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Li Z, Gao W, Liang J, Fan H, Yang Y, Suo B, Ai Z. Mechanism underlying the weakening effect of β-glucan on the gluten system. Food Chem 2023; 420:136002. [PMID: 37060671 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The high β-glucan content in barley disrupts the gluten network in dough. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to clarify how β-glucan affected the quality of the gluten network structure with β-glucan contents of 0-2%. The results suggest that the physical hindrance of the β-glucan gel destroyed the formation of the gluten network structure. When 1.0-2.0% β-glucan was added, the percentage of α-helical structures increased significantly. When the added amount of β-glucan reached 2.0%, the sulfhydryl group (SH) content increased from 8.06 to 10.27 µmol/g, and the disulfide bond (SS) content decreased from 240.09 to 217.38 µmol/g. The interaction between β-glucan and gluten mainly resulted from the interaction of electron-withdrawing groups, such as carbonyl groups (CO) and double bond carbons (CC), and carbon atoms on the side chains of β-glucan, which play an important role in the central structure of glutenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Wenqian Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Huiping Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Biao Suo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhilu Ai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China.
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Gu Y, Qian X, Sun B, Wang X, Ma S. Effects of gelatinization degree and boiling water kneading on the rheology characteristics of gluten-free oat dough. Food Chem 2023; 404:134715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Influence of partial substitution of wheat flour with sprouted oat flours on physicochemical and textural characteristics of wheat bread. J Cereal Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2023.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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4
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High β-Glucans Oats for Healthy Wheat Breads: Physicochemical Properties of Dough and Breads. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010170. [PMID: 36613386 PMCID: PMC9818581 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bread is a highly consumed food whose nutritional value can be improved by adding an oat flour (Avena sativa L.-variety Bonaerense INTA Calen-Argentina) to a high-industrial quality wheat flour (Triticum aestivum L.). This cultivar of oat contains high amounts of β-glucans, which act as a prebiotic fiber. Wheat flour was complemented with different amounts of oat flour (5, 15, and 25%). A contribution of hydrophilic components from oat flour was evident in the oat-wheat mixtures. At the same time, the high content of total dietary fiber led to changes in the rheological properties of the dough. Mixtures with a higher proportion of oats showed an increase in alveographic tenacity (stiffer dough), higher stability, and a lower softening degree in farinographic assays. The dough showed significant increases in hardness and gumminess, without significant changes in cohesiveness, i.e., no disruption to the gluten network was observed. Relaxation tests showed that the blends with a higher oat content yielded 10 times higher stress values compared to wheat dough. Analysis of the oat-wheat breads showed improvements in nutritional parameters, with slight decreases in the volume and crust color. The crumb showed significant increases in firmness and chewing strength as the amount of oats added increased. Nutritional parameters showed that lipids, dietary fiber, and β-glucans were significantly increased by the addition of oats. Sensory analysis achieved high response rates with good-to-very good ratings on the hedonic scale set. Thus, the addition of oats did not generate rejection by the consumer and could be accepted by them. Breads with wheat and oats showed nutritional improvements with respect to wheat bread, since they have higher dietary fiber content, especially in β-glucans, so they could be considered functional breads.
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Biotechnological Addition of β-Glucans from Cereals, Mushrooms and Yeasts in Foods and Animal Feed. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Varied cereal plants including, mushrooms, yeast, bacteria and algae are important sources of β-glucans, and many extraction procedures have been used in order to recover these valuable naturally occurring polysaccharides. The rheological and molecular properties of β-glucans can be utilized to be incorporated into various foods and to offer properties extremely beneficial to human health. Their functional effects are mainly determined by their molecular and structural characteristics. Consumption of foods fortified and enriched with β-glucans can contribute to the treatment of certain chronic diseases. Reduced cholesterol, cardiovascular and diabetic risk and moderate glycemic response of foods have been recorded with the consumption of these biologically active compounds. In addition, β-glucans are characterized by anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. As β-glucans interact with the foods in which they are incorporated, this review aims to discuss recent applications with quality and nutritional results of β-glucans incorporation with foods such as beverages, dairy, bakery, meat and pasta products, as well as their addition in animal feeds and their uses in other fields such as medicine.
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6
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A Systematic Comparison of the Intrinsic Properties of Wheat and Oat Bran Fractions and Their Effects on Dough and Bread Properties: Elucidation of Chemical Mechanisms, Water Binding, and Steric Hindrance. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102311. [PMID: 34681360 PMCID: PMC8534771 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at elucidating the contribution of chemical interactions, water binding, and steric hindrance on the effect of wheat and oat brans and of their fractions, i.e., soluble and insoluble, on dough and bread properties. For such purpose, an inert filler, i.e., glass beads of comparable particle size and with no water binding capacity and moisture sorption properties, was also studied. The glass beads provided breads most similar to the control, indicating the limited role of steric hindrance. Brans and bran fractions showed distinct compositional and physical properties. The soluble fraction from oat bran, rich in β-glucan, was less hygroscopic than the wheat counterpart and could bind more water, resulting in larger detrimental effects on bread quality. The β-glucan content showed a prevalent role in affecting gluten development, the thermo-setting behaviour of the dough, and crumb texture, i.e., cohesiveness and resilience. Overall, the comparison between the two brans and their fractions indicated that the interplay between water binding, mainly provided by the insoluble fraction, and the plasticizing properties of the soluble bran fraction controlled the effects on bread volume and texture. From a compositional standpoint, β-glucan content was a determining factor that discriminated the effects of wheat and oat brans.
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Németh R, Turóczi F, Csernus D, Solymos F, Jaksics E, Tömösközi S. Characterization of chemical composition and techno‐functional properties of oat cultivars. Cereal Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Németh
- Research Group of Cereal Science and Food Quality Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Fanni Turóczi
- Research Group of Cereal Science and Food Quality Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Dorottya Csernus
- Research Group of Cereal Science and Food Quality Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Fanni Solymos
- Research Group of Cereal Science and Food Quality Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Edina Jaksics
- Research Group of Cereal Science and Food Quality Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Sándor Tömösközi
- Research Group of Cereal Science and Food Quality Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
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Oat and Barley in the Food Supply and Use of Beta Glucan Health Claims. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082556. [PMID: 34444720 PMCID: PMC8401220 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta glucan is a type of soluble dietary fibre found in oats and barley with known cholesterol-lowering benefits. Many countries globally have an approved beta glucan health claim related to lowering blood cholesterol, an important biomarker for cardiovascular disease. However, the use of these claims has not been examined. The aim of this study was to explore the range and variety of oat and barley products in the Australian and global market within a defined range of grain food and beverage categories and examine the frequency of beta glucan health claims. Australian data were collected via a recognised nutrition audit process from the four major Australian supermarkets in metropolitan Sydney (January 2018 and September 2020) and Mintel Global New Product Database was used for global markets where a claim is permitted. Categories included breakfast cereals, bread, savoury biscuits, grain-based muesli bars, flour, noodles/pasta and plant-based milk alternatives and information collected included ingredients lists and nutrition and health claims. Products from Australia (n = 2462) and globally (n = 44,894) were examined. In Australia, 37 products (1.5%) made use of the beta glucan claim (84% related to oat beta glucan and 16% related to barley beta glucan, specifically BARLEYmax®). Of products launched globally, 0.9% (n = 403) displayed beta glucan cholesterol-lowering claims. Despite the number of products potentially eligible to make beta glucan claims, their use in Australia and globally is limited. The value of dietary modification in cardiovascular disease treatment and disease progression deserves greater focus, and health claims are an opportunity to assist in communicating the role of food in the management of health and disease. Further assessment of consumer understanding of the available claims would be of value.
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10
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Effectiveness of Oat-Hull-Based Ingredient as Fat Replacer to Produce Low Fat Burger with High Beta-Glucans Content. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081057. [PMID: 32759875 PMCID: PMC7466358 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-fat beef burgers with high beta-glucan content was obtained using a gel made from an oat-hull-based ingredient as fat replacer. Two levels of fat substitution were considered: 50% (T1) and 100% (T2). The nutritional composition, cooking yield, textural properties, color characteristics and consumer preference were evaluated, in comparison with a burger without fat replacer (CTRL). After cooking, T2 burger showed a significant increase in the cooking yield and a very low lipid content (3.48 g 100 g-1) as well as a level of beta-glucans per single portion (2.96 g 100 g-1) near the recommended daily intake. In T1 burger, the decrease of lipid content was mitigated during the cooking process, because the beta-glucans added had a fat-retaining effect. Compared to CTRL, replacing fat led to a softer texture of cooked burgers evaluated by Texture Profile Analysis. The differences in color, significant in raw burgers, were smoothed with cooking. The consumer evaluation, carried out according to the duo-trio test, highlighted significant differences between CTRL and T2 burgers in terms of odor, taste, color and texture. The consumers expressed a higher preference for the T2 burger, probably due to its softer texture and greater juiciness.
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Föste M, Verheyen C, Jekle M, Becker T. Fibres of milling and fruit processing by-products in gluten-free bread making: A review of hydration properties, dough formation and quality-improving strategies. Food Chem 2020; 306:125451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Karp S, Wyrwisz J, Kurek MA, Wierzbicka A. The use of high-in-β-glucan oat fibre powder as a structuring agent in gluten-free yeast-leavened cake. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2019; 25:618-629. [PMID: 31216185 DOI: 10.1177/1082013219856784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biggest challenge in the production of gluten-free baked products is creating a structure without gluten while maintaining physicochemical and sensory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of applying oat β-glucan as the thickening and structure-making agent instead of xanthan (control sample), due to its pro-health technological properties, in yeast-leavened gluten-free cake. Thus, high-in-β-glucan oat fibre powder was incorporated into cake formulations as 5, 10, 15 and 20% replacement of rice or corn flour. The complex analysis of physicochemical and sensory properties was conducted, where texture and rheological aspects were the most important. An analysis of the correlation between rheological and physical properties was also conducted. Corn and rice cakes differed, but the results showed the increase of β-glucan, total dietary fibre, springiness, cohesiveness, storage (G') and loss (G″) modulus and the decrease of firmness and lightness. Improvement of porosity and volume was also noticed. Significant correlation was observed among G', G″, specific volume and texture components. Accelerated texture changes were noticed after 24 h of storage. To sum up, it is justified to incorporate oat fibre into gluten-free baked products, both to increase nutritional value and improve cake structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Karp
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wyrwisz
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzej Kurek
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wierzbicka
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
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14
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Oats in healthy gluten-free and regular diets: A perspective. Food Res Int 2017; 110:3-10. [PMID: 30029703 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the 20th century, the economic position of oats (Avena sativa L.) decreased strongly in favour of higher yielding crops including winter wheat and maize. Presently, oat represents only ~1.3% of the total world grain production, and its production system is fragmented. Nonetheless, current interest is growing because of recent knowledge on its potential benefits in food, feed and agriculture. This perspective will serve as a further impetus, with special focus on the recently valued advantages of oats in human food and health. Five approved European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) health claims apply to oats. Four relate to the oat-specific soluble fibres, the beta-glucans, and concern the maintenance and reduction of blood cholesterol, better blood glucose balance and increased faecal bulk. The fifth claim concerns the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially present in the endosperm, which reduces the risks of heart and vascular diseases. Furthermore, oat starch has a low glycemic index, which is favourable for weight control. Oat-specific polyphenols and avenanthramides have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, oats can contribute significantly to the presently recommended whole-grain diet. Next to globulins, oats contain a small fraction of prolamin storage proteins, called 'avenins', but at a much lower quantity than gluten proteins in wheat, barley and rye. Oat avenins do not contain any of the known coeliac disease epitopes from gluten of wheat, barley and rye. Long-term food studies confirm the safety of oats for coeliac disease patients and the positive health effects of oat products in a gluten-free diet. These effects are general and independent of oat varieties. In the EU (since 2009), the USA (since 2013) and Canada (since 2015) oat products may be sold as gluten-free provided that any gluten contamination level is below 20ppm. Oats are, however, generally not gluten-free when produced in a conventional production chain, because of regular contamination with wheat, barley or rye. Therefore, establishing a separate gluten-free oat production chain requires controlling all steps in the chain; the strict conditions will be discussed. Genomic tools, including a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker array and a dense genetic map, have recently been developed and will support marker-assisted breeding. In 2015, the Oat Global initiative emerged enabling a world-wide cooperation starting with a data sharing facility on genotypic, metabolic and phenotypic characteristics. Further, the EU project TRAFOON (Traditional Food Networks) facilitated the transfer of knowledge to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to stimulate innovations in oat production, processing, products and marketing, among others with regard to gluten-free. Finally, with focus on counteracting market fragmentation of the global oat market and production chains, interactive innovation strategies between customers (consumers) and companies through co-creation are discussed.
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Kurek MA, Wyrwisz J, Wierzbicka A. Optimization of beta-glucan and water content in fortified wheat bread using Response Surface Methodology according to staling kinetics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Masure HG, Fierens E, Delcour JA. Current and forward looking experimental approaches in gluten-free bread making research. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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van den Broeck HC, Londono DM, Timmer R, Smulders MJM, Gilissen LJWJ, van der Meer IM. Profiling of Nutritional and Health-Related Compounds in Oat Varieties. Foods 2015; 5:foods5010002. [PMID: 28231097 PMCID: PMC5224580 DOI: 10.3390/foods5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of oats in the human diet has decreased over the past 70 years. This is an unfortunate development from the perspective of human health because oats have a high nutritional value and contain many compounds, including β-glucan, polyphenols, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids that are able to maintain or may even improve consumer’s health. In addition, oats fit into a gluten-free diet of celiac disease patients because they lack the T-cell stimulating epitopes from wheat, rye, and barley. We focused on the presence of health-related compounds in oats and how their levels vary among varieties in response to the type of soil. Ten oat varieties were grown in the Netherlands in sandy and clay soil and were analyzed for the presence and concentration of healthy compounds (β-glucan, fatty acids, vitamin E, and antioxidant activity), avenin composition, total protein and starch content, and agronomical characteristics. Principal component analysis showed that genetic background influenced the levels of all analyzed components. Protein, starch, β-glucan, and antioxidants were also affected by the type of soil. The obtained results showed that this kind of analysis can be used to profile oat varieties in general and enables the selection of specific varieties with specific compound characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty C van den Broeck
- Wageningen University & Research Centre, Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana M Londono
- Wageningen University & Research Centre, Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruud Timmer
- Wageningen University & Research Centre, Applied Plant Research, P.O. Box 430, 8200 AK Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Marinus J M Smulders
- Wageningen University & Research Centre, Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ludovicus J W J Gilissen
- Wageningen University & Research Centre, Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ingrid M van der Meer
- Wageningen University & Research Centre, Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Brennan MA, Lan T, Brennan CS. Synergistic Effects of Barley, Oat and Legume Material on Physicochemical and Glycemic Properties of Extruded Cereal Breakfast Products. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Brennan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience; Lincoln University; Canterbury New Zealand
| | - Tianying Lan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience; Lincoln University; Canterbury New Zealand
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience; Lincoln University; Canterbury New Zealand
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