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Agarwal D, MacNaughtan W, Liu C, King J, Foster TJ. Headspace volatiles profiles of different spring varieties and a wild relative of wheat flour. Food Funct 2024; 15:6673-6683. [PMID: 38817195 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Volatile profiling was conducted on four wheat varieties Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS), Highbury (High), Paragon (Para), Pavon76 (Pav76), and one wild relative Triticum timopheevii (P95). Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to explore differences in flavor formation mechanisms in different flours before and after starch gelatinization. Solvent retention capacity (SRC) analysis revealed subtle differences in water absorption, gluten strength, and starch characteristics across wheat flour types. Rapid Visco Analysis (RVA) of whole wheat flour demonstrated significant variations in pasting properties among wheat varieties, with P95 exhibiting higher viscosities compared to CS and High potentially influenced by starch gelatinization, protein-starch interactions, and lipid content. Aroma contributions of P95 clustered positively in PCA plots, contrasting with the four main varieties, indicative of species-level differentiation. Furthermore, the study highlighted the roles of viscosity, protein structure, lipid content, and fatty acid composition in modulating the release and perception of volatile aroma compounds during heating. This study sheds light on how the distinct characteristics of wheat flour influence aroma profiles, revealing species-level differences and the pivotal role of physiochemical properties in shaping flavor development mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Agarwal
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, 3086
| | - William MacNaughtan
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Chujiao Liu
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Julie King
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tim J Foster
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Alkay Z, Falah F, Cankurt H, Dertli E. Exploring the Nutritional Impact of Sourdough Fermentation: Its Mechanisms and Functional Potential. Foods 2024; 13:1732. [PMID: 38890959 PMCID: PMC11172170 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sourdough fermentation is one of the oldest traditional methods in food technology and occurs as a result of fermentation of flour prepared from grains. The nutritional role of sourdough is related to the final composition of fermented foods prepared through sourdough fermentation, and recently, sourdough has become an important application to improve nutrition characteristics of bread. Thanks to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) presented in sourdough microflora and metabolites partially produced by yeasts, technological and important nutritional features of the bread improve and an increase in shelf life is achieved. In addition, sourdough bread has a low glycemic index value, high protein digestibility, high mineral and antioxidant content, and improved dietary fiber composition, making it more attractive for human nutrition compared to regular bread. When the sourdough process is applied, the chemical and physical properties of fibers vary according to the degree of fermentation, revealing the physiological importance of dietary fiber and its importance to humans' large intestine microbiota. Therefore, taking these approach frameworks into consideration, this review highlights the benefits of sourdough fermentation in increasing nutrient availability and contributing positively to support human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Alkay
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42010, Türkiye;
| | - Fereshteh Falah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran;
| | - Hasan Cankurt
- Food Technology Department, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational School, Kayseri University, Kayseri 38000, Türkiye;
| | - Enes Dertli
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campüs, Istanbul 34210, Türkiye
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Element Content in Different Wheat Flours and Bread Varieties. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9601432 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most consumed cereal-based product worldwide is bread. “Caaveiro”, an autochthonous variety with a recent growing interest, is one of the wheat varieties that fulfill the 25% local flour requirement in the PGI “Pan Galego” bread baking industry. The element content of the refined wheat flours used to make “Pan Galego” (‘‘Caaveiro’’, FCv; Castilla, FC; and a mixture of both, FM) was evaluated in ICP-MS. In addition, wholegrain flour (FWM) was included in the analysis. Loaves of bread were made with these flours (a, 100% FC; b, 100% FCv); and c, FM: 75% FC + 25% FCv) and their element content was analyzed. Wholegrain flour ranked the highest in almost all elements, highlighting the P (494.80 mg/100 g), while the FM and the FC presented the opposite behavior, with the highest Se values (14.4 and 15.8 mg/100 g, respectively). FCv was situated in an intermediate position regarding P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe and Na content, standing closer to FWM, although it presents the highest values for Cu (1076.3 µg/100 g). The differences observed in flour were maintained in bread. Hence, the local cultivar ‘‘Caaveiro’’ has an interesting nutritional profile from the point of view of the element content.
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Ranathunga RAA, Suwannaporn P. Young cereal grains as a new source of healthy and hypoallergenic foods: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3336-3348. [PMID: 35875241 PMCID: PMC9304477 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Young cereals contain higher quantities of nutrients such as sterols, γ-oryzanols, tocols and phenolic compounds than mature grains. They are more easily digested with low allergenic potential. Applications of young cereals include plant-based milk substitutes, substitution of wheat flour, malting, fructose and pigments production. Research on young cereals is scarce and mainly focused on botanical studies. This review focused on major young cereals (wheat, rice and corn) compositions, bioactive compounds and applications that will benefit future research in plant-based food and functional ingredients. During grain maturity, amylose content increased, whereas amylopectin content and its structure varied depending largely on grain type. In rice, non-significant differences in average chain length of amylopectin during grain maturity were reported, with protein contents of young rice and wheat higher than at their mature stages. High digestibility of the flowery-to-milky stage rice protein indicated lower allergen levels. Immune-reactive gluten was not found in young wheat. Young wheat contained high essential amino acids with a more balanced profile, particularly for lysine. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effect of milky stage protein hydrolysate was higher than mature protein. Young grains contained less starch with more fiber and sugar. Antioxidant activity in young rice was high as it contained gamma-oryzanol, ascorbate, glutathione tocopherols and phenolic compounds. This review of the available information concerning the composition, properties and functional ingredients of immature cereals will assist future research in plant-based food and functional ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Suwannaporn
- Food Science and Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Alkay Z, Yılmaz MT, Can AM, İspirli H, Dertli E. The effect of flours of different immature cereal grains on sourdough and sourdough bread: microbiological, rheological, textural and sugar profiles. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zühal Alkay
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University İstanbul Turkey
| | - Mustafa Tahsin Yılmaz
- Department of Industrial Engineering King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Aslı Muslu Can
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University İstanbul Turkey
- Department of Food Technology İstanbul Gelişim Vocational School, Gelişim University İstanbul Turkey
| | - Hümeyra İspirli
- Bayburt University, Central Research Laboratory Bayburt Turkey
| | - Enes Dertli
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University İstanbul Turkey
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Çetin Babaoğlu H, Arslan Tontul S, Akin N. Fiber enrichment of sourdough bread by inulin rich Jerusalem artichoke powder. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sultan Arslan Tontul
- Department of Food Engineering Agricultural Faculty Selçuk University Konya Turkey
| | - Nihat Akin
- Department of Food Engineering Agricultural Faculty Selçuk University Konya Turkey
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Miraji KF, Capuano E, Fogliano V, Laswai HS, Linnemann AR. Utilization of Pepeta, a locally processed immature rice-based food product, to promote food security in Tanzania. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247870. [PMID: 33657180 PMCID: PMC7928465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of pepeta, a traditionally processed immature rice product, is common in Tanzania, where it contributes to food security as an early rice food i.e. when there is no other food available at the household while the crops in the field not yet fully ripe. Many production steps are needed to guarantee a consistent, good quality pepeta product, and this hinders its utilization in other rice-growing sub-Saharan regions. This study aims to gain insight into the pepeta processing knowledge and final product, and assess variations in the processing conditions and parameters across the study area. A survey among 257 Tanzanian processors and consumers revealed that the pepeta product is widely known, rated second (73.5% respondents) as rice-based food after wali (cooked white rice, (100%)) and linked to traditions of the communities in the study area. Harvest of immature rice grain, roasting, pounding, cleaning, and packing are the main process steps of pepeta production. Method of rice harvest, rice suitability for pepeta production after optimum harvest, dryness of grains and number of pounding as indicator to terminate roasting and pounding process respectively, and packaging materials used varied significantly across respondents in the study area. Reported criteria considered by respondents for product acceptability did not vary significantly across study area. The criteria include colour (76.5%), general appearance (60.8%), texture (64.7%) and taste (52.9%). Immature rice paddy and pepeta were sold at a higher price than mature rice paddy and white rice, respectively, which implies that options to facilitate pepeta processing through, for instance, standardization of processing conditions and parameters could lead to increased income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulwa F. Miraji
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute, Ifakara Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Capuano
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anita R. Linnemann
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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