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Machida N, Hirakawa A, Kanno N, Hori Y. Cardiac Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumours in Three Young Adult Cats. J Comp Pathol 2022; 199:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Left and Right Myocardial Functionality Assessed by Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Cats with Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061578. [PMID: 34071192 PMCID: PMC8226601 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy, a primary disorder of the myocardium, is one of the diseases with poor prognosis in cats. While two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography has been known to identify myocardial deformations, its function relative to cats with the endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy has yet to be characterized. We hypothesized that both the left and right myocardial functional abnormalities may occur in cats with the endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy, causing this disease pathophysiology and clinical status. In the current study, cats were assessed for layer-specific myocardial function (whole, endocardial, and epicardial) in the left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential directions, and right ventricular longitudinal direction, via two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Our study indicated that cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy have reduced left ventricular myocardial function. Notably, left ventricular systolic circumferential endocardial strain and circumferential endocardial-to-epicardial strain ratio were lower in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, some right ventricular myocardial deformations were also differerent in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Myocardial function assessed by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography could reveal left and right myocardial dysfunction. Abstract The endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy (EMF-RCM), a primary disorder of the myocardium, is one of the diseases with poor prognosis in cats. We hypothesized that both the left and right myocardial functional abnormalities may occur in cats with EMF-RCM, causing this disease pathophysiology and clinical status. Out of the 25 animals included in this study, 10 were client-owned cats with EMF-RCM, and 15 were healthy cats. In this study, cats were assessed for layer-specific myocardial function (whole, endocardial, and epicardial) in the left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential directions, and right ventricular longitudinal direction, via two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). Cats with EMF-RCM had depressed left ventricular myocardial deformations both in systole (whole longitudinal strain, epicardial longitudinal strain, and endocardial circumferential strain) and diastole (early and late diastolic longitudinal strain rates, and late diastolic circumferential strain rate) compared to controls. Furthermore, some right ventricular myocardial deformations (systolic longitudinal strain in epicardial layers, and endocardial-to-epicardial strain ratio) were significantly differerent in cats with EMF-RCM. Myocardial function assessed by 2D-STE could reveal left and right myocardial dysfunction.
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Chetboul V, Passavin P, Trehiou-Sechi E, Gouni V, Poissonnier C, Pouchelon JL, Desquilbet L. Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001-2015). J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1222-1231. [PMID: 30924221 PMCID: PMC6524389 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a common primary cardiomyopathy of cats. However, little information is available regarding prognostic variables in large populations of cats with RCM. Objectives To characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features of cats with RCM and to document their survival times and risk factors for cardiac death (CD). Animals Ninety‐two cats with RCM. Methods Retrospective study. Diagnosis of RCM was based on echocardiographic and Doppler criteria. Median survival time to CD and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by the Kaplan‐Meier method and multivariate Cox models, respectively. Results The feline population (median age [interquartile range], 8.6 years [4.1‐12.4]; body weight, 4.0 kg [3.3‐4.7]) included 83 cats (90%) with the myocardial RCM form and 9 (10%) with the endomyocardial fibrosis RCM form. Most RCM cats (64/92, 70%) were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, with dyspnea related to congestive heart failure in 57 of 64 cats (89%). The median survival time of the 69 cats with the myocardial RCM form and available follow‐up was 667 days (range, 2‐3710 days) considering CD. Independent of age, biatrial enlargement, and arrhythmias, increase of the left atrium (LA)‐to‐aorta (Ao) ratio (hazard ration [HR], 2.5 per 0.5‐unit increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5‐4.2; P < .001) and presence of severe LA enlargement (end‐diastolic LA : Ao ≥2; HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3‐8.7; P = .01) were significantly associated with shorter time to CD. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cardiac death is common in RCM cats, and LA enlargement seems independently associated with decreased survival time in these cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.,INSERM, Unité 955, Equipe 03, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Vassiliki Gouni
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.,INSERM, Unité 955, Equipe 03, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pouchelon
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Loic Desquilbet
- U955-IMRB, INSERM, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Locatelli C, Pradelli D, Campo G, Spalla I, Savarese A, Brambilla PG, Bussadori C. Survival and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: a review of 90 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1138-1143. [PMID: 29451444 PMCID: PMC11104218 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18755955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Large studies focusing on restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) in the cat are scarce. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe epidemiological characteristics and to analyse prognostic factors affecting survival in cats with RCM. METHODS The clinical archives of the Gran Sasso Veterinary Clinic (Milan, Italy) and of the cardiology unit of the Department of Veterinary Medicine (University of Milan, Italy) from 1997-2015 were reviewed for all cats diagnosed with RCM based on an echocardiographic examination (left atrial/biatrial enlargement, normal left ventricle wall thickness, normal or mildly decreased systolic function and restrictive left ventricle filling pattern with pulsed Doppler echocardiography). RESULTS The study population comprised 90 cats (53 male, 37 female) with an echocardiographic diagnosis of RCM. Most were domestic shorthairs (n = 60) with a mean ± SD age of 10.0 ± 4.3 years and a median weight of 3.8 kg (interquartile range 3.2-5 kg). Most cats were symptomatic (n = 87). The most common clinical sign was respiratory distress (n = 75). Follow-up was available for 60 cats and the median survival time (MST) was 69 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-175 days). Cardiac-related death occurred in 50 cats. In the multivariate Cox analysis only respiratory distress showed a statistically significant effect on survival. The cats without respiratory distress showed an MST of 466 days (95% CI 0-1208); cats with respiratory distress showing an MST of 64 days (95% CI 8-120; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE RCM can be considered an end-stage condition associated with a poor prognosis, with few cats not showing clinical signs and surviving >1 year. Most cats died of cardiac disease within a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Campo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alice Savarese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Donovan TA, Balakrishnan N, Carvalho Barbosa I, McCoy T, Breitschwerdt EB, Fox PR. Bartonella spp. as a Possible Cause or Cofactor of Feline Endomyocarditis-Left Ventricular Endocardial Fibrosis Complex. J Comp Pathol 2018; 162:29-42. [PMID: 30060840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Endomyocarditis is a commonly detected post-mortem finding in domestic cats presenting for sudden onset cardiovascular death, yet the aetiology remains unresolved. Cats are documented reservoir hosts for Bartonella henselae, the infectious cause of cat scratch disease in man. Various Bartonella spp. have been associated with culture-negative endocarditis, myocarditis and sudden death in man and animals. We hypothesized that Bartonella spp. DNA could be amplified more often from the hearts of cats with feline endomyocarditis-left ventricular endocardial fibrosis (FEMC-LVEF) complex compared with cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or cats with grossly and microscopically unremarkable hearts (designated non-cardiac disease controls). Formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded, cardiac tissues from 60 domestic and purebred cats aged 3 months to 18 years were examined, and histological features were recorded. Cardiac tissue sections were tested for Bartonella DNA using multiple 16-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets, including two Bartonella genera, a Bartonella koehlerae species-specific and a Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii-specific assay, followed by DNA sequence confirmation of the species or genotype. Special precautions were taken to avoid DNA cross-contamination between tissues. Bartonella spp. DNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced from 18 of 36 cats (50%) with FEMC-LVEF and 1/12 (8.3%) cats with HCM. Bartonella spp. DNA was not amplified from any non-cardiac disease control hearts. Based on PCR/DNA sequencing, one Bartonella spp. was amplified from 10 cats, while the remaining eight were coinfected with more than one Bartonella spp. To our knowledge, this study represents the first documentation of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype I infection in cats (n = 11). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization testing facilitated visualization of Bartonella bacteria within the myocardium of four of seven PCR-positive FEMC-LVEF hearts. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that Bartonella spp. may play a primary role or act as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of FEMC-LVEF. Studies involving cats from other geographical regions and definitive demonstration of Bartonella spp. within regions of inflammation are needed to confirm an association between Bartonella spp. and FEMC-LVEF induced morbidity and mortality in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| | - N Balakrishnan
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, State Laboratory of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - I Carvalho Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - T McCoy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - P R Fox
- Department of Cardiology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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McEndaffer L, Molesan A, Erb H, Kelly K. Feline Panleukopenia Virus Is Not Associated With Myocarditis or Endomyocardial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Cats. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:669-675. [PMID: 28622497 PMCID: PMC10956504 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817695516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is nearly indistinguishable from feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and is a well-known cause of viral myocarditis in young puppies; however, it is not known whether either FPV or CPV-2 naturally infects feline cardiomyocytes and causes myocarditis. Endomyocarditis (EMC) and left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis (LVEF), clinically known as "endomyocardial restrictive cardiomyopathy," are important feline heart diseases suspected to have an infectious etiology. A continuum is suggested with EMC representing the acute reaction to an unknown infectious agent and LVEF the chronic manifestation of repair. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) whether there is natural parvovirus infection of the feline myocardium and (2) whether parvoviral infection is associated with feline EMC and/or LVEF. In a retrospective study, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for the parvovirus VP1/2 gene was performed on archived heart tissue from cats with endomyocardial disease and controls. Similar methods were used prospectively on myocardial tissues from shelter-source kittens. Although 8 of 36 (22%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11%-40%) shelter kittens had parvoviral DNA in myocardial tissue, VP1/2 DNA was not detected in 33 adult cases or 34 controls (95% CI, 0% to ∼11%). These findings were confirmed by in situ hybridization: adult cats did not have detectable parvovirus DNA, although rare intranuclear signal was confirmed in 7 of 8 shelter-source kittens. In kittens, parvovirus was not significantly associated with myocarditis, and in situ hybridization signal did not colocalize with inflammation. Although infection of cardiomyocytes was demonstrated in kittens, these data do not support a role for parvovirus in EMC-LVEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McEndaffer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alex Molesan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hollis Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Abstract
Precision medicine aims to achieve improved survival by strategies that recognize the genetic and phenotypic individuality of patients and stratify treatment accordingly. Genetic cardiomyopathies represent an ideal disease group to fully embark on this concept: they are in total frequent diseases with a marked morbidity and mortality and there is ample knowledge about their predisposing genetic factors and associated functional mechanisms. The current review highlights the genetic etiology and gives examples of the diverse treatment strategies that are envisaged in the future.
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Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS. Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E19. [PMID: 29056678 PMCID: PMC5606618 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the global human population, the leading cause of non-communicable death is cardiovascular disease. It is predicted that by 2030, deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease will have risen to over 20 million per year. This review compares the cardiomyopathies in both human and non-human animals and identifies the genetic associations for each disorder in each species/taxonomic group. Despite differences between species, advances in human medicine can be gained by utilising animal models of cardiac disease; likewise, gains can be made in animal medicine from human genomic insights. Advances could include undertaking regular clinical checks in individuals susceptible to cardiomyopathy, genetic testing prior to breeding, and careful administration of breeding programmes (in non-human animals), further development of treatment regimes, and drugs and diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Simpson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Paul Rutland
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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