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Hu T, Yang H, Zhang K, Hafsa CN, Fang X, Ma H, Liao J, Zheng S. Effects of different altitudes on the structure and properties of potato starch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1111843. [PMID: 37123835 PMCID: PMC10130426 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The main element influencing the quality of potato starch is the environment. To investigate the effects of different altitude cultivation locations on the molecular structure and physicochemical properties of starch, two potato varieties, Jiusen No.1 B1 and Qingshu No.9 B2, were planted in three different altitude zones: A1 at low altitude (Chongzhou 450 m), A2 at middle altitude (Xichang 2800 m), and A3 at high altitude (Litang 3650 m). The results showed that the average volume, number, surface area diameter, average branched polymerization degree, crystallinity, and gelatinization temperature of two potato granules in high altitude areas were significantly lower than those in middle and low altitude areas were, and the gelatinization performance of potato starch was affected according to the correlation of starch structure characteristics. Potato starch with more short-branched chains and less long branched chains resulted in a lower gelatinization temperature in high altitude areas. The results showed that Jiusen No. 1 and Qingshu No. 9 were mainly affected by accumulated radiation and accumulated rainfall in Litang, a high altitude area, and by effective accumulated temperature in Xichang, a middle altitude area. This study quantified the influence of meteorological factors on the main starch quality of potato tubers. The results can be used as a theoretical basis for the scientific planting of high-quality potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheema Nazir Hafsa
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangxiu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Tuber Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu Joyson Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Xingdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shunlin Zheng,
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Hu Y, Sjoberg SM, Chen CJ, Hauvermale AL, Morris CF, Delwiche SR, Cannon AE, Steber CM, Zhang Z. As the number falls, alternatives to the Hagberg-Perten falling number method: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2105-2117. [PMID: 35411636 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the application, limitations, and potential alternatives to the Hagberg-Perten falling number (FN) method used in the global wheat industry for detecting the risk of poor end-product quality mainly due to starch degradation by the enzyme α-amylase. By viscometry, the FN test indirectly detects the presence of α-amylase, the primary enzyme that digests starch. Elevated α-amylase results in low FN and damages wheat product quality resulting in cakes that fall, and sticky bread and noodles. Low FN can occur from preharvest sprouting (PHS) and late maturity α-amylase (LMA). Moist or rainy conditions before harvest cause PHS on the mother plant. Continuously cool or fluctuating temperatures during the grain filling stage cause LMA. Due to the expression of additional hydrolytic enzymes, PHS has a stronger negative impact than LMA. Wheat grain with low FN/high α-amylase results in serious losses for farmers, traders, millers, and bakers worldwide. Although blending of low FN grain with sound wheat may be used as a means of moving affected grain through the marketplace, care must be taken to avoid grain lots from falling below contract-specified FN. A large amount of sound wheat can be ruined if mixed with a small amount of sprouted wheat. The FN method is widely employed to detect α-amylase after harvest. However, it has several limitations, including sampling variability, high cost, labor intensiveness, the destructive nature of the test, and an inability to differentiate between LMA and PHS. Faster, cheaper, and more accurate alternatives could improve breeding for resistance to PHS and LMA and could preserve the value of wheat grain by avoiding inadvertent mixing of high- and low-FN grain by enabling testing at more stages of the value stream including at harvest, delivery, transport, storage, and milling. Alternatives to the FN method explored here include the Rapid Visco Analyzer, enzyme assays, immunoassays, near-infrared spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie M Sjoberg
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Chunpen James Chen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber L Hauvermale
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Craig F Morris
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R Delwiche
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality, Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley E Cannon
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Camille M Steber
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Zhang Q, Pritchard J, Mieog J, Byrne K, Colgrave ML, Wang JR, Ral JPF. Over-Expression of a Wheat Late Maturity Alpha-Amylase Type 1 Impact on Starch Properties During Grain Development and Germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:811728. [PMID: 35422830 PMCID: PMC9002352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.811728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of starch is a complex process that requires synergistic action of multiple hydrolytic enzymes, including α-amylases. Wheat over-expression of TaAmy1, driven by seed specific promoter, resulted in a 20- to 230-fold total α-amylase activity in mature grains. Ectopic expression of TaAmy1 showed a significant elevated α-amylase activity in stem and leaf without consequences on transitory starch. In mature grain, overexpressed TaAMY1 was mainly located in the endosperm with high expression of TaAmy1. This is due to early developing grains having effect on starch granules from 18 days post-anthesis (DPA) and on soluble sugar accumulation from 30 DPA. While accumulation of TaAMY1 led to a high degree of damaged starch in grain, the dramatic alterations of starch visco-properties caused by the elevated levels of α-amylase essentially occurred during processing, thus suggesting a very small impact of related starch damage on grain properties. Abnormal accumulation of soluble sugar (α-gluco-oligosaccharide and sucrose) by TaAMY1 over-expression reduced the grain dormancy and enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) resistance. Germination study in the presence of α-amylase inhibitor suggested a very limited role of TaAMY1 in the early germination process and starch conversion into soluble sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jos Mieog
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Keren Byrne
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ji-Rui Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jean-Philippe F. Ral
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jean-Philippe F. Ral,
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Endogenous alpha-amylase alters the pasting properties of starch during starch separation by proteases. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Effects of post-silking low temperature on the physicochemical properties of waxy maize starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:160-168. [PMID: 34343585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature (LT) at late growth stages is an important abiotic stress that affects the grain end-use quality of summer maize. In the present work, two experiments were conducted to study the effects of LT on the structural and functional properties of starches using two waxy maize hybrids ('Suyunuo5' and 'Yunuo7'). In field trial, the plants were sown on July 1 (normal sowing date) and August 1 (late sowing date). In pot trial, the plants were sown on July 1, grown at natural environment till silking, and suffered two post-silking temperatures (normal temperature and LT were set as 28/20 and 23/15 °C, respectively). The result showed that the starch was composed of more small granules with oval polytope when sown late (August 1) or subjected to LT post-silking. The LT-stressed starch presented high proportion of short amylopectin chains and low relative crystallinity (RC). LT reduced the pasting viscosity, gelatinization enthalpy, and gelatinization temperatures but increased the retrogradation tendency. In conclusion, the low pasting viscosity and high retrogradation tendency under LT condition were caused by the decreased granule size, amylopectin chain length, and RC.
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Endogenous alpha-amylase explains the different pasting and rheological properties of wet and dry milled glutinous rice flour. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Neoh GKS, Dieters MJ, Tao K, Fox GP, Nguyen PTM, Gilbert RG. Late-Maturity Alpha-Amylase in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) and Its Impact on Fresh White Sauce Qualities. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020201. [PMID: 33498449 PMCID: PMC7909430 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When wheat experiences a cold-temperature ‘shock’ during the late stage of grain filling, it triggers the abnormal synthesis of late-maturity α-amylase (LMA). This increases the enzyme content in affected grain, which can lead to a drastic reduction in falling number (FN). By commercial standards, a low FN is taken as an indication of inferior quality, deemed unsuitable for end-product usage. Hence, LMA-affected grains are either rejected or downgraded to feed grade at the grain receiving point. However, previous studies have found no substantial correlation between low FN-LMA and bread quality. The present study extends previous investigations to semi-solid food, evaluating the physical quality of fresh white sauce processed from LMA-affected flour. Results show that high-LMA flours had low FNs and exhibited poor pasting characteristics. However, gelation occurred in the presence of other components during fresh white sauce processing. This demonstrates that LMA-affected flours may have new applications in low-viscosity products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galex K. S. Neoh
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.K.S.N.); (K.T.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
| | - Mark J. Dieters
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Keyu Tao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.K.S.N.); (K.T.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
| | - Glen P. Fox
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Phuong T. M. Nguyen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.K.S.N.); (K.T.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
- Correspondence:
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