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Zhu J, Han L, Wang M, Yang J, Fang Y, Zheng Q, Zhang X, Cao J, Hu B. Formation, influencing factors, and applications of internal channels in starch: A review. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101196. [PMID: 38370305 PMCID: PMC10869744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch, a natural polymer, has a complex internal structure. Some starches, such as corn and wheat starches, have well-developed surface pores and internal channels. These channel structures are considered crucial in connecting surface stomata and internal cavities and have adequate space for loading guest molecules. After processing or modification, the starch-containing channel structures can be used for food and drug encapsulation and delivery. This article reviews the formation and determination of starch internal channels, and the influence of different factors (such as starch species and processing conditions) on the channel structure. It also discusses relevant starch preparation methods (physical, chemical, enzymatic, and synergistic), and the encapsulation effect of starch containing internal channels on different substances. In addition, the role of internal channels in regulating the starch digestion rate and other aspects is also discussed here. This review highlights the significant multifunctional applications of starch with a channel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Lingyu Han
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Meini Wang
- School of Life Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, United Kingdom
| | - Jixin Yang
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, Wrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham, United Kingdom
| | - Yapeng Fang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiuyue Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jijuan Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Bing Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
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Tian Y, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Møller MS, Westh P, Svensson B, Blennow A. Interfacial Catalysis during Amylolytic Degradation of Starch Granules: Current Understanding and Kinetic Approaches. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093799. [PMID: 37175208 PMCID: PMC10180094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch granules forms the fundamental basis of how nature degrades starch in plant cells, how starch is utilized as an energy resource in foods, and develops efficient, low-cost saccharification of starch, such as bioethanol and sweeteners. However, most investigations on starch hydrolysis have focused on its rates of degradation, either in its gelatinized or soluble state. These systems are inherently more well-defined, and kinetic parameters can be readily derived for different hydrolytic enzymes and starch molecular structures. Conversely, hydrolysis is notably slower for solid substrates, such as starch granules, and the kinetics are more complex. The main problems include that the surface of the substrate is multifaceted, its chemical and physical properties are ill-defined, and it also continuously changes as the hydrolysis proceeds. Hence, methods need to be developed for analyzing such heterogeneous catalytic systems. Most data on starch granule degradation are obtained on a long-term enzyme-action basis from which initial rates cannot be derived. In this review, we discuss these various aspects and future possibilities for developing experimental procedures to describe and understand interfacial enzyme hydrolysis of native starch granules more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yu Wang
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Applied Molecular Enzyme Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Interfacial Enzymology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Scott G, Awika JM. Effect of protein-starch interactions on starch retrogradation and implications for food product quality. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2081-2111. [PMID: 36945176 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch retrogradation is a consequential part of food processing that greatly impacts the texture and acceptability of products containing both starch and proteins, but the effect of proteins on starch retrogradation has only recently been explored. With the increased popularity of plant-based proteins in recent years, incorporation of proteins into starch-based products is more commonplace. These formulation changes may have unforeseen effects on ingredient functionality and sensory outcomes of starch-containing products during storage, which makes the investigation of protein-starch interactions and subsequent impact on starch retrogradation and product quality essential. Protein can inhibit or promote starch retrogradation based on its exposed residues. Charged residues promote charge-dipole interactions between starch-bound phosphate and protein, hydrophobic groups restrict amylose release and reassociation, while hydrophilic groups impact water/molecular mobility. Covalent bonds (disulfide linkages) formed between proteins may enhance starch retrogradation, while glycosidic bonds formed between starch and protein during high-temperature processing may limit starch retrogradation. With these protein-starch interactions in mind, products can be formulated with proteins that enhance or delay textural changes in starch-containing products. Future work to understand the impact of starch-protein interactions on retrogradation should focus on integrating the fields of proteomics and carbohydrate chemistry. This interdisciplinary approach should result in better methods to characterize mechanisms of interaction between starch and proteins to optimize their food applications. This review provides useful interpretations of current literature characterizing the mechanistic effect of protein on starch retrogradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Scott
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph M Awika
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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4
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Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the eating quality of indica rice with different amylose content. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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5
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Villwock VK, BeMiller JN. The architecture, nature, and mystery of starch granules. Part 1: A concise history of early investigations and certain granule parts. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kurtis Villwock
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Department of Food Science (NLSN) Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - James N. BeMiller
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Department of Food Science (NLSN) Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
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Three Diverse Granule Preparation Methods for Proteomic Analysis of Mature Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Starch Grain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103307. [PMID: 35630784 PMCID: PMC9144640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the primary form of reserve carbohydrate storage in plants. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a monocot whose reserve starch is organized into compounded structures within the amyloplast, rather than a simple starch grain (SG). The mechanism governing the assembly of the compound SG from polyhedral granules in apposition, however, remains unknown. To further characterize the proteome associated with these compounded structures, three distinct methods of starch granule preparation (dispersion, microsieve, and flotation) were performed. Phase separation of peptides (aqueous trypsin-shaving and isopropanol solubilization of residual peptides) isolated starch granule-associated proteins (SGAPs) from the distal proteome of the amyloplast and the proximal ‘amylome’ (the amyloplastic proteome), respectively. The term ‘distal proteome’ refers to SGAPs loosely tethered to the amyloplast, ones that can be rapidly proteolyzed, while proximal SGAPs are those found closer to the remnant amyloplast membrane fragments, perhaps embedded therein—ones that need isopropanol solvent to be removed from the mature organelle surface. These two rice starch-associated peptide samples were analyzed using nano-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (Nano-HPLC-MS/MS). Known and novel proteins, as well as septum-like structure (SLS) proteins, in the mature rice SG were found. Data mining and gene ontology software were used to categorize these putative plastoskeletal components as a variety of structural elements, including actins, tubulins, tubulin-like proteins, and cementitious elements such as reticulata related-like (RER) proteins, tegument proteins, and lectins. Delineating the plastoskeletal proteome begins by understanding how each starch granule isolation procedure affects observed cytoplasmic and plastid proteins. The three methods described herein show how the technique used to isolate SGs differentially impacts the subsequent proteomic analysis and results obtained. It can thus be concluded that future investigations must make judicious decisions regarding the methodology used in extracting proteomic information from the compound starch granules being assessed, since different methods are shown to yield contrasting results herein. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032314.
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Ma M, Chen X, Zhou R, Li H, Sui Z, Corke H. Surface microstructure of rice starch is altered by removal of granule-associated proteins. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Li C, Hu Y. Align resistant starch structures from plant-based foods with human gut microbiome for personalized health promotion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2509-2520. [PMID: 34515592 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1976722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial for human health through its interactions with gut microbiota. However, the alignment between RS structures with gut microbiota profile and consequentially health benefits remain elusive. This review summarizes current understanding of RS complex structures and their interactions with the gut microbiota, aiming to highlight the possibility of manipulating RS structures for a targeted and predictable gut microbiota shift for human health in a personalized way. Current definition of RS types is strongly associated with starch digestion behaviors in small intestine, which does not precisely reflect their interactions with human gut microbiota. Distinct alterations of gut microbiota could be associated with the same RS type. The principles to describe the specificity of different RS structural characteristics in terms of aligning with human gut microbiota shift was proposed in this review, which could result in new definitions of RS types from the microbial perspectives. To consider the highly variable personal features, a machine-learning algorithm to integrate different personalized factors and better understand the complex interaction between RS and gut microbiota and its effects on individual health was explained. This review contains important information to bring interactions between RS and gut microbiota to translational practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Sun L, Xu Z, Song L, Ma M, Zhang C, Chen X, Xu X, Sui Z, Corke H. Removal of starch granule associated proteins alters the physicochemical properties of annealed rice starches. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:412-418. [PMID: 34144068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of removal of starch granule associated proteins (SGAPs), annealing and dual-treatment on physicochemical properties of three rice starches with different amylose content (AC) was investigated. SGAPs removal reduced stability of starch granules, thus increasing amylose leaching, swelling power, solubility, and pseudoplasticity of Qiuguang (15.6% AC) and Luhui (22.1% AC) rice starches, decreasing pseudoplasticity of Yangfunuo (1.56% AC) starch, and decreasing To, Tp, and Tc, pasting viscosity and storage modulus of all three rice starches. Annealing decreased amylose leaching of the three starches, and pasting properties, pseudoplastic and storage modulus of Yangfunuo starch, but increased swelling power of the three starches, ΔH and To of Qiuguang starch, and pasting properties and pseudoplasticity of Qiuguang and Luhui starches. The effect of dual-treatment was generally the sum of effect of SGAPs removal and annealing treatment. But an interaction effect of the dual-treatment was observed for some parameters. The effect of annealing was closely related to the variety and composition of the starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letong Sun
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong 250000, China
| | - Zekun Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuangchuang Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xianming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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10
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Bae JE, Hong JS, Choi HD, Kim YR, Baik MY, Kim HS. Impact of starch granule-associated channel protein on characteristic of and λ-carrageenan entrapment within wheat starch granules. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:440-448. [PMID: 33539958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of protease-treated wheat starch (PT-WST) to understand the role of starch granule-associated proteins (SGAPs) and the potential capability of PT-WST to provide a nutrient delivery system (NDS). Protease treatment was conducted at 4 °C and 37 °C (PT04 and PT37), respectively. A model delivery system was assessed with PT37 granules infiltrated by λ-carrageenan (λC) under variations of molecular size (λC hydrolysates produced from 0, 2.5, 100, and 500 mM HCl solution), agitation time, and temperature. Protein-specific (3-(4-carboxybenzyl)quioline-2-carboxaldehyde) or non-reactive (methanolic merbromin) fluorescent dye staining revealed that removal of SGAPs on surfaces and channels were more effective for PT37 than for PT04. Consistent amylose content, swelling, and gelatinization temperature before and after protease treatment suggested minimal impact on the starch structure. PT37 presented higher solubility and pasting viscosity than PT04. This resulted from excessive SGAP removal, which enhanced entrapment capacity. λC molecular size and agitation temperature showed a negative correlation with the content of λC entrapped within PT37, and this content depended on the interplay between the agitation time and λC molecular size. As λC molecular size decreased, the λC distribution became uniform throughout the granules, which confirmed the potential of PT-WST as a carrier for NDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Bae
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Sun Hong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Don Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moo-Yeol Baik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Major of Food Science and Biotechnology, Division of Bio-convergence, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Bae JE, Hong JS, Baik MY, Choi HD, Choi HW, Kim HS. Impact of starch granule-associated surface and channel proteins on physicochemical properties of corn and rice starches. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Ma M, Xu Z, Li P, Sui Z, Corke H. Removal of starch granule-associated proteins affects amyloglucosidase hydrolysis of rice starch granules. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tetlow IJ, Bertoft E. A Review of Starch Biosynthesis in Relation to the Building Block-Backbone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7011. [PMID: 32977627 PMCID: PMC7582286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polymer of glucose synthesized as discrete granules inside the stroma of plastids in plant cells. Starch reserves provide a source of carbohydrate for immediate growth and development, and act as long term carbon stores in endosperms and seed tissues for growth of the next generation, making starch of huge agricultural importance. The starch granule has a highly complex hierarchical structure arising from the combined actions of a large array of enzymes as well as physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. Understanding the precise nature of granule architecture, and how both biological and abiotic factors determine this structure is of both fundamental and practical importance. This review outlines current knowledge of granule architecture and the starch biosynthesis pathway in relation to the building block-backbone model of starch structure. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge in relation to our understanding of the structure and synthesis of starch, and argue that the building block-backbone model takes accurate account of both structural and biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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14
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15
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Location and interactions of starches in planta: Effects on food and nutritional functionality. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Goren A, Ashlock D, Tetlow IJ. Starch formation inside plastids of higher plants. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1855-1876. [PMID: 29774409 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastid stroma within plant cells, serving a crucial role in the carbon budget of the whole plant by acting as a short-term and long-term store of energy. The highly complex, hierarchical structure of the starch granule arises from the actions of a large suite of enzyme activities, in addition to physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. This review outlines current knowledge of the starch biosynthetic pathway operating in plant cells in relation to the micro- and macro-structures of the starch granule. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge, in particular, the relationship between enzyme function and operation at the molecular level and the formation of the final, macroscopic architecture of the granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asena Goren
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel Ashlock
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Ye X, Zhang Y, Qiu C, Corke H, Sui Z. Extraction and characterization of starch granule-associated proteins from rice that affect in vitro starch digestibility. Food Chem 2018; 276:754-760. [PMID: 30409658 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch granule-associated proteins (SGAPs) including granule-surface proteins and granule-channel proteins in waxy, low- and high-amylose rice starch were extracted and identified. The in vitro digestibility of starch was investigated before and after the extraction of granule-channel proteins or total SGAPs. The results showed that 10 types of major differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) including 14-3-3-like protein and ribosomal protein were found among starches. In addition, the lack of only granule-channel proteins or total SGAPs led to significant and different changes in the levels of rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and resistant starch. Possible mechanisms are related to the accessibility of amylase into starch granules and structural properties of SGAPs. This study provides more information about DEPs in rice starch with different amylose content and supports further study on the relationship between SGAPs and in vitro starch digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Ye
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; International Institute for Professional Education, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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18
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Zhang R, Li C, Fu K, Li C, Li C. Phosphorus Alters Starch Morphology and Gene Expression Related to Starch Biosynthesis and Degradation in Wheat Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2252. [PMID: 29375614 PMCID: PMC5770358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential plant macronutrient which profoundly affects the yield and quality of wheat starch. In this study, scanning electron microscopy showed that P fertilizer amount (0, 46, and 92 kg P ha-1) had no significant effect on the shape of starch granules in wheat (cv. Xindong 20) grain. However, confocal laser scanning microscopy with 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde and methanolic merbromin stains indicated that P amount influenced the microstructure of the starch granules. Starch granules from the 46 kg P ha-1 treatment released significantly more reducing sugars than those from the 0 and 92 kg P ha-1 treatments during digestion with alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase digestion. Phosphorus application (especially the 46 kg P ha-1 treatments) significantly increased the relative expression of genes related to starch synthesis (especially during early to mid-grain filling) and starch degradation (especially during mid- and late grain filling). Phosphorus application also increased the transcript abundance of amylase genes at the periphery of the endosperm. We propose that P application, especially the 46 kg P ha-1 treatment, enhanced channels in wheat starch granules. These channels facilitated the transport of substances required for starch biosynthesis, thus increasing starch accumulation in wheat endosperm. These results provide insight into the potential mechanisms through which P influences the microstructure and biosynthesis of wheat starch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chunyan Li
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Abstract
The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms.
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Dhital S, Warren FJ, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR, Gidley MJ. Mechanisms of starch digestion by α-amylase-Structural basis for kinetic properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:875-892. [PMID: 25751598 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of the mechanisms determining the rate and extent of starch digestion by α-amylase are reviewed in the light of current widely-used classifications for (a) the proportions of rapidly-digestible (RDS), slowly-digestible (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) based on in vitro digestibility, and (b) the types of resistant starch (RS 1,2,3,4…) based on physical and/or chemical form. Based on methodological advances and new mechanistic insights, it is proposed that both classification systems should be modified. Kinetic analysis of digestion profiles provides a robust set of parameters that should replace the classification of starch as a combination of RDS, SDS, and RS from a single enzyme digestion experiment. This should involve determination of the minimum number of kinetic processes needed to describe the full digestion profile, together with the proportion of starch involved in each process, and the kinetic properties of each process. The current classification of resistant starch types as RS1,2,3,4 should be replaced by one which recognizes the essential kinetic nature of RS (enzyme digestion rate vs. small intestinal passage rate), and that there are two fundamental origins for resistance based on (i) rate-determining access/binding of enzyme to substrate and (ii) rate-determining conversion of substrate to product once bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Dhital
- a ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls , Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Frederick J Warren
- b Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences , Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Peter J Butterworth
- c King's College London , Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group , London , UK
| | - Peter R Ellis
- c King's College London , Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group , London , UK
| | - Michael J Gidley
- a ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls , Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
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Li CY, Zhang RQ, Fu KY, Li C, Li C. Effects of high temperature on starch morphology and the expression of genes related to starch biosynthesis and degradation. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Benmoussa M, Chandrashekar A, Ejeta G, Hamaker BR. Cellular Response to the high protein digestibility/high-Lysine (hdhl) sorghum mutation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:70-77. [PMID: 26706060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high protein digestibility/high-lysine mutant P721Q (hdhl) with a multi-folded protein body morphology has been developed, with a 22kDa α-kafirin single point mutation having also been recently identified. Relatively little is known regarding the resulting cellular response in hdhl endosperm. The aim is to elucidate these biochemical changes. Two-dimentional gel electrophoresis showed an apparent increase of non-kafirin and a decrease in kafirins content in hdhl endosperm. Mass spectrometry data yielded the identity of differentially expressed non-kafirin proteins in hdhl, wild-type lines such as cytoskeleton and chaperones proteins, and also others involved in amino acids and carbohydrates biochemical synthesis pathways. Western blot analysis showed that chaperone proteins were more highly expressed in the hdhl than the wild-type sorghum and confirmed the non-kafirin proteins proteomic results. Two-dimentional gel electrophoresis showed that the γ-kafirin subunits content had decreased, and the 22kDa α-kafirin subunit was increased in hdhl without any apparent molecular mass change. The observed differential expression most likely led to proteins interactions between γ- and α-kafirin subunits in particular, which resulted in a kafirins packing differently to form the protein body's multi-folded morphology, while also improving its digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Benmoussa
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, United states
| | | | - Gebisa Ejeta
- Department of Agronomy, Lilly Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, United states
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, United states.
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Dhital S, Butardo VM, Jobling SA, Gidley MJ. Rice starch granule amylolysis – Differentiating effects of particle size, morphology, thermal properties and crystalline polymorph. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:305-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heterogeneity in maize starch granule internal architecture deduced from diffusion of fluorescent dextran probes. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:365-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Sui Z, BeMiller JN. Relationship of the channels of normal maize starch to the properties of its modified products. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:894-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bahaji A, Ovecka M, Bárány I, Risueño MC, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Montero M, Li J, Hidalgo M, Sesma MT, Ezquer I, Testillano PS, Pozueta-Romero J. Dual targeting to mitochondria and plastids of AtBT1 and ZmBT1, two members of the mitochondrial carrier family. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:597-609. [PMID: 21330298 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana Brittle 1 (ZmBT1 and AtBT1, respectively) are members of the mitochondrial carrier family. Although they are presumed to be exclusively localized in the envelope membranes of plastids, confocal fluorescence microscopy analyses of potato, Arabidopsis and maize plants stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions of ZmBT1 and AtBT1 revealed that the two proteins have dual localization to plastids and mitochondria. The patterns of GFP fluorescence distribution observed in plants stably expressing GFP fusions of ZmBT1 and AtBT1 N-terminal extensions were fully congruent with that of plants expressing a plastidial marker fused to GFP. Furthermore, the patterns of GFP fluorescence distribution and motility observed in plants expressing the mature proteins fused to GFP were identical to those observed in plants expressing a mitochondrial marker fused to GFP. Electron microscopic immunocytochemical analyses of maize endosperms using anti-ZmBT1 antibodies further confirmed that ZmBT1 occurs in both plastids and mitochondria. The overall data showed that (i) ZmBT1 and AtBT1 are dually targeted to mitochondria and plastids; (ii) AtBT1 and ZmBT1 N-terminal extensions comprise targeting sequences exclusively recognized by the plastidial compartment; and (iii) targeting sequences to mitochondria are localized within the mature part of the BT1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
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