1
|
Romero-Vega LM, Medlin S, Hagnauer I, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Williams B. Case report: Renal adenoma in a captive ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis) in Costa Rica. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1393039. [PMID: 38756505 PMCID: PMC11097658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1393039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Reports of renal neoplasia are rare in neotropical wildcats. Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) are medium-sized wildcats living in America's tropical forests. A 12-year-old captive ocelot was diagnosed with a renal mass occupying approximately 25% of the total right kidney volume. The tissue was stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Immunohistochemistry with the following markers was performed: cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, CK19, CK 7, CD10, vimentin, Melan A, HMB45, Pax-8, and Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1). Histopathology revealed a well-differentiated epithelial tubular neoplasia with less than one mitotic figure per 2.37mm2 field. Vimentin and Pax-8 were the only positive markers. Immunohistochemically, neoplasia was diagnosed as a renal adenoma. Renal adenomas are seldom reported in neotropical wildcats. Reports on wild species are valuable for properly establishing a clinical prognosis for captive species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that provides detailed microscopic and immunohistochemical descriptions of renal adenoma in a captive ocelot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Mario Romero-Vega
- Laboratorio de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Sam Medlin
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Isabel Hagnauer
- Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center, Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce Williams
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hirota T, Yonemaru K, Hattori M, Murakami M, Sakai H, Hirata A. Highly malignant endometrial stromal sarcoma in a cat. J Comp Pathol 2024; 208:11-14. [PMID: 38011771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
An 11-year-old female Persian cat underwent ovariohysterectomy due to dilation of the uterine cavity with irregular thickening of the wall. Macroscopically, the middle and distal regions of the left uterine horn were swollen and the uterine wall was irregularly thickened due to the development of multiple coalescent, variably sized nodules. Microscopically, the nodules had originated in the endometrium and were composed of round to polygonal neoplastic cells arranged in dense sheets or ill-defined fascicles. The neoplastic cells had locally invaded the myometrium and reached the subserosa, with lymphovascular invasion. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cell population was partially positive for CD10, an established marker of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) in humans, with focal and diffuse nuclear immunopositivity for oestrogen and progesterone receptors and immunonegativity for desmin and α-smooth muscle actin. Based on these findings, the uterine tumour was diagnosed as ESS and was considered to correspond morphologically to high-grade ESS in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Hirota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kayoko Yonemaru
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Hattori
- Blanco Animal Hospital, 3-35 Tachibana-cho, Tsushima 496-0036, Japan
| | - Mami Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kenny SA, Cook MR, Lenz JA, Maritato KC, Skorupski KA, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Pellin MA, Silveira CJ, Veytsman S, Selmic LE, Husbands BD. Clinical outcomes in cats with renal carcinoma undergoing nephrectomy: A retrospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:587-594. [PMID: 37464904 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Renal carcinomas (RC) are uncommonly encountered in feline medicine. Limited information regarding clinical presentation and postoperative outcomes is available. The purpose of this multi-institutional, retrospective study was to describe the presenting features and clinical outcomes of cats with RC undergoing nephrectomy. Thirty-six client-owned cats were included. Medical records from participating institutions were searched to identify cats that had a histopathologic diagnosis of RC and underwent nephrectomy from January 2001 to October 2021. The most common presenting complaints were weight loss (36.1%) and hyporexia (30.6%). Based on preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings, eight cats had suspected metastasis at the time of surgery (22.2%). Twenty-eight cats survived to discharge (77.8%). Median progression free interval (PFI) could not be determined, as only six cats developed suspected recurrence (16.7%) and seven cats developed suspected metastasis (19.4%). The all-cause median survival time (MST) was 203 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84, 1379 days). When cases that died prior to discharge were excluded, MST increased to 1217 days (95% CI: 127, 1641 days). One-year, two-year, and three-year survival rates were all 40.4%. Neither renal tumour histologic subtype nor the presence of preoperative azotemia, anaemia, erythrocytosis, haematuria, or suspected metastasis at diagnosis were found to influence survival. For cats surviving to discharge, prolonged survival times were possible. Further studies are necessary to elucidate other potential prognostic factors, the utility of postoperative adjuvant treatment, and to identify cats at-risk of mortality in the perioperative period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Kenny
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew R Cook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lenz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brandan G Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - MacKenzie A Pellin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Catrina J Silveira
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Stan Veytsman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian D Husbands
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Žagar Ž, Schmidt JM. A Scoping Review on Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cats: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3059. [PMID: 37835664 PMCID: PMC10572079 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become invaluable in the treatment of human and canine malignancies, but their role in feline oncology is less defined. While toceranib phosphate and masitinib mesylate are licensed for use in dogs, no TKI is yet approved for cats. This review systematically maps the research conducted on the expression of tyrosine kinases in neoplastic and non-neoplastic domestic feline tissues, as well as the in vitro/in vivo use of TKIs in domestic cats. We identify and discuss knowledge gaps and speculate on the further research and potential indications for TKI use in cats. A comprehensive search of three electronic databases and relevant paper reference lists identified 139 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The most commonly identified tumors were mast cell tumors (MCTs), mammary and squamous cell carcinomas and injection-site sarcomas. Based on the current literature, toceranib phosphate appears to be the most efficacious TKI in cats, especially against MCTs. Exploring the clinical use of TKIs in mammary carcinomas holds promise. Despite the progress, currently, the evidence falls short, underscoring the need for further research to discover new indications in feline oncology and to bridge the knowledge gaps between human and feline medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Žagar
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, 65719 Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu B, Kastl B, Cino-Ozuna AG, Springer NL, Thakkar R, Biller D, Whitehouse W, Easterwood L, Nguyen TA. Feline sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis and effusion. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:153-159. [PMID: 34713776 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211054826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-y-old, castrated male, domestic medium-hair cat diagnosed previously with chronic kidney disease developed anorexia and vomiting. Ultrasonography revealed abdominal effusion and a left renal perihilar mass. Cytologic evaluation of the peritoneal fluid and mass identified atypical epithelioid cells suspected to be of renal epithelial or possible mesothelial origin. Immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded peritoneal fluid cell block indicated both pancytokeratin and vimentin expression in the atypical epithelioid cell population. With scanning electron microscopic evaluation, similar epithelioid cells lacked the cell-surface microvilli expected of mesothelium, supporting an antemortem diagnosis of probable carcinoma. On postmortem examination, the left kidney was effaced by an infiltrative neoplasm with myriad similar nodules throughout the peritoneum. The neoplasm was composed primarily of polygonal-to-spindle-shaped cells with strong vimentin and weak pancytokeratin cytoplasmic immunolabeling. Further IHC characterization with PAX8, CK18, KIT, napsin A, SMA, desmin, CD18, and claudin 5 was performed. Histologic and IHC findings supported a diagnosis of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis. An in vitro cell culture line of neoplastic cells harvested from the primary tumor was successfully established for future research endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BinXi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brandy Kastl
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ada G Cino-Ozuna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nora L Springer
- Departments of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ravindra Thakkar
- Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David Biller
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William Whitehouse
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Loren Easterwood
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
White JD, Bosward KL, Norris JM, Malik R, Lindsay SA, Canfield PJ. Renal Crest Proliferative Lesions in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Comp Pathol 2021; 187:52-62. [PMID: 34503654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a histopathological study of the renal crest (RC) of kidneys of cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), 58/90 (64%) had epithelial proliferation. Of these, 33 cats had hyperplasia of the collecting duct (CD) epithelium (CDH) alone, eight had hyperplasia of the urothelium covering the RC (RCUH), of which one had concurrent abaxial renal pelvic urothelial hyperplasia (UH), and eight had both CDH and RCUH. CDH or RCUH were present in five cats with marked dysplasia of the CD epithelium (CDD) and four cats with invasive carcinomas, which also had epithelial dysplasia. All nine cats with marked dysplasia or neoplasia of the RC also had substantially altered RC contours due to focal haemorrhage, papillary necrosis or fibrosis. Three of the carcinomas had a strong desmoplastic response. In control cats, both urothelial (RC and renal pelvis) and tubular (CD and distal tubular) cells were immunopositive for cytokeratin (CK; AE1/AE3), tubular epithelial cells were positive for vimentin (Vim) and aquaporin 2 (Aq2), while urothelial cells were positive for p63. PAX8 immunolabelling was difficult to validate. CD and UH labelling was similar to control tissue. While urothelial dysplasia had the same immunolabelling pattern as UH and control tissue, CDD was generally immunonegative for Aq2. As immunolabelling of the four carcinomas did not distinguish between tubular and urothelial origin, with three positive for both Vim and p63, all were broadly designated as RC carcinomas. Overall, proliferative epithelial lesions are common in cats with CKD and form a continuum from simple hyperplasia to neoplasia of the urothelium or CD of the RC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna D White
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Veterinary Science Conference Centre B22, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott A Lindsay
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Canfield
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Renin-producing Tumour in the Kidney of a Cat. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:70-73. [PMID: 31375161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and post-mortem examination of an adult neutered male cat with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia revealed suspected nodules of tumour tissue in the cortex of the right kidney. Cytology and histopathology indicated a malignant renal tumour of undetermined type. Immunohistochemistry confirmed renin production by a proportion of the tumour cells. The lesion may represent a renal adenocarcinoma producing renin or a tumour of juxtaglomerular cells ('reninoma').
Collapse
|
8
|
Orós J, López-Yánez M, Rodríguez F, Calabuig P, Castro PL. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of alpha-keratins in normal tissues from two reptile species: implications for characterization of squamous cell carcinomas. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:219. [PMID: 29980226 PMCID: PMC6035408 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokeratins with epitopes in common with those of alpha (acidic and basic) mammalian keratins have been immunohistochemically demonstrated in the epidermis of reptiles. However, there are no reports of immunohistochemical staining patterns of alpha-keratins in other tissues from reptiles. Because the epithelial tumours usually retain the keratin patterns of their normal epithelial origin, it is necessary to know in advance these patterns in the major normal epithelia and organs. We used anti-alpha human keratin AE1 and AE3 monoclonal antibodies to study the staining patterns of alpha-keratins in the major normal epithelia and organs from two reptile species [the bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)]. We also studied the immunolocalization of alpha-keratins in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in a bearded dragon and two loggerhead turtles. Results Acidic alpha-keratin (AE1 positive) was detected in many of the epithelial tissues of the bearded dragons; however, the detection of basic alpha-keratin (AE3 positive) was much more limited. Alpha-keratins were detected in a greater number of tissues of loggerhead turtles compared with those observed in bearded dragons. In the bearded dragon SCC, all layers of the nests of neoplastic cells, including the cornified layer of the keratin pearls, were strongly reactive with the AE1 antibody. However, a weak reactivity using the AE3 antibody was detected in the basal and intermediate layers of these nests. In the cutaneous SCCs of both sea turtles, acidic alpha-keratin was detected in the basal and suprabasal layers, and in all of the invasive neoplastic cords, while basic alpha-keratin was mainly detected in the invasive neoplastic cords. The pattern observed in the metastases in both turtles consisted of immunohistological detection of acidic alpha-keratin in all metastatic foci, and limited or lack of detection of basic alpha-keratin. Conclusions This study provides, for the first time, information about the immunohistochemical staining patterns of alpha-keratins in normal tissues from bearded dragons and loggerhead sea turtles, and confirms the usefulness of AE1 and AE3 monoclonal antibodies in these reptile species. The use of these antibodies also contributed to a better characterization of SCCs in these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Orós
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - María López-Yánez
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pascual Calabuig
- Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Tafira Baja, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pedro L Castro
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsumoto I, Chambers JK, Nibe K, Kinoshita R, Nishimura R, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Histopathologic and Immunohistochemistry Findings in Feline Renal Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:663-672. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818776055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological behavior and immunohistochemical features of feline renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have not been well characterized. In the present study, immunohistochemical examinations were performed in 12 feline cases of RCC. The RCC consisted of solid ( n = 2), solid-tubular ( n = 2), tubular ( n = 3), papillary ( n = 2), tubulopapillary ( n = 2), and sarcomatoid ( n = 1) type lesions. Of the cases with RCC, 1 developed metastatic disease and 6 cases had no evidence of recurrence at 80 to 2292 days after surgery. One papillary-type tumor had cuboidal cells with scant cytoplasm and monomorphic nuclei, and the other had pseudostratified columnar cells with abundant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells in most cases were positive for cytokeratin (CK)7, CK20, KIT, and CD10, with the exception of cases of the solid type with clear cytoplasm (solid anaplastic), papillary type with columnar cells, and sarcomatoid types. A small number of tumor cells in the solid anaplastic and in the sarcomatoid types were positive for aquaporin-1. Increased expression of N-cadherin and Twist along with nuclear accumulation of β-catenin were observed in the sarcomatoid type. These results indicated that CK, KIT, and CD10 are relatively strongly expressed in most feline RCC. The solid anaplastic RCC exhibited CD10 expression with the absence of distal tubule marker expression. Although immunohistochemistry profiles were relatively consistent with those described in human RCC, the histopathologic features were different from those seen in humans. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression in the current cases may suggest the involvement of an EMT-like mechanism in the development of sarcomatoid RCC in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K. Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Nibe
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|