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Maboni G, Prakash N, Moreira MAS. Review of methods for detection and characterization of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in aquatic organisms. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:299-311. [PMID: 37606184 PMCID: PMC11110783 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231194619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is an emerging and often lethal disease of aquatic organisms caused by several non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species. Early diagnosis of mycobacteriosis in aquaculture and aquatic settings is critical; however, clinical diagnoses and laboratory detection are challenging, and the available literature is scarce. In an attempt to fill the gap, here we review the most relevant approaches to detect and characterize mycobacteria in clinical specimens of aquatic organisms. Emphasis is given to recent advances in molecular methods used to differentiate NTM species spanning from targeted gene sequencing to next-generation sequencing. Further, given that there are major gaps in our understanding of the prevalence of the different NTM species, partially because of their distinct requirements for in vitro growth, we also reviewed the most relevant NTM species reported to cause disease in aquatic organisms and their specific in vitro growth conditions. We also highlight that traditional bacterial culture continues to be relevant for NTM identification, particularly in non-automated laboratories. However, for NTM species discrimination, a high level of accuracy can be achieved with MALDI-TOF MS and molecular approaches, especially targeted gene sequencing applied from clinical specimens or from pure NTM isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maboni
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niharika Prakash
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Aparecida S. Moreira
- Department of Veterinary, Bacterial Diseases Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Zeineldin M, Hicks J, Ward HJ, Wünschmann A, Camp P, Farrell D, Lehman K, Thacker TC, Cuthbert E. Complete genome sequence of Candidatus Mycobacterium wuenschmannii , a nontuberculous mycobacterium isolated from a captive population of Amazon milk frogs. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0054723. [PMID: 37747253 PMCID: PMC10586106 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00547-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A slow growing species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) was isolated from the liver of an Amazon milk frog. The complete genome of this isolate comprises 5,102,433 bp, exhibiting 66.86% GC content, 4,940 protein-coding sequences, 52 predicted RNA genes, and 39 repeat regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Hicks
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Hilary J. Ward
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arno Wünschmann
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick Camp
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - David Farrell
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Regnet RA, Rech I, Rödder D, Solé M. Captive breeding, embryonic and larval development of Ranitomeyavariabilis (Zimmermann & Zimmermann, 1988), (Anura, Dendrobatidae). Zookeys 2023; 1172:131-153. [PMID: 37547178 PMCID: PMC10398561 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1172.98603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A solid basis to address the conservation challenges of amphibians requires an increased knowledge on their natural history and biology. Recent data on reproductive modes in amphibians suggest that they are much more complex and variable than previously thought but understudied. However, detailed information on the reproductive history is especially important to fill the current knowledge gaps. Following recent taxonomic changes in Ranitomeyavariabilis, information about captive-breeding management, image-based measurements of total length and surface area of the silhouette for individuals from embryonic to metamorphic development, and detailed larval staging for captive-bred specimens are provided from French Guiana. The development of R.variabilis from the stage eight (Gosner 1960) through metamorphosis took 79 to 91 days (n = 6) with a survival rate of 46%. The developmental stages largely matched those of the generalized staging system of Gosner (1960), with differences in the stages when labia and teeth differentiation and atrophy of the oral apparatus occurred. Compared with other studies the total length of R.variabilis tadpoles was greater at given stages than those of R.variabilis from a Peruvian population and those of the sister species, R.amazonica. Other studies concerning growth curves based on surface area data revealed that R.variabilis tadpoles at peak size were larger than those of R.amazonica, R.imitator, R.reticulata, R.sirensis, and R.vanzolinii, but smaller than R.benedicta. Our results represent the first embryonic and larval staging for R.variabilis, and detailed information is provided on their initial life phases. These data may facilitate the identification of R.variabilis tadpoles in the wild, as well helping to clarify the biogeographical distribution and taxonomic arrangement of the species. In addition, knowledge is added to the captive-breeding methodology for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Anastasia Regnet
- LIB, Museum Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, D-53113 Bonn, GermanyMuseum KoenigBonnGermany
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | - Inna Rech
- LIB, Museum Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, D-53113 Bonn, GermanyMuseum KoenigBonnGermany
| | - Dennis Rödder
- LIB, Museum Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, D-53113 Bonn, GermanyMuseum KoenigBonnGermany
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | - Mirco Solé
- LIB, Museum Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, D-53113 Bonn, GermanyMuseum KoenigBonnGermany
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
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Paiola M, Dimitrakopoulou D, Pavelka MS, Robert J. Amphibians as a model to study the role of immune cell heterogeneity in host and mycobacterial interactions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104594. [PMID: 36403788 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections represent major concerns for aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates including humans. Although our current knowledge is mostly restricted to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mammalian host interactions, increasing evidence suggests common features in endo- and ectothermic animals infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) like those described for M. tuberculosis. Importantly, most of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic NTMs detected in amphibians from wild, farmed, and research facilities represent, in addition to the potential economic loss, a rising concern for human health. Upon mycobacterial infection in mammals, the protective immune responses involving the innate and adaptive immune systems are highly complex and therefore not fully understood. This complexity results from the versatility and resilience of mycobacteria to hostile conditions as well as from the immune cell heterogeneity arising from the distinct developmental origins according with the concept of layered immunity. Similar to the differing responses of neonates versus adults during tuberculosis development, the pathogenesis and inflammatory responses are stage-specific in Xenopus laevis during infection by the NTM M. marinum. That is, both in human fetal and neonatal development and in tadpole development, responses are characterized by hypo-responsiveness and a lower capacity to contain mycobacterial infections. Similar to a mammalian fetus and neonates, T cells and myeloid cells in Xenopus tadpoles and axolotls are different from the adult immune cells. Fetal and amphibian larval T cells, which are characterized by a lower T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity, are biased toward regulatory function, and they have distinct progenitor origins from those of the adult immune cells. Some early developing T cells and likely macrophage subpopulations are conserved in adult anurans and mammals, and therefore, they likely play an important role in the host-pathogen interactions from early stages of development to adulthood. Thus, we propose the use of developing amphibians, which have the advantage of being free-living early in their development, as an alternative and complementary model to study the role of immune cell heterogeneity in host-mycobacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Paiola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dionysia Dimitrakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Martin S Pavelka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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MYCOBACTERIA IN SKIN LESIONS AND THE HABITAT OF THE ENDANGERED HOUSTON TOAD (ANAXYRUS HOUSTONENSIS). J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:503-514. [PMID: 33857294 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Head-starting of the federally endangered Houston toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis), that is, the release of egg strands, tadpoles, and metamorphic juveniles produced in captivity into the original breeding ponds, requires assessment of potential threats for the transmission of pathogens from captive to free-ranging toads. We used Illumina-based 16S rRNA V3 amplicon sequencing to investigate the community structure of bacteria from skin lesions of captive Houston toad and habitat (pond) samples. Proteobacteria, alone or together with Actinobacteria and, in some samples, Cyanobacteria represented virtually all reads in tissue lesion samples, whereas pond samples were much more diverse, with Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia present with little variation between samples. If present in lesions, Actinobacteria were largely represented by Mycobacteriaceae, and here mainly by one sequence identical to sequences of members of the Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex. In pond samples, mycobacteria represented only a small portion of the actinobacteria, although at higher diversity with six distinct reads. Sequences for reads obtained from pond samples were identical to those representing the M. chelonae-abscessus complex, a group with Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium, a group with Mycobacterium vaccae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium poriferae, and a group with Mycobacterium elephantis and Mycobacterium celeriflavum, whereas sequences of high similarity were detected for reads related to those of Mycobacterium holsaticum, Mycobacterium pallens, and Mycobacterium obuense, and Mycobacterium goodii. Our results indicated that lesions observed on the Houston toad in captivity are not the result of mycobacteria in every case, and that the presence of mycobacteria in the captive colony does not represent a novel pathogen threat to the wild populations because such bacteria are also seen in the natural pond habitats for the Houston toad.
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Al-Mashhadani AA, Al-Gburi NM. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacterium from Different Species of Fish in Karbala Province, Iraq. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i(e0).1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed for isolation and molecular identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) from fish during the period between October and December 2017 from Karbla province, Iraq. This study included 200 fresh fish samples from four different species including Spondyliosoma cantharus, Liza abu, Carassius carassius and Cyprinuscarpio. Three samples of each fish were taken including gills, muscles and all internal organs. The samples were processed by decontamination, concentration of 4% sodium hydroxide, and 0.1 ml of sediment was streaking on Löwenstein Johnson (LJ) media; then the bacterial cultures were incubated at 28-30 °C for 3days up to 4 weeks and suspected colonies were stained with acid fast stain to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium. Further identification, biochemical tests were carried out to confirm the diagnosis of isolates, PCR was done using 16s RNA gene for all isolates, hsp65 gene was used in unidentified NTM spp and to confirm the others. Results revealed that out of 200 fish samples, 19 isolates 9.5% were identified as NTM belonged to Rapid Growth Mycobacterium (RGM). of the total isolates, 18.26 % was investigated from Liza abu (Kishni, Abu khraiza). NTM (RGM) isolates on spp level identified six spp of these isolates. M. porcinum was 26.32% which was followed by M. fortuitum of 21.05%, others included M. neworleansense and M. mucogenicum 10.5% of each, M. cosmeticum and M. pallens 5.26% of each. The distribution of NTM spp in the fish organs, nine out of 19 (47.37%) NTM isolate were recovered from gills followed by muscles 36.84 %, while 15.79% from internal organs. These results were the first study concerning isolation of these spp of NTM from fish in Iraq, and some spp are not reported in other studies. This study concluded that the fish is an importance source or reservoir for NTM, especially the pathogenic spp.
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Ishii Y, Kawakami H, Mekata T, Sugiyama A. Histopathological Features of Mycobacterium chelonae Infection in Two Farmed Japanese Pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:86-90. [PMID: 31375164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatous lesions were observed in the swim bladder, kidney, spleen and gills of two farmed Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) infected with Mycobacterium chelonae. Three types of lesions were noted: unencapsulated clusters of epithelioid cells without central necrosis (type 1), encapsulated granulomas without central necrosis (type 2) and encapsulated granulomas with central necrosis (type 3). Type 3 lesions occurred most frequently in the swim bladder, while type 1 and type 2 lesions occurred frequently in the kidney and spleen, and the gills exhibited mostly type 1 lesions. This suggests that the lesions in the swim bladder were more fully developed than those occurring elsewhere and that the swim bladder may be more susceptible to infection with M. chelonae. This is the first report describing the histopathological features of M. chelonae infection in Tetraodontidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishii
- Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ehime, Japan
| | - H Kawakami
- Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ehime, Japan
| | - T Mekata
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan
| | - A Sugiyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan.
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Gcebe N, Michel AL, Hlokwe TM. Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium species causing mycobacteriosis in farmed aquatic animals of South Africa. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:32. [PMID: 29653505 PMCID: PMC5899368 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacteriosis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), is among the most chronic diseases of aquatic animals. In addition, fish mycobacteriosis has substantial economic consequences especially in the aquaculture and fisheries industry as infections may significantly decrease production and trade. Some fish NTM pathogens are highly virulent and zoonotic; as such, infection of aquaria with these pathogens is a public health concern. In this study, we report isolation of nine different NTM species from sixteen aquatic animals including different fish species, frogs and a crocodile. Given the clinical significance of Mycobacterium marinum and its close relation to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the significance of ESAT 6 and CFP-10 secretion in mycobacterial virulence, we analysed the esxA and esxB nucleotide sequences of M. marinum isolates identified in this study as well as other mycobacteria in the public databases. RESULTS Mycobacterium shimoidei, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium septicum /M. peregrinum and Mycobacterium porcinum were isolated from gold fish, Guppy, exotic fish species in South Africa, koi and undefined fish, Knysna seahorse, as well Natal ghost frogs respectively, presenting tuberculosis like granuloma. Other NTM species were isolated from the studied aquatic animals without any visible lesions, and these include Mycobacterium sp. N845 T, Mycobacterium fortuitum, a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex, and Mycobacterium szulgai. Phylogenetic analysis of mycobacteria, based on esxA and esxB genes, separated slow growing from rapidly growing mycobacteria as well as pathogenic from non-pathogenic mycobacteria in some cases. CONCLUSIONS Isolation of the different NTM species from samples presenting granuloma suggests the significance of these NTM species in causing mycobacteriosis in these aquatic animals. The study also revealed the potential of esxA and esxB sequences as markers for phylogenetic classification of mycobacteria. Observations regarding use of esxA and esxB sequences for prediction of potential pathogenicity of mycobacteria warrants further investigation of these two genes in a study employing NTM species with well-defined pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - Anita L Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Tiny Motlatso Hlokwe
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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