Low molecular phytochemicals of Indian dwarf (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) and Persian wheat (T. carthlicum Nevski) grain

The resilience of pioneer crops in the highlands of Central Asia: Archaeobotanical investigation at the Chap II site in Kyrgyzstan

This paper presents archaeobotanical research results from an occupation horizon of the Chap II site left by the earliest known farming community in the Central Tien Shan mountains in the current territory of Kyrgyzstan. The archaeobotanical samples were recovered from well-defined contexts in domestic waste pits, house floors, fireplaces, and an oven, all of which date to a narrow period of occupation between 2474 and 2162 cal BCE (based on n-14 AMS dates). The archaeobotanical assemblage is dominated by the SW package crops of bread wheat and naked barley. Those are the only species to have progressed further east across the mountain ranges of Central Asia during the earliest wave of crop dispersal. However, other species in small quantities were also identified at the Chap II site, such as T. durum/turgidum and T. carthlicum, possibly glume wheats and hulled barley. Here, we argue that the dominant compact morphotypes seen only in bread wheat and naked barley caryopses hint toward a selection for the specific adaptive traits of cultigens that enabled successful agriculture in high-altitude ecogeographies. Large variations in cereal caryopses size possibly indicate that crops endured stress (e.g., insufficient nutrients, water, or other) during plant development. More research is needed for a better understanding of the developmental plasticity between different crop species and the formation of unique landraces in diverse environmental niches in the past.