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Abstract
Mediators of the initiation, development, and recurrence of periodontitis include the oral microbiome embedded in subgingival plaque and the host immune response to a dysbiosis within this dynamic and complex microbial community. Although mediators have been studied extensively, researchers in the field have been unable to fully ascribe certain clinical presentations of periodontitis to their nature. Emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies has resulted in better characterization of the microbial oral dysbiosis that extends beyond the extensively studied putative bacterial periodontopathogens to a shift in the oral virome composition during disease conditions. Although the biological dark matter inserted by retroviruses was once believed to be nonfunctional, research has revealed that it encodes historical viral-eukaryotic interactions and influences host development. The objective of this review is to evaluate the proposed association of herpesviruses to the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease and survey the highly abundant prokaryotic viruses to delineate their potential roles in biofilm dynamics, as well as their interactions with putative bacterial periodontopathogens and eukaryotic cells. The findings suggest that potential novel periodontal therapies targeting or utilizing the oral virome can alleviate certain clinical presentations of periodontitis. Perhaps it is time to embrace the viral dark matter within the periodontal environment to fully comprehend the pathogenesis and systemic implications of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Martínez
- Orofacial Sciences DepartmentSchool of DentistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ryutaro Kuraji
- Orofacial Sciences DepartmentSchool of DentistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Life Science DentistryThe Nippon Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of PeriodontologyThe Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Orofacial Sciences DepartmentSchool of DentistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Singhal R, Jain A, Rastogi P. Prevalence of herpesviruses in periodontal disease of the North Indian population: A pilot study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020; 24:163-166. [PMID: 32189845 PMCID: PMC7069115 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_62_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease of diverse microbiome, predominantly bacterial. Bacterial infection alone may not explain complete pathophysiology and clinical variations in disease pattern. Concept of herpesviruses playing a significant role in periodontal pathogenesis has been explored globally. Studies show varied results and difference may be accounted to variations existing in studied populations. The present study explored the prevalence of herpesviruses in periodontal disease of the North Indian population. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, tissue samples were collected from the normal gingiva (control: n = 48) and deepest pocket (cases: n = 48) using a single curette stroke. Periodontal disease status was assessed through the gingival index, pocket depth, and clinical attachment level which were compared to viral marker positivity. Results: Ninety samples from 48 healthy gingiva and 48 periodontitis patients were assessed between the age range of 17–60 years. The prevalence of cytomegalovirus was 2.083% (cases) and 2.083% (controls) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was 18.75% (cases) and 0% (controls). Odd's ratio for EBV in patients with periodontitis is calculated (Haldane–Anscombe correction) to be 21.82%. Herpes simplex virus 1/2 and varicella-zoster virus were absent in both groups. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, EBV was found in cases of periodontitis patients. Its role in disease initiation and progression is not clear. Further studies are required to ascertain EBV as risk factor in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwari Singhal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pavitra Rastogi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Shah R, Mehta DS. Prevalence of herpesviruses in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: relationship to clinical parameters and effect of treatment. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:279-85. [PMID: 27563201 PMCID: PMC4976548 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.179896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assess the prevalence of herpesviruses in healthy subjects, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis patients, to assess the relationship between the prevalence of herpesviruses and periodontal clinical parameters, and to evaluate the effect of phase-I therapy on the level of viral detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred patients consisting of 20 healthy subjects, 40 gingivitis, and 40 chronic periodontitis were included in the study. Clinical parameters recorded included plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. The gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients received phase-I periodontal therapy including oral hygiene instructions, full mouth scaling for gingivitis patients and scaling and root planing for chronic periodontitis patients. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected, and the presence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Recording of periodontal parameters as well as GCF collection was performed at baseline and 6 weeks postphase-I therapy. RESULTS At baseline, the levels of HSV-1 and EBV detection were lower in healthy controls as compared to gingivitis (P < 0.05) and chronic periodontitis cases (P < 0.001). Phase-I therapy led to reduction in the amount of HSV-1 and EBV in gingivitis patients (P < 0.05) and for HSV-1, human cytomegalovirus and EBV in chronic periodontitis patients (P < 0.05) in comparison to baseline. The prevalence of EBV in chronic periodontitis patients was positively associated with increased gingival index, probing depth and loss of clinical attachment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher prevalence of HSV-1 and EBV viruses in GCF of gingivitis and chronic periodontitis suggests a strong association between these viruses and periodontal diseases and periodontal therapy can lead to a reduction in herpesviruses at infected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Shah
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhoom Singh Mehta
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Kondo K, Nakamura S, Takahashi M, Kaneko T, Horie N, Shimoyama T. Methotrexate-related lymphoproliferative disorder of the oral region in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Joshi VM, Bhat KG, Katti SS, Kugaji MS, Ingalgi PS. Prevalence of Herpesvirus and Correlation with Clinical Parameters in Indian Subjects with Chronic Periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:915-920. [PMID: 26718301 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The identification of new uncultured species and viruses supports the possibility of combination of the herpes-virus-bacterial periodontal infection for periodontitis. The paucity of data and studies with larger sample size in Indian subjects provides an unclear picture of the presence of the herpesvirus in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 100 each in the healthy group and chronic periodontitis (CP) group. The subgingival plaque was collected and polymerase chain reaction was performed post deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction by using specific primers for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's coefficient correlation. RESULTS Human cytomegalovirus and EBV viruses were significantly higher in the CP group as compare to the healthy group. A higher percentage of those with CMV positive had EBV also positive (28.3%) compared to only 9.1% of CMV negative being EBV positive in the CP group. When both the healthy and CP group in total was compared, there was a significant correlation with all clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Both the viruses dominated in disease as compared to health were similar to the earlier findings. The CP group had higher pocket depth and clinical attachment loss in the virus positive subjects. These findings could suggest that virus serves as a prelude to the disease and the combination of the two viruses could play a role in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Mahableshwar Joshi
- Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India, Rs No. 47A/2, Bauxite Road, Belgaum, Karnataka, India Phone: 91-9620127630, e-mail:
| | - Kishore Gajanan Bhat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Suresh Katti
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka India
| | - Manohar Suresh Kugaji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Preeti Shivaji Ingalgi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Slots J. Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:28-45. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Furukawa T, Shimotai Y, Ohta N, Ishida A, Kurakami K, Suzuki H, Yamakawa M, Hongo S, Kakehata S. Epstein-Barr virus in the enlarged salivary tissues of patients with IgG4-related disease. Laryngoscope 2015; 125:2079-84. [PMID: 26152762 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized disease entity characterized by high-serum IgG4 concentration and IgG4-producing plasma cell production with fibrotic or sclerotic changes in affected organs. We aimed to clarify the roles of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in patients with IgG4-RDs. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING A retrospective clinical study at the Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan. METHODS The patient group consisted of four males and four females with an average age of 62 years (range: 48-73). Expression of IgG4, latent member protein 1, EBV nuclear antigens-2, and EBV-encoded RNA in affected salivary glands from patients with IgG4-RD was examined by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The copy number of EBV DNA in the salivary glands was also investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS All patients had hard masses in the salivary or lacrimal glands, or both, bilaterally. Serum concentrations of IgG4 were elevated in all cases (mean 589.1, range 129-1750), and IgG4-positive plasmacytes were observed in the involved salivary glands. Four patients developed potentially life-threatening systemic involvement after initial salivary gland swelling. EBV-associated molecules (EBNA and EBER) were overexpressed in the affected salivary glands. The copy number of EBV DNA was significantly higher in patients with potentially life-threatening systemic involvement than in patients without systemic involvement (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the copy number of EBV DNA could be useful as diagnostic findings in IgG4-RD to predict potentially life-threatening systemic involvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Furukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata city hospital Saiseikan, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata city hospital Saiseikan, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishida
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata city hospital Saiseikan, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kurakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata city hospital Saiseikan, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Kakehata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata city hospital Saiseikan, Japan
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Prevalence and quantitative analysis of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with Japanese chronic periodontitis patients. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1605-10. [PMID: 25515271 PMCID: PMC4539349 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective A number of studies have recently suggested Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) involvement in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the association between major periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and EBV in Japanese chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. Materials and methods A group of 25 patients with CP participated in the study along with 13 individuals without periodontitis. Subgingival samples were obtained with paper points. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect EBV DNA and P. gingivalis. Results In the CP patients, EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were detected in both 80 % of sites with probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥5 mm and in 40 and 36 % of sites with PPD ≤3 mm, respectively. EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were detected in 50 and 27 % of the sites in periodontally healthy individuals. Coexistence of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis was significantly higher in the deeper PPD sites of CP patients (68 %) than in the PPD sites of the healthy controls (15 %) and shallow PPD sites of CP patients (12 %). PCR-positive deeper PPD sites of CP patients for EBV DNA and P. gingivalis range between 3.74 × 103∼2.83 × 109 and 2.73 × 105∼6.65 × 109 (copies/ml), respectively. Conclusion These results suggest an association between EBV DNA, P. gingivalis, and CP in Japanese individuals. Further studies are required to clarify this association; however, we believe that our enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases involving viral infections will lead to new treatments.
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Betts K, Abusleme L, Freeman AF, Sarmadi M, Fahle G, Pittaluga S, Cuellar-Rodriguez J, Hickstein D, Holland SM, Su H, Moutsopoulos NM. A 17-year old patient with DOCK8 deficiency, severe oral HSV-1 and aggressive periodontitis - a case of virally induced periodontitis? J Clin Virol 2014; 63:46-50. [PMID: 25600604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a 17-year old girl with DOCK-8 deficiency, severe untreated oral HSV-1 infection and associated aggressive periodontitis. DOCK-8 deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency, caused by biallelicloss-of-function mutations in the DOCK8 gene, often leading to severe viral and fungal mucocutaneous infections. Nevertheless, to date DOCK8 has not been associated with severe periodontitis and inflammatory bone loss around teeth. Understanding whether DOCK8 deficiency or severe HSV-1 infection underlies susceptibility to periodontitis is central to this case and may provide insights into susceptibility factors for periodontitis in the general population. Our clinical and microbiological data suggest that severe HSV-1 infection is the driver of periodontal inflammation in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Betts
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, OPCB, NIDCR, NIH, United States
| | - L Abusleme
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, OPCB, NIDCR, NIH, United States
| | - A F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, United States
| | - M Sarmadi
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, OPCB, NIDCR, NIH, United States
| | - G Fahle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, United States
| | - S Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, United States
| | | | - D Hickstein
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, United States
| | - S M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, United States
| | - H Su
- Laboratory of Host Defense, NIAID, NIH, United States
| | - N M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, OPCB, NIDCR, NIH, United States.
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Kato A, Imai K, Ochiai K, Ogata Y. Higher prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in deeper periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71990. [PMID: 23991022 PMCID: PMC3753341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a complex chronic inflammatory disease caused by subgingival infection, is among the most prevalent microbial diseases in humans. Although traditional microbiological research on periodontitis has focused on putative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, the herpes virus is proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis because bacterial etiology alone does not adequately explain various clinical aspects. In this study, we established for the first time, more Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA is found deeper in periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients. Subgingival samples were collected from 85 patients with chronic periodontitis having two periodontal sites with probing depths (PD) of ≤3 mm (shallow) or ≥5 mm (deep) and were subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction. EBV DNA was more frequently detected in patients with deeper PD sites (66%) than in those with shallow PD sites (48%) or healthy controls (45%). Coexistence of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis was significantly higher in patients with deeper PD sites (40%) than in those with shallow PD sites (14%) or healthy controls (13%). Although no difference in clinical index for periodontitis, the odds ratio of EBV DNA in patients with deeper PD sites was 2.36, which was 2.07-fold higher than that in those with shallow PD sites. Interestingly, the odds of acquiring chronic periodontitis (PD ≥5 mm) were higher in the presence of both EBV DNA and P. gingivalis compared with either EBV DNA or P. gingivalis only. In addition, we also observed that EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in positive cells of human gingival tissues. These results would suggest that EBV DNA may serve as a pathogenic factor leading to chronic periodontitis among Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (YO)
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (YO)
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Chalabi M, Rezaie F, Moghim S, Mogharehabed A, Rezaei M, Mehraban B. Periodontopathic bacteria and herpesviruses in chronic periodontitis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25:236-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Passariello C, Palamara A, Garaci E, Pasquantonio G. Herpesviruses and periodontal disease: a cautionary tale. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:263-8. [PMID: 19505379 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin, characterized by an inconstant progression of lesions affecting the tooth supporting tissues. In spite of more than half a century of research efforts, the clinician still lacks any specific molecular or microbial diagnostic tool to predict the progression of periodontal lesions. Recently, several reports have proposed a role for some herpesviruses in the etiology of destructive phases of periodontitis. This paper critically analyzes these data in the light of consolidated knowledge that was developed in the characterization of virus-bacteria cooperative interactions, and proposes new topics of investigation to clarify the role of herpesviral infections in periodontitis and their potential predictive role as markers of progression.
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Dawson DR, Wang C, Danaher RJ, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Jacob RJ, Miller CS. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Determine the Prevalence and Copy Number of Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus DNA in Subgingival Plaque at Individual Healthy and Periodontal Disease Sites. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1133-40. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Detection of human cytomegalovirus in dental plaque from individual periodontal sites by real-time polymerase chain reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:840-4. [PMID: 18805716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate three primer-probe sets and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in dental plaque from individual periodontal sites. STUDY DESIGN Fifty subgingival plaque specimens from 13 healthy subjects (on average at least 2 healthy and 2 periodontal disease sites per subject) and 50 saliva specimens from 24 subjects, including 16 controls, were assessed using 3 primer-probe sets (polymerase [POL], glycoprotein B [gB], and US14) and real-time PCR. Kappa statistics were performed to measure agreement between the primer-probe sets. RESULTS There was excellent agreement between the gB and POL primers in the detection of HCMV (kappa statistic = 0.85 [95% confidence interval 0.71-0.99]), yielding a prevalence of 4% (2 out of 50) at individual periodontal disease sites and a similar rate of 8.8% (3 out of 34) in saliva. CONCLUSION Human cytomegalovirus was infrequently detected in dental plaque. Of 3 primer-probe sets evaluated, those targeting the POL and gB genes were more accurate in the detection of HCMV than that targeting US14.
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EBV and CMV in chronic periodontitis: a prevalence study. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1917-9. [PMID: 18791835 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease involving specific bacteria and viruses. Herpesviruses believed to play roles in it. The present study examines the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in subgingival and supragingival plaque of 61 patients with chronic periodontitis and 40 healthy controls. A nested polymerase chain reaction method was used. The clinical parameters, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were examined. Prevalence of EBV- 1, EBV-2 and CMV were 73.8%, 4.9% and 59%; respectively. There was no association between the presence of EBV-1, EBV-2 and CMV with bleeding on depth.
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Sunde PT, Olsen I, Enersen M, Beiske K, Grinde B. Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in apical and marginal periodontitis: a role in pathology? J Med Virol 2008; 80:1007-11. [PMID: 18428124 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is presumably caused by bacterial infection, but it has been shown recently that affected tissue often contains human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The present study was initiated to evaluate the role of these viruses in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. HCMV and EBV were quantified in 40 apical and 25 marginal periodontitis samples using real time PCR. In situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry was carried out on apical samples to detect viral presence within cells. A possible association with relevant bacteria was examined. Of the apical periodontitis samples, 50% contained EBV, while none contained HCMV. Of the marginal periodontitis samples, 40% were positive for EBV and 12% for HCMV. With one exception, however, the amount of virus was close to the detection limits. EBV was only detected in 1 out of 15 healthy periodontium samples. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were all negative. Significant associations were found between periodontal EBV and the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Although there was an obvious association of the virus with clinical samples, it seems unlikely that these viruses play a major role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis of the average patient. Their presence may reflect that the clinical samples contain more blood or saliva compared to controls, or an accumulation of lymphoid cells harboring virus in the inflamed tissue.
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Moghim SH, Chalabi M, Abed AM, Rezaei F, Tamizifar H. Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus type 1 in patients with chronic periodontitis by nested-PCR. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:4547-4550. [PMID: 19093530 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.4547.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the subgingival presence of Epstein-Barr virus type 1 (EBV-1) in patients with chronic periodontitis with nested-PCR. Subgingival plaque samples from 61 patients with chronic periodontitis with Probing Depth (PD) > or = 6 and 40 healthy controls were collected by sterile curette. DNA was extracted. A nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method determined presence of EBV-1. The study included 61 patients (34 women, 27 men; 24-69 years of age; mean 43) and 40 periodontally health controls (22 Women, 18 men, 21-69 years in age; mean 41.35%). EBV type 1 was detected in 37 samples (60.7%) and 1 samples (2.5%) of chronic periodontitis patients and healthy subjects, respectively. This study demonstrated that EBV-1 infection is associated with the activity of chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan Medical University, Isfahan, Iran
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Watanabe SA, Correia-Silva JDF, Horta MCR, Costa JED, Gomez RS. EBV-1 and HCMV in aggressive periodontitis in Brazilian patients. Braz Oral Res 2007; 21:336-41. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242007000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the presence of Epstein-Barr virus type 1 (EBV-1) and of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in crevicular fluid samples from deep and shallow periodontal pocket sites of Brazilian patients with aggressive periodontitis. A total of 30 systemically healthy patients with aggressive periodontitis participated in the study. Paper points were inserted into 2 gingivitis sites (< 3 mm) and into 2 periodontitis sites (> 5 mm) in each patient. PCR assay was used to identify genomic copies of HCMV and EBV-1. Twenty-three patients (77%) were positive for EBV-1, while only 2 patients (6%) were positive for HCMV. The McNemar test revealed a positive association between EBV-1 and periodontal lesions (p = 0.043). Thirty-four (57%) out of 60 periodontitis sites were positive for EBV-1, whereas 18 (30%) gingivitis sites were positive (p = 0.01). Only two sites (6.7%) were positive for HCMV. No positive association was found between HCMV and periodontitis or gingivitis (p = 0.479). The elevated occurrence of EBV-1 DNA in periodontal pockets of patients with aggressive periodontitis supports a possible periodontopathic role of this virus.
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic gamma-herpesvirus, causes infectious mononucleosis and oral hairy leukoplakia, and is associated with various types of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Saliva is the main vehicle for EBV transmission from individual to individual. Recent studies have also implicated EBV in the pathogenesis of advanced types of periodontal disease. EBV DNA is detected in 60-80% of aggressive periodontitis lesions and in 15-20% of gingivitis lesions or normal periodontal sites. The periodontal presence of EBV is associated with an elevated occurrence of periodontopathic anaerobic bacteria. Moreover, EBV active infection occurs in approximately 70% of symptomatic and large-size periapical lesions. EBV and cytomegalovirus often co-exist in marginal and apical periodontitis. Periodontal therapy can markedly suppress the EBV load in periodontal pockets as well as in saliva, which has the potential to reduce the risk of viral transmission between close individuals. EBV proteins up-regulate cytokines and growth factors, which seem to play a central role in the proliferative response of tongue epithelial cells in oral hairy leukoplakia and in the cell-transformation process of EBV-associated malignancies. Further research is needed to identify the full range of EBV-related diseases in the human oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slots
- University of Southern California, School of Dentistry - MC 0641, Los Angeles, California 90089-0641, USA.
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