survival and did not increase bacterial load. Conclusion In this study we demonstrated for the first time the feasibility and in vivo immunomodulatory capacity of prospectively defined MSC in pneumonia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0288-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 7, D-35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anne Lippitsch
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 7, D-35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Krug
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 7, D-35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Inna Schevtschenko
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 7, D-35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sabine Kranz
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 7, D-35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Hecker
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gregor Bein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 7, D-35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Brendel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhansstr. 7, D-35390, Giessen, Germany.
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16
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Bürki S, Frey J, Pilo P. Virulence, persistence and dissemination of Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Microbiol 2015; 179:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Immunohistochemical Labelling of Cytokines in Calves Infected Experimentally with Mycoplasma bovis. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:243-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Rodríguez F, Ball H, Suárez-Bonnet A, Ramírez A, Fernández A. Immunohistochemical Labelling of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Lung Lesions of Calves Infected with Mycoplasma bovis. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:106-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Cytokine expression in lungs of calves spontaneously infected with Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Res Commun 2014; 39:69-72. [PMID: 25331253 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine expression in the lung can play an important role during Mycoplasma bovis infection through leukocyte recruitment and activation, and the induction of a broad array of inflammatory mediators. To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of M. bovis-associated pneumonia, cytokine expression was examined, by immunohistochemical methods in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues, in the lung of 20 calves spontaneously infected. Immunolabelling for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), was usually associated with pneumonia, particularly in macrophages and lymphocytes, and with the presence of M. bovis antigen. The expression was minimal in lungs from negative controls. The results demonstrated consistent upregulation of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ expression during M. bovis-associated pneumonic lesions. These cytokines can participate in the immune and inflammatory responses during the pulmonary defense mechanisms against M. bovis infection.
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20
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Devi VR, Poumarat F, Le Grand D, Rosengarten R, Hermeyer K, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Histopathological findings, phenotyping of inflammatory cells, and expression of markers of nitritative injury in joint tissue samples from calves after vaccination and intraarticular challenge with Mycoplasma bovis strain 1067. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:45. [PMID: 25162202 PMCID: PMC4236525 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of caseonecrotic lesions developing in lungs and joints of calves infected with Mycoplasma bovis is not clear and attempts to prevent M. bovis-induced disease by vaccines have been largely unsuccessful. In this investigation, joint samples from 4 calves, i.e. 2 vaccinated and 2 non-vaccinated, of a vaccination experiment with intraarticular challenge were examined. The aim was to characterize the histopathological findings, the phenotypes of inflammatory cells, the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC class II) molecules, and the expression of markers for nitritative stress, i.e. inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (NT), in synovial membrane samples from these calves. Furthermore, the samples were examined for M. bovis antigens including variable surface protein (Vsp) antigens and M. bovis organisms by cultivation techniques. Results The inoculated joints of all 4 calves had caseonecrotic and inflammatory lesions. Necrotic foci were demarcated by phagocytic cells, i.e. macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes, and by T and B lymphocytes. The presence of M. bovis antigens in necrotic tissue lesions was associated with expression of iNOS and NT by macrophages. Only single macrophages demarcating the necrotic foci were positive for MHC class II. Microbiological results revealed that M. bovis had spread to approximately 27% of the non-inoculated joints. Differences in extent or severity between the lesions in samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were not seen. Conclusions The results suggest that nitritative injury, as in pneumonic lung tissue of M. bovis-infected calves, is involved in the development of caseonecrotic joint lesions. Only single macrophages were positive for MHC class II indicating down-regulation of antigen-presenting mechanisms possibly caused by local production of iNOS and NO by infiltrating macrophages.
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