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No link between the prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Infection 2022; 50:1623-1624. [PMID: 35708891 PMCID: PMC9705468 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mehta N, Gupta M, Mishra M, Singh SK. Hepatitis E Genotype 1 Outbreak in Jharkhand, India: A Descriptive Analysis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:99-104. [PMID: 31957617 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200117112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A waterborne outbreak of hepatitis E virus occurred in the Jamshedpur city of Jharkhand from March 2018 to October 2018. The aim of the present study is to study the hepatitis E virus outbreak clinically, serologically and etiologically. METHODS Five hundred and eighty-four clinically and biochemically documented cases were screened for the hepatotropic viral markers (HepatitisA, B, C, and E) by the ELISA. Demographic data such as gender, age, clinical diagnosis, location, outcome and time of admission were extracted from the online hospital management system. Water samples from the affected area were tested for HEV RNA detection. Genotyping of HEV virus was carried out by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Hepatitis E genotype 1 was confirmed as the major etiological agent in this outbreak due to the faecal contamination of drinking water supply while establishing illegal water connections. Mixed infection of HEV-HAV (5.31%) or HEV-HBV (0.91%) was also detected in the present series of acute viral hepatitis. CONCLUSION The study highlights the importance of screening for both enterically transmitted hepatotropic viral markers as well as the parenterally transmitted hepatotropic viral markers during the outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Mehta
- TATA Main Hospital, Jamshedpur-831001, Jharkhand, India
| | | | | | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- School of Health & allied Sciences, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur-832108, Jharkhand, India
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Pischke S, Hartl J, Pas SD, Lohse AW, Jacobs BC, Van der Eijk AA. Hepatitis E virus: Infection beyond the liver? J Hepatol 2017; 66:1082-1095. [PMID: 27913223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are not limited to the liver but may also affect other organs. Several diseases, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy, glomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemia, pancreatitis, lymphoma, thrombopenia, meningitis, thyroiditis and myocarditis have been observed in the context of hepatitis E. To date, the definite pathophysiological links between HEV and extrahepatic manifestations are not yet established. However, it is suggested that HEV infection might be causative based on serological studies, case series, in vitro data and animal models. In particular, neuronal and renal diseases as well as pancreatitis seem to be caused by HEV, while a causative relationship between HEV and other diseases is more doubtful. Either direct cytopathic tissue damage by extrahepatic replication, or immunological processes induced by an overwhelming host immune response, are possible origins of HEV-associated extrahepatic manifestations. Hepatologists should be aware of the possibility that acute or chronically HEV-infected patients could develop extrahepatic manifestations. Neurologists, nephrologists, rheumatologists and other groups of physicians should consider HEV infection as a potential differential diagnosis when observing one of the diseases described in this review. Ribavirin and steroids have been used in small groups of patients with extrahepatic manifestations of HEV, but the efficacy of these drugs still needs to be verified by large, multicenter studies. This article comprehensively reviews the published literature regarding HEV and extrahepatic manifestations. We discuss the probability of specific extrahepatic diseases being caused by previous or ongoing HEV infection, and summarize the published knowledge about antiviral treatment in extrahepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Pischke
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Hartl
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Suzan D Pas
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Pelosi E, Clarke I. Hepatitis E: a complex and global disease. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v1i0.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Pelosi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Health Protection Agency, Southeast Regional Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; and
| | - I Clarke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Vilibic M, Kolaric B, Jemersic L, Kucinar J, Barbic L, Bagaric A, Stevanovic V, Tabain I, Sviben M, Jukic V, Mlinaric-Galinovic G. Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E in Selected Population Groups in Croatia: A Prospective Pilot Study. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:494-502. [PMID: 26776465 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E has become an emerging infection in many European countries. We analysed the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in selected population groups in Croatia. Overall HEV IgG seropositivity was 5.6%, while 1.9% participants showed IgM antibodies suggestive of recent infection. No IgM-positive sample was positive for HEV RNA. HEV IgG antibodies were most prevalent in alcohol abusers (8.9%) and war veterans (8.6%), compared with 6.1% among injecting drug users and 2.7% in healthcare professionals. No individual with high-risk sexual behaviour tested HEV seropositive. HEV IgG positivity increased significantly with age from 1.8% to 2.3% in individuals younger than 40 years to 11.3% in individuals older than 50 years (P = 0.023). The mean age of HEV-positive participants was significantly higher than that of HEV-negative participants (50.9 ± 11.8 years versus 41.2 ± 11.8 years, P = 0.008). Seroprevalence rates were significantly higher in residents of suburban and rural areas compared with residents of urban areas (14.5% versus 2.5%, P = 0.003). Additionally, an increasing prevalence of HEV IgG antibodies was observed from 1.8% in participants living in families with two household members to 12.1% in those living with more than four members (P = 0.046). Gender, marital status, educational level, sexual orientation, source of drinking water, history of blood transfusions, surgical procedures, tattooing and travelling were not associated with HEV seroprevalence. Logistic regression showed that living in suburban/rural areas was the main risk factor for HEV seropositivity (OR = 6.67; 95%CI = 1.89-25.0; AOR = 7.14, 95%CI = 1.89-25.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Vilibic
- Vrapce University Psychiatric Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Kolaric
- Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute 'Dr Andrija Stampar', Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - L Jemersic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Kucinar
- Department of Microbiology, Istria County Institute of Public Health, Pula, Croatia
| | - L Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Bagaric
- Vrapce University Psychiatric Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Sviben
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Jukic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Vrapce University Psychiatric Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - G Mlinaric-Galinovic
- Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in psychiatric patients and control subjects in Shandong Province, eastern China. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 28:70-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Murthy KAS, Khan IM, Kiran PK, Hakeem H. A study of viral hepatitis e infection in a tertiary care hospital in mysore, South India. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu036. [PMID: 25734105 PMCID: PMC4324204 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and epidemiological profile of all patients with hepatitis E virus (HEV) who were admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Mysore, India and to further assess various factors that influence the prognosis of these patients. Methods. Two hundred ninety patients with HEV infection were included in the study and interviewed. They were subjected to clinical examination and laboratory investigations, including complete hemogram, renal, and liver function tests. Viral markers for HBV, HAV, HCV, and HEV by hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HAV, anti-HCV, and anti-HEV antibodies, respectively, were done using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Final outcome was recorded in the form of discharge or death. Results. Males had higher (82.8%) incidence of HEV infection. Yellowish discoloration of urine was the most common symptom, and icterus was the most common sign at presentation. Hepatomegaly was most common finding on abdominal examination. Mean duration of hospital stay was higher among diabetics (10 days vs 7.11 ± 3.52 days). Overall, mortality observed was 3.45%. A higher mean age (P = .000) and duration of hospital stay (P = .000) were associated with higher mortality. Mortality was significantly higher among patients with alcohol abuse (25% vs 0%) (P = .004). Higher mean prothrombin time-international normalised ratio (PT-INR) (1.6 ± 0.13 vs 1.21 ± 0.32), total bilirubin (20.3 ± 5.08 vs 11.33 ± 7.26 mg/dL), and direct bilirubin (15.05 ± 3.64 vs 6.35 ± 3.71 mg/dL) were associated with higher mortality, whereas lower mean serum albumin (2.6 ± 0.11 vs 3.41 ± 0.40 gm/dL) was associated with higher mortality. Increase in renal parameters (ie, urea [97 ± 33.48 vs 32.43 ± 18.41 mg/dL] and creatinine [2.9 ± 1.38 vs 1.12 ± 0.64 mg/dL]) and electrolyte imbalances (ie, hyperkalemia [5.95 ± 1.21 vs 4.29 ± 0.51 mmol/L] and hyponatremia [123 ± 3.56 vs 136.04 ± 2.97 mmol/L]) were associated with higher mortality. There were 20-fold increases in mean serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) values (SGPT: SGOT = 1.148) and a 1-fold increase in mean alkaline phosphatase. Conclusions. Higher mean age, duration of hospital stay, PT-INR, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, blood urea, serum creatinine, potassium values, alcohol abuse, presence of ascites, and fulminant hepatitis were associated with higher mortality, whereas lower mean serum albumin and sodium values were associated with higher mortality. Diabetics had a higher mean duration of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hisham Hakeem
- Department of Medicine , JSS Medical College Hospital, JSS University , Mysore, South India
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Liang H, Su S, Deng S, Gu H, Ji F, Wang L, Liang C, Wang H, Zhang G. The prevalence of hepatitis E virus infections among swine, swine farmers and the general population in Guangdong Province, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88106. [PMID: 24520348 PMCID: PMC3919735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is widespread in China, but few studies have been carried out in Guangdong Province. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence of HEV infections among swine, swine farmers and the general population in Guangdong Province. We conducted an epidemiological study that included swine, swine farmers and health examination attendees in Guangdong from 2011 to 2013. The overall seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in swine was 64.7%. The results revealed that growing pigs, sows and boars (OR ranges from 3.5 to 21.5) have a higher risk than nursery pigs. HEV RNA in swine bile showed that HEV is epidemic in swine in the Pearl River Delta, with the highest prevalence of 22.73% in Foshan. Some genomes of HEV strains from each district were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of partial open reading frame 2 (ORF2) shows that they belong to genotype IV and are most closely related to isolates from China. In total, 307 participants were enrolled in the study, including 114 swine farmers and 193 attendees from hospitals. IgG anti-HEV was detected in 48.25% of swine farmers and in 38.34% of the general population. Seroprevalence rates were almost stratified by age, with a higher positive rate for males compared to females across all age groups. Women on swine farms appeared to have a lower risk of infection compared to the general population, revealing that the risk factors for HEV infection are not unique. The results suggested that there were other risk factors for HEV infection. HEV infection is prevalent in Guangdong, but due to the small sample sizes, more investigations are needed to assess the potential impact of HEV infection, and many additional risk factors should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Liang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengchao Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglang Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangxiao Ji
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chumin Liang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Dong C, Dai X, Liang J, Dong M, Meng J. Seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus varies considerably among chinese provinces. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:386-90. [PMID: 22879828 PMCID: PMC3412555 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E is a common infection in China, but few studies have been carried out to compare regional and ethnic factors in its prevalence. OBJECTIVES To characterize the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgM and IgG in the general population of 11 Chinese provinces and in the people from different ethnic minorities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera from 14208 people including 723 people from four ethnic minorities were screened for anti-HEV IgM and IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For the anti-HEV IgM positive samples, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out for the detection of HEV RNA. RESULTS The overall prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 19.7%. The highest rate was 35.7% in Guizhou, while the lowest rate was 5.5% in Shanxi. Significantly higher rates were found among males compared to females in Hebei and Hunan province, and among females compared to males in Chongqing and Shannxi. In Guizhou, the prevalence rates among the Buyi, Miao, Shui and Han ethnic groups were 41.8%, 32.0%, 37.5% and 34.7%, respectively, which were not significantly different. The results also showed that the anti-HEV IgG detection rates increased with age for each ethnic group. Additionally, four samples were tested positive for anti-HEV IgM but HEV RNA was not detectable. CONCLUSIONS HEV prevalence varies considerably among Chinese provinces. Thus, prevention and control programs including vaccination could be specifically targeted to people living in regions with relatively higher prevalences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Dai
- Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiuhong Liang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Dong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jihong Meng
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Corresponding author: Jihong Meng, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China. Tel.: +86-2583272386, Fax: +86-2583272386, E-mail:
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Xiao P, Li R, She R, Yin J, Li W, Mao J, Sun Q. Prevalence of hepatitis e virus in swine fed on kitchen residue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33480. [PMID: 22457765 PMCID: PMC3311637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pigs fed different feedstuffs (kitchen residue or mixed feeds) and genetic identification of HEV isolated in Hebei province, China. Serum and fecal samples were collected from adult swine. Anti-HEV antibody was evaluated by double sandwich antigen enzyme immunoassay. HEV RNA was extracted from fecal samples and amplified by nested RT-PCR. The reaction products were sequenced, and the sequence analyzed. Virus-like particles were distinguishable by negative staining in the electron microscope. Histopathological observation and immunohistochemical localization were used in the animal models. Overall, the anti-HEV positive percentage of serum samples from pigs fed on kitchen residue was 87.10% (27/31), and 53.06% (130/245) from pigs fed on complete feed. The HEV RNA positivity rate of fecal samples from pigs fed on kitchen residue was 61.54% (8/13), but zero for pigs fed on complete feed. Sequence analysis of these eight samples and comparison with the published sequence showed that there were eight groups that belonged to genotype 4 d and the nucleotide identity was 95.6–99.3%. swHE11 is most closely related to strain CCC220, and the other seven HEV isolates were most closely related to strains swGX40, SwCH189 and V0008ORF3, which are isolates from human and pigs. Histopathological observation showed that there was liver damage in the experimental group, and immunohistochemistry indicated that the HEV antigens were strongly positive at 7 days after infection. The results demonstrated that the prevalence of HEV in pigs fed on kitchen residue was higher than in those fed on complete feed (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Traditional Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Dingzhou, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wengui Li
- College of Animal Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunminng, China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hepatitis E: are psychiatric patients on special risk? Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:171-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhang S, Wang J, Yuan Q, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N, Tian D. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of sporadic Hepatitis E in central China. Virol J 2011; 8:152. [PMID: 21453549 PMCID: PMC3082222 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological investigations, detections and vaccines of hepatitis E (HE) have been paid a focus of attention in prior studies, while studies on clinical features and risk factors with a large number of sporadic HE patients are scarce. Results Sporadic HE can occur throughout the year, with the highest incidence rate in the first quarter of a year, in central of China. Of the 210 patients, 85.2% were male, and the most common clinical symptoms were jaundice (85.7%), fatigue (70.5%) and anorexia (64.8%). Total bilirubin (TBil), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and international normalized ratio (INR) were found as major risk factors for death of HE patients. There was an overall mortality of 10%, and the mortality in the cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic group was 25% and 6.47%, respectively. Moreover, hepatitis E virus (HEV) infected patients with liver cirrhosis had a higher mortality and incidence of complications. Conclusions TBil, BUN, and INR are major risk factors of mortality for HE. Liver cirrhosis can aggravate HE, and lead to a higher mortality. HEV infection can cause decompensation in patients with cirrhosis, as evidenced by a worsening Child-Pugh score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Pelosi E, Clarke I. Hepatitis E: a complex and global disease. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2008; 1:e8. [PMID: 22460217 PMCID: PMC3167588 DOI: 10.3134/ehtj.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after its discovery, the hepatitis E virus (HEV) continues to represent a major public health problem in developing countries. In developed countries, it has emerged as a significant cause of non-travel-associated acute hepatitis. HEV infects a wide range of mammalian species and a key reservoir worldwide appears to be swine. Genomic sequence similarity between some human HEV genotypes and swine HEV strains has been identified and we know that humans can acquire HEV infection from animals. Although for the most part the clinical course of HEV infection is asymptomatic or mild, significant risk of serious disease exists in pregnant women and those with chronic liver disease. In addition, there are data on the threat of chronic infections in immunocompromised patients. Beyond management of exposure by public health measures, recent data support that active immunisation can prevent hepatitis E, highlighting the need for vaccination programmes. Here we review the current knowledge on HEV, its epidemiology, and the management and prevention of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pelosi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Health Protection Agency, Southeast Regional Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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