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Xiao N, Yang W, Wang J, Li J, Zhao R, Li M, Li C, Liu K, Li Y, Yin C, Chen Z, Li X, Jiang Y. Protein structuromics: A new method for protein structure-function crosstalk in glioma. Proteins 2024; 92:24-36. [PMID: 37497743 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or spine. Since the 1800s, when the disease was first named, its survival rates have always been unsatisfactory. Despite great advances in molecular biology and traditional treatment methods, many questions regarding cancer occurrence and the underlying mechanism remain to be answered. In this study, we assessed the protein structural features of 20 oncogenes and 20 anti-oncogenes via protein structure and dynamic analysis methods and 3D structural and systematic analyses of the structure-function relationships of proteins. All of these results directly indicate that unfavorable group proteins show more complex structures than favorable group proteins. As the tumor cell microenvironment changes, the balance of oncogene-related and anti-oncogene-related proteins is disrupted, and most of the structures of the two groups of proteins will be disrupted. However, more unfavorable group proteins will maintain and refold to achieve their correct shape faster and perform their functions more quickly than favorable group proteins, and the former thus support cancer development. We hope that these analyses will help promote mechanistic research and the development of new treatments for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Medical Science, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruoxuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Science, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Muzheng Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Medical Science, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingxin Li
- Department of Medical Science, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Chaoqun Yin
- Department of Medical Science, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhibo Chen
- Department of Medical Science, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xingqi Li
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Medical Science, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
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2
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Ghorbani S, Letafati A, Khatami A, farzi R, Shabani S, Moradi P, Tambrchi V, Saadati H, Papizadeh S, rad MV, Tabatabaei R, Bahadory S, Tavakoli A, Bokharaei-Salim F, Monavari SH, Fatemipour M, Hoseini M, Kiani SJ. Association between human herpesvirus-6 and primary brain tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to find out the prevalence and any possible association between human herpesvirus (HHV-6) and primary brain tumors. Materials & methods: The systematic literature search was performed by finding related articles from major databases. Analysis was performed by comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: A total of 13 (25 datasets) articles were included in the study, seven (15 datasets) of which were case/control and the rest (ten datasets) were cross-sectional studies. The pooled prevalence of HHV-6 among primary brain cancer patients was 29% (95% CI: 24–33%; I2 = 97.89%). An association was found between HHV-6 and primary brain cancer (summary odds ratio: 3.77% [95% CI: 2.59–5.49%; I2 = 19.0%]). Conclusion: Our analysis demonstrated that HHV-6 is associated with primary brain cancer. Reactivation of the virus could be triggered by the tumor, therefore, we cannot be certain that the virus appeared before the cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Ghorbani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana farzi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soha Shabani
- Faculty of veterinary medicine, Azad University, Research Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Moradi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Tambrchi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Saadati
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Saher Papizadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mona Vasei rad
- Paramedicine Department, Islamic Azad University, Babol Medical Sciences Branch, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Tabatabaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Fatemipour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hoseini
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Arsene DE, Milanesi E, Dobre M. Viral oncogenesis in tumours of the central nervous system: reality or random association? A retrospective study on archived material. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1413-1420. [PMID: 35112466 PMCID: PMC8899179 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumours have devastating effects and are recurrent, with dismal prognosis (gliomas) or life‐threatening by the compression effect (meningiomas). This disease's aetiology remains debatable. Over the last decade, the hypothesis that human viruses may be implicated in these tumours has been proposed. In this study, our aim is to examine the presence of 11 viruses in the most frequent CNS primary tumours. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we assessed the viral presence in archived, paraffin‐embedded tumour tissues from 114 patients with glioma and meningioma and in the brain tissue from 40 controls lacking tumour pathology. We focused on candidate neuro‐oncogenic types (herpesviridae and polyomaviruses) and on human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV presence, for which involvement in these tumours was hardly investigated, was found to be associated with both tumour categories compared with controls (glioma, p = 0.032; meningioma, p = 0.032), whereas the presence of the neuro‐oncogenic viruses was found in a negligible number of both categories, suggesting a lack of association with the tumour presence. Moreover, our study reveals a positive correlation between HPV presence and glioma malignancy, and a negative correlation with meningioma grading. Our results suggest that the presence of HPV seems to be significantly associated with primary tumours of the CNS and its meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorel Eugen Arsene
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dobre
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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4
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The Association of Human Herpesviruses with Malignant Brain Tumor Pathology and Therapy: Two Sides of a Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052250. [PMID: 33668202 PMCID: PMC7956256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of certain viruses in malignant brain tumor development remains controversial. Experimental data demonstrate that human herpesviruses (HHVs), particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), are implicated in brain tumor pathology, although their direct role has not yet been proven. CMV is present in most gliomas and medulloblastomas and is known to facilitate oncomodulation and/or immunomodulation, thus promoting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. EBV and HHV-6 have also been detected in brain tumors and high-grade gliomas, showing high rates of expression and an inflammatory potential. On the other hand, due to the neurotropic nature of HHVs, novel studies have highlighted the engagement of such viruses in the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches in the context of oncolytic viral treatment and vaccine-based strategies against brain tumors. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent scientific data concerning the emerging dual role of HHVs in malignant brain pathology, either as potential causative agents or as immunotherapeutic tools in the fight against these devastating diseases.
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The U94 Gene of Human Herpesvirus 6: A Narrative Review of Its Role and Potential Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122608. [PMID: 33291793 PMCID: PMC7762089 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a β-herpesvirus that is highly prevalent in the human population. HHV-6 comprises two recognized species (HHV-6A and HHV-6B). Despite different cell tropism and disease association, HHV-6A/B show high genome homology and harbor the conserved U94 gene, which is limited to HHV-6 and absent in all the other human herpesviruses. U94 has key functions in the virus life cycle and associated diseases, having demonstrated or putative roles in virus replication, integration, and reactivation. During natural infection, U94 elicits an immune response, and the prevalence and extent of the anti-U94 response are associated with specific diseases. Notably, U94 can entirely reproduce some virus effects at the cell level, including inhibition of cell migration, induction of cytokines and HLA-G expression, and angiogenesis inhibition, supporting a direct U94 role in the development of HHV-6-associated diseases. Moreover, specific U94 properties, such as the ability to modulate angiogenesis pathways, have been exploited to counteract cancer development. Here, we review the information available on this key HHV-6 gene, highlighting its potential uses.
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6
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Mutharasu G, Murugesan A, Konda Mani S, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Transcriptomic analysis of glioblastoma multiforme providing new insights into GPR17 signaling communication. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2586-2599. [PMID: 33140689 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1841029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors in the central nervous system, which arises due to the failure or crosstalk in the signaling networks. GPR17, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor is anticipated to be associated with the biology of the GBM disease progression. In the present study, we have identified the differential expressions of around 170 genes along with GPR17 through the RNA-Seq analysis of 169 GBM samples. Coordinated expression patterns of all other gene products with this receptor were analysed using gene ontology and protein-protein interaction data. Several crucial signaling components and genes that play a significant role in tumor progression have been identified among which GPR17 was found to be significantly interacting with about 30 different pathways. High-throughput molecular docking of GPR17 by homology-based model against differentially expressed proteins, showed effective recognition and binding of PX, SH3, and Ig-like domains besides Gi protein. Pathways of PI3, Src, Ptdn, Ras, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, phospholipases, nexins and other proteins possessing these structural domains are identified as critical signaling components of the complex GBM signaling network. Our findings also provide a mechanistic insight of GPR17-T0510-3657 interaction, which potentially regulates the interaction of PX domain and helical mPTS recognition domain-containing proteins. Overall, our results demonstrate that GPR17 mediated signaling networks could be used as a therapeutic target for GBM.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanavel Mutharasu
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Molecular Signalling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, India
| | - Saravanan Konda Mani
- Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Computaional Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Molecular Signalling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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7
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Human Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus-6 and Wilms Tumor: Is There a Link? ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.103904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Identifying etiologic factors contributing to Wilms tumor (WT) is necessary for its prevention and treatment. Oncogenic viruses cause nearly 20% of all human cancers. Although trials on preventing virus-caused cancers are complex and difficult, but they are not impossible to conduct. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpes virus-6 (HHV6) can cause different types of cancers. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate whether HCMV and HHV6-DNA are present in patients with WT. This is the first study of this kind in Iran. Methods: This study was performed on patients with kidney disorders who were referring to Mofid Pediatrics Hospital, Tehran (Iran), during 2010-16. In total, 98 kidney samples (49 patients with WT and 49 normal kidneys (autopsy) and kidneys with benign noninfectious lesions) were investigated to identify HCMV and HHV6-DNA. Qualitative Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) method and nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) technique were used to identify HCMV and HHV6, respectively. Results: No significant difference was found between WT patients and controls concerning the HCMV or HHV6. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that there is no association between these viruses and WT.
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8
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Human herpesvirus 6 in transplant recipients: an update on diagnostic and treatment strategies. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:584-590. [PMID: 31567413 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review article focuses on recent advances in the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past few years, key studies have broadened our understanding of best practices for the prevention and treatment of HHV-6B encephalitis after transplantation. Moreover, important data have been reported that support a potential role of HHV-6B reactivation in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease and lower respiratory tract disease in transplant recipients. Finally, increasing recognition of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) and an expanding array of diagnostic tools have increased our understanding of the potential for complications related to viral reactivation originating from iciHHV-6 in donors or recipients. SUMMARY Recent advances in diagnostic tools, disease associations, and potential treatments for HHV-6B present abundant opportunities for improving our understanding and management of this complex virus in transplant recipients.
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Cai Z, Yang S, Li X, Chen F, Li W. Viral infection and glioma: a meta-analysis of prognosis. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:549. [PMID: 32532243 PMCID: PMC7291690 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, occurring due to the carcinogenesis of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Many aspects of the mechanism of its tumorigenesis remain unknown. The relationship between viral infection and glioma is one of the most important research aspects in this field. Currently, there is a lack of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the effect of viral infection on the prognosis of glioma patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between viral infection and the prognosis of glioma patients, aimed at evaluating the prognostic value of the detection of viral infection. Methods Through careful and comprehensive retrieval of results from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases, eligible articles were selected strictly according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The regional sources, detection methods, detection indicators, patient survival, and other data from the samples in the papers were extracted, and the integrated analysis was conducted using Stata 15.1. We conducted a subgroup analysis of the relationship between the degree of infection and prognosis in cytomegalovirus (CMV) patients. Results A total of 11 studies were included in the analysis. Among them, 7 studies involved the relationship between CMV infection and the prognosis of patients with glioma, 2 studies involved human papillomavirus (HPV), 2 studies involved human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and one study involved simian virus 40 (SV40), woolly monkey sarcoma virus (WMSV) and human endogenous retrovirus K113 (HERV-K113). In the CMV study, the pooled Hazard ratio (HR) of Overall survival (OS) was 1.024 (CI: 0.698–1.501), with a P value of 0.905. The pooled HR of Progression free survival (PFS) was 1.067 (CI: 0.770–1.478), with a P value of 0.697. The pooled HR value of low-degree infection versus high-degree infection was 1.476 (CI: 0.799–2.727), with a P value of 0.213. In the HPV study, the pooled HR of OS was 1.467 (CI: 0.552–3.901), with a P value of 0.443. Conclusion CMV infection has no significant effect on the prognosis of glioma patients. Using the IEA as the detection index, the degree of CMV infection was found to have a significant impact on the prognosis of glioma patients; it was not found to possess a significant prognostic value after the integration of different indicators. Neither HPV nor HHV-6 infection has a significant effect on the prognosis of glioma patients. SV40 and WMSV infection are associated with poor prognosis in patients with low-grade glioma. Trial Registration This meta-analysis registered in https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, PROSPERO ID: CRD42019127648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Cai
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shoubo Yang
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 West Nansihuan Road, Beijing, 100071, China.
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10
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Wells MJ, Jacobson S, Levine PH. An evaluation of HHV-6 as an etiologic agent in Hodgkin lymphoma and brain cancer using IARC criteria for oncogenicity. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:31. [PMID: 31709003 PMCID: PMC6833260 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus that can cause roseola infantum, encephalitis, and seizure disorders. Several studies have shown an association between HHV-6 and cancer but confirmation of an etiologic role is lacking. We reviewed the criteria for viral causation of cancer used by The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for six oncogenic viruses and applied criteria to published reports of HHV-6 and its association with Hodgkin lymphoma and brain tumors. METHODS Our major criteria for oncogenicity were finding evidence of the virus in every tumor cell and prevention of the tumor by an antiviral vaccine. Our six minor criteria included: 1) suggestive serologic correlation, such as higher virus antibody levels in cases compared to controls; 2) evidence of the virus in some but not all tumor cells, and 3) time space clustering. We focused on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as the primary virus for comparison as HHV-6 and EBV are both Herpesviridae, ubiquitous infections, and EBV is well-accepted as a human oncovirus. Particular attention was given to Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and brain cancer as these malignancies have been the most studied. RESULTS No studies reported HHV-6 satisfying either of the major criteria for oncogenicity. Of the minor criteria used by IARC, serologic studies have been paramount in supporting EBV as an oncogenic agent in all EBV-associated tumors, but not for HHV-6 in HL or brain cancer. Clustering of cases was suggestive for both HL and brain cancer and medical intervention suggested by longer survival in patients treated with antiviral agents was reported for brain cancer. CONCLUSION There is insufficient evidence to indicate HHV-6 is an etiologic agent with respect to HL and brain cancers. We suggest that methods demonstrating EBV oncogenicity be applied to HHV-6. It is important that one study has found HHV-6 in all cancer cells in oral cancer in a region with elevated HHV-6 antibodies and therefore HHV-6 can still be considered a possible human oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wells
- School of Community and Population Health, University of New England, 716 Stevens Ave, Portland, ME 04103 USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Viral Immunology Section, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Paul H. Levine
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska, 984355 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
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11
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Gu B, Li L, Li M, Wang J, Zhang G, Yao K, Wang S. U94/rep of human herpesvirus 6 inhibits proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5991-6001. [PMID: 30538548 PMCID: PMC6254986 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s177777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously found the involvement of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in the pathogenesis of glioma. U94/rep, encoded by HHV-6, has been identified to play a vital role in viral gene expression and latency. Recent studies have shown its inhibition of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in endothelial cells and prostate cancer cell line PC3, respectively. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of U94/rep in the development and progression of glioma. Patients and methods Patients and methods A total of 20 glioma tissues with positive HHV-6 infection were used for detection of U94/rep. MTT, soft agar, propidium iodide staining, wound healing, Transwell, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assays were applied for evaluation of glioma cells’ proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, respectively. Results U94/rep transcripts could be detected in 11 out of 20 glioma tissues with positive HHV-6 infection. Furthermore, MTT and soft agar assays revealed that overexpression of U94/rep inhibited glioma cell proliferation and colony formation, which may be attributed to the cell cycle arrest at S phase induced by U94/rep. Further analysis demonstrated that U94/rep inhibited glioma cells’ migration and invasion and ex vivo angiogenesis. Reduced expression of proangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, and type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, was detected in cells overexpressing U94/rep. These decreased factors may undermine glioma cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that U94/rep could inhibit malignant phenotypes of glioma cells, indicating that it is a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
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12
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Eliassen E, Lum E, Pritchett J, Ongradi J, Krueger G, Crawford JR, Phan TL, Ablashi D, Hudnall SD. Human Herpesvirus 6 and Malignancy: A Review. Front Oncol 2018; 8:512. [PMID: 30542640 PMCID: PMC6277865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in human disease, several confounding factors, including methods of detection, types of controls, and the ubiquitous nature of the virus, must be considered. This is particularly problematic in the case of cancer, in which rates of detection vary greatly among studies. To determine what part, if any, HHV-6 plays in oncogenesis, a review of the literature was performed. There is evidence that HHV-6 is present in certain types of cancer; however, detection of the virus within tumor cells is insufficient for assigning a direct role of HHV-6 in tumorigenesis. Findings supportive of a causal role for a virus in cancer include presence of the virus in a large proportion of cases, presence of the virus in most tumor cells, and virus-induced in-vitro cell transformation. HHV-6, if not directly oncogenic, may act as a contributory factor that indirectly enhances tumor cell growth, in some cases by cooperation with other viruses. Another possibility is that HHV-6 may merely be an opportunistic virus that thrives in the immunodeficient tumor microenvironment. Although many studies have been carried out, it is still premature to definitively implicate HHV-6 in several human cancers. In some instances, evidence suggests that HHV-6 may cooperate with other viruses, including EBV, HPV, and HHV-8, in the development of cancer, and HHV-6 may have a role in such conditions as nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, gastrointestinal cancer, glial tumors, and oral cancers. However, further studies will be required to determine the exact contributions of HHV-6 to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Emily Lum
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Pritchett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joseph Ongradi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas- Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tuan L Phan
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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13
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Shao Q, Lin Z, Wu X, Tang J, Lu S, Feng D, Cheng C, Qing L, Yao K, Chen Y. Transcriptome sequencing of neurologic diseases associated genes in HHV-6A infected human astrocyte. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48070-48080. [PMID: 27344170 PMCID: PMC5217001 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has been involved in the development of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and glioma. In order to identify the pathogenic mechanism of HHV-6A infection, we carried out mRNA-seq study of human astrocyte HA1800 cell with HHV-6A GS infection. Using mRNA-seq analysis of HA1800-control cells with HA1800-HHV-6A GS cells, we identified 249 differentially expressed genes. After investigating these candidate genes, we found seven genes associated with two or more CNS diseases: CTSS, PTX3, CHI3L1, Mx1, CXCL16, BIRC3, and BST2. This is the first transcriptome sequencing study which showed the significant association of these genes between HHV-6A infection and neurologic diseases. We believe that our findings can provide a new perspective to understand the pathogenic mechanism of HHV-6A infection and neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Genetic Data Analysis Group, Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Tang
- Liver Transplantation Center of The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongju Feng
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanqun Qing
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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14
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Cho CL, Lee YZ, Tseng CN, Cho J, Cheng YB, Wang KW, Chen HJ, Chiou SJ, Chou CH, Hong YR. Hexane fraction of Pluchea indica root extract inhibits proliferation and induces autophagy in human glioblastoma cells. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:416-422. [PMID: 29181154 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. is a perennial plant known for its versatile uses in traditional medicine. Previous findings have shown that the extracts of Pluchea indica possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and anti-tuberculosis activity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the anticancer activity of the hexane fraction of P. indica root extract (H-PIRE) in human glioblastoma cells using flow cytometric and western blot analysis. The results shoewd that, H-PIRE suppressed the growth of glioblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. H-PIRE treatment markedly decreased the population of cells in S and G2/M phases. The significant upregulation of acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) was detected during H-PIRE treatment. The expression levels of microtubule-associated light chain 3-II (LC3-II) protein, phosphorylated JNK and phosphorylated p38 were significantly increased, confirming the occurrence of autophagy during the process. Finally, the combination treatment of H-PIRE and LY294002, a pan PI3K inhibitor, further decreased cell viability, suggesting an additive anticancer effect. Taken together, our results suggest that H-PIRE suppresses the proliferation of glioblastoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Zhe Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Neng Tseng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Joshua Cho
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Han-Jung Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hua Chou
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
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15
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Strojnik T, Duh D, Lah TT. Prevalence of Neurotropic Viruses in Malignant Glioma and Their Onco-Modulatory Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 31:221-229. [PMID: 28358704 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the association between infectious agents and tumour aetiology is relevant in about 20% of cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We tested high-grade glioma tissues from 45 patients for the presence of viral nucleic acids of six herpes viruses, human adenoviruses (A-G), and two neurotropic human viruses (enteroviruses, tick-borne encephalitis virus). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used with immunolabelling. RESULTS Three species of herpes viruses were detected: HSV-2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HHV-6, and one human enterovirus. Plasma of these patients was not infected with viruses. In sera of patients, low HSV-1 and HSV-2 immunoreactivity were found in five cases, although these were not detected in their tumour tissue. CONCLUSION Certain common viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, human cytomegalovirus) are chronically present in the sera of patients with glioblastoma, but not necessarily in their tissues. Possibly both are associated with glioma progression, as we only found viruses in glioblastoma multiforme, but not in lower stages of glioma. Low titres of viruses in the blood indicate chronic viral virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Strojnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Darja Duh
- Department for Medical Microbiology Maribor, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food (NLZOH), Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tamara T Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Hepatotoxicity by combination treatment of temozolomide, artesunate and Chinese herbs in a glioblastoma multiforme patient: case report review of the literature. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1833-1846. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Lin CTM, Leibovitch EC, Almira-Suarez MI, Jacobson S. Human herpesvirus multiplex ddPCR detection in brain tissue from low- and high-grade astrocytoma cases and controls. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:32. [PMID: 27462365 PMCID: PMC4960850 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal CNS malignancy, representing 50 % of all gliomas with approximately 12–18 months survival time after initial diagnosis. Recently, the human herpesvirus cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been suggested to have an oncogenic role, yet this association remains controversial. In addition, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have also been associated with low-grade gliomas, but few studies have examined HHV-6 and EBV in glioblastomas. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a highly precise diagnostic tool that enables the absolute quantification of target DNA. This study examines the association between multiple human herpesviruses and astrocytomas. Methods This study analyzed 112 brain tissue specimens, including 45 glioblastoma, 12 astrocytoma grade III, 2 astrocytoma grade II, 4 astrocytoma grade I, and 49 controls. All brain tissue samples were de-identified and pathologically confirmed. Each tissue block was sectioned for DNA extraction and CMV, EBV, HHV-6A and HHV-6B, and a cellular housekeeping gene were amplified by ddPCR. Results Neither CMV nor HHV-6A were detected in any of the astrocytoma samples. However, HHV-6B (p = 0.147) and EBV (p = 0.049) had a higher positivity frequency in the GBM compared to the controls. Conclusion The undetectable CMV DNA in the astrocytoma cohort does not support the observation of an increased prevalence of CMV DNA in GBM, as reported in other studies. EBV has a significantly higher positivity in the GBM cohort compared to the controls, while HHV-6B has a higher but not statistically significant positivity in the case cohort. Whether these viruses play an oncogenic role in GBM remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Te Major Lin
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, BG 10 RM 5C103 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - Emily C Leibovitch
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, BG 10 RM 5C103 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - M Isabel Almira-Suarez
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, BG 10 RM 5C103 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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18
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Zhang C, Lu Y, Zhang X, Yang D, Shang S, Liu D, Jiang K, Huang W. The role of the RTEL1 rs2297440 polymorphism in the risk of glioma development: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2016; 37:1023-31. [PMID: 26939676 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulator of the telomere elongation helicase1 (RTEL1) gene plays a crucial role in the DNA double-stand break-repair pathway by maintaining genomic stability. Recent epidemiological studies showed that the rs2297440 polymorphism in the RTEL1 gene was a potential risk locus for glioma development, but the results were inconclusive. To clarify the association between this polymorphism and the risk of glioma, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis. The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched to identify all relevant published studies up to 30 August 2015. Four eligible studies were finally included. The pooled results indicated that the RTEL1 rs2297440 polymorphism moderately increased the risk of glioma in all genetic models. A comparison of the dominant model CT + CC versus TT (OR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.24-1.60; p < 0.001) indicated that having the C allele conferred a 40 % increased risk of developing glioma. In a subgroup analysis based on geographic location (Europe, Asia, and America), there was an association between the rs2297440 polymorphism and the risk of glioma in all three areas. The results of the subgroup analysis based on source of control indicated an elevated risk of glioma in population-based control studies. This meta-analysis demonstrates that the RTEL1 rs2297440 polymorphism plays a moderate, but significant role in the risk of glioma. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shuxin Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Denghe Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Kongmei Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China.
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19
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Human Herpesvirus 6A Strain AJ from Africa Resembles Strain GS from North America. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/1/e01498-14. [PMID: 25676750 PMCID: PMC4333650 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01498-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) strain AJ was determined in a comparison of target enrichment and long-range PCR using next-generation sequencing methodologies. The analyses show 85 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), conservation with sequenced HHV-6A reference strain U1102, and closest identity to the recently determined GS strain, despite different geographic origins (United States and Gambia).
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20
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Abstract
The WHO grading scheme for glial neoplasms assigns Grade II to 5 distinct tumors of astrocytic or oligodendroglial lineage: diffuse astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and pilomyxoid astrocytoma. Although commonly referred to collectively as among the "low-grade gliomas," these 5 tumors represent molecularly and clinically unique entities. Each is the subject of active basic research aimed at developing a more complete understanding of its molecular biology, and the pace of such research continues to accelerate. Additionally, because managing and predicting the course of these tumors has historically proven challenging, translational research regarding Grade II gliomas continues in the hopes of identifying novel molecular features that can better inform diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. Unfortunately, the basic and translational literature regarding the molecular biology of WHO Grade II gliomas remains nebulous. The authors' goal for this review was to present a comprehensive discussion of current knowledge regarding the molecular characteristics of these 5 WHO Grade II tumors on the chromosomal, genomic, and epigenomic levels. Additionally, they discuss the emerging evidence suggesting molecular differences between adult and pediatric Grade II gliomas. Finally, they present an overview of current strategies for using molecular data to classify low-grade gliomas into clinically relevant categories based on tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Marko
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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21
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Tweedy J, Spyrou MA, Hubacek P, Kuhl U, Lassner D, Gompels UA. Analyses of germline, chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6A and B genomes indicate emergent infection and new inflammatory mediators. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:370-389. [PMID: 25355130 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.068536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) is rarer than HHV-6B in many infant populations. However, they are similarly prevalent as germline, chromosomally integrated genomes (ciHHV-6A/B). This integrated form affects 0.1-1 % of the human population, where potentially virus gene expression could be in every cell, although virus relationships and health effects are not clear. In a Czech/German patient cohort ciHHV-6A was more common and diverse than ciHHV-6B. Quantitative PCR, nucleotide sequencing and telomeric integration site amplification characterized ciHHV-6 in 44 German myocarditis/cardiomyopathy and Czech malignancy/inflammatory disease (MI) patients plus donors. Comparisons were made to sequences from global virus reference strains, and blood DNA from childhood-infections from Zambia (HHV-6A mainly) and Japan (HHV-6B). The MI cohort were 86 % (18/21) ciHHV-6A, the cardiac cohort 65 % (13/20) ciHHV-6B, suggesting different disease links. Reactivation was supported by findings of 1) recombination between ciHHV-6A and HHV-6B genes in 20 % (4/21) of the MI cohort; 2) expression in a patient subset, of early/late transcripts from the inflammatory mediator genes chemokine receptor U51 and chemokine U83, both identical to ciHHV-6A DNA sequences; and 3) superinfection shown by deep sequencing identifying minor virus-variants only in ciHHV-6A, which expressed transcripts, indicating virus infection reactivates latent ciHHV-6A. Half the MI cohort had more than two copies per cell, median 5.2, indicative of reactivation. Remarkably, the integrated genomes encoded the secreted-active form of virus chemokines, rare in virus from childhood-infections. This shows integrated virus genomes can contribute new human genes with links to inflammatory pathology and supports ciHHV-6A reactivation as a source for emergent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tweedy
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - M A Spyrou
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - P Hubacek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - U Kuhl
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Lassner
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy (IKDT), Berlin, Germany
| | - U A Gompels
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
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22
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Hill JA, Sedlak RH, Jerome KR. Past, present, and future perspectives on the diagnosis of Roseolovirus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 9:84-90. [PMID: 25462438 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Roseolovirus infections mandates careful selection of patients, samples, and testing methods. We review advances in the field and highlight research priorities. Quantitative (q)PCR can accurately identify and distinguish between human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) species A and B. Whether screening of high-risk patients improves outcomes is unclear. Chromosomally integrated (ci)HHV-6 confounds test interpretation but can be ruled out with digital PCR. Reverse transcription qPCR may be a more specific and clinically applicable test for actively replicating Roseoloviruses, particularly among patients with ciHHV-6. Interpretation of Roseolovirus test results faces many challenges. However, careful application of refined and emerging diagnostic techniques will allow for increasingly accurate diagnosis of clinically significant infections and disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ruth Hall Sedlak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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23
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Ablashi D, Agut H, Alvarez-Lafuente R, Clark DA, Dewhurst S, DiLuca D, Flamand L, Frenkel N, Gallo R, Gompels UA, Höllsberg P, Jacobson S, Luppi M, Lusso P, Malnati M, Medveczky P, Mori Y, Pellett PE, Pritchett JC, Yamanishi K, Yoshikawa T. Classification of HHV-6A and HHV-6B as distinct viruses. Arch Virol 2014; 159:863-70. [PMID: 24193951 PMCID: PMC4750402 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after the discovery of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), two distinct variants, HHV-6A and HHV-6B, were identified. In 2012, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classified HHV-6A and HHV-6B as separate viruses. This review outlines several of the documented epidemiological, biological, and immunological distinctions between HHV-6A and HHV-6B, which support the ICTV classification. The utilization of virus-specific clinical and laboratory assays for distinguishing HHV-6A and HHV-6B is now required for further classification. For clarity in biological and clinical distinctions between HHV-6A and HHV-6B, scientists and physicians are herein urged, where possible, to differentiate carefully between HHV-6A and HHV-6B in all future publications.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Hill
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nagagopal Venna
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Amirian ES, Adler-Storthz K, Scheurer ME. Associations between human herpesvirus-6, human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:18-23. [PMID: 23624298 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CxCa) is the second most common cancer among women globally. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is thought to be a necessary, but not sufficient, causal factor in CxCa development. Why some women are able to clear HPV infection with no adverse effects, whereas others develop cancer, remains unclear. HHV-6 has demonstrated transformative abilities and has been shown to be present in the genital tract. However, based on the current evidence, we cannot conclude that HHV-6 is a co-factor in HPV-associated carcinogenesis. Nonetheless, future research is warranted because of several crucial gaps in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susan Amirian
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza MSBCM305, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Chi J, Gu B, Zhang C, Peng G, Zhou F, Chen Y, Zhang G, Guo Y, Guo D, Qin J, Wang J, Li L, Wang F, Liu G, Xie F, Feng D, Zhou H, Huang X, Lu S, Liu Y, Hu W, Yao K. Human herpesvirus 6 latent infection in patients with glioma. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1394-8. [PMID: 22962688 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of glioma remains unclear so far. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) might be associated with glioma, but there is no direct evidence to support this. High percentages of HHV-6 DNA and protein were detected in tissue from gliomas, compared with normal brain tissue. In addition, a strain of HHV-6A was isolated from the fluid specimens from glioma cysts. High levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) were detected in the cyst fluid specimens from HHV-6-positive patients with glioma. Furthermore, HHV-6A infection promoted IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β production in astrocyte cultures. Our studies strongly suggest the involvement of HHV-6 infection in the pathogenesis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, China
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27
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Complementation of the function of glycoprotein H of human herpesvirus 6 variant A by glycoprotein H of variant B in the virus life cycle. J Virol 2012; 86:8492-8. [PMID: 22647694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00504-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a T-cell-tropic betaherpesvirus. HHV-6 can be classified into two variants, HHV-6 variant A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B, based on genetic, antigenic, and cell tropisms, although the homology of their entire genomic sequences is nearly 90%. The HHV-6A glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 is a viral ligand that binds to the cellular receptor human CD46. Because gH has 94.3% amino acid identity between the variants, here we examined whether gH from one variant could complement its loss in the other. Recently, we successfully reconstituted HHV-6A from its cloned genome in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) (rHHV-6ABAC). Using this system, we constructed HHV-6ABAC DNA containing the HHV-6B gH (BgH) gene instead of the HHV-6A gH (AgH) gene in Escherichia coli. Recombinant HHV-6ABAC expressing BgH (rHHV-6ABAC-BgH) was successfully reconstituted. In addition, a monoclonal antibody that blocks HHV-6B but not HHV-6A infection neutralized rHHV-6ABAC-BgH but not rHHV-6ABAC. These results indicate that HHV-6B gH can complement the function of HHV-6A gH in the viral infectious cycle.
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Amirian ES, Scheurer ME. Chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus 6 in familial glioma etiology. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:193-6. [PMID: 22591997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a highly neurotropic beta-herpesvirus with demonstrated transformative properties. HHV-6 infection has been implicated in the etiologies of cancers, including lymphoma and leukemia; conditions with brain involvement, including epilepsy and encephalitis; and other disorders. HHV-6 is also the only human herpesvirus that has been proven to integrate into the chromosomes of a proportion (1-12%) of infected individuals. Because several traditional genetic association studies have failed to identify a variant that can account for the established relationship between family history and glioma risk, the possibility that chromosomally-integrated HHV-6 (CI-HHV-6), as a heritable factor, may explain a proportion of familial glioma cases warrants evaluation. To test this hypothesis, the prevalence of CI-HHV-6 in familial glioma cases and related and unrelated cancer-free control groups should be compared. Among glioma-affected families, the inheritance pattern of CI-HHV-6 could be evaluated by constructing pedigrees. If CI-HHV-6 is found to be associated with familial glioma risk, this knowledge could potentially lead to the future development of novel therapeutic and preventive approaches, including vaccines and immunotherapies targeted at the HHV-6 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susan Amirian
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Gu B, Zhang GF, Li LY, Zhou F, Feng DJ, Ding CL, Chi J, Zhang C, Guo DD, Wang JF, Zhou H, Yao K, Hu WX. Human herpesvirus 6A induces apoptosis of primary human fetal astrocytes via both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Virol J 2011; 8:530. [PMID: 22152093 PMCID: PMC3253131 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a T-lymphtropic and neurotropic virus that can infect various types of cells. Sequential studies reported that apoptosis of glia and neurons induced by HHV-6 might act a potential trigger for some central nervous system (CNS) diseases. HHV-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of encephalitis, multiple sclerosis (MS) and fatigue syndrome. However, the mechanisms responsible for the apoptosis of infected CNS cells induced by HHV-6 are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the cell death processes of primary human fetal astrocytes (PHFAs) during productive HHV-6A infection and the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS HHV-6A can cause productive infection in primary human fetal astrocytes. Annexin V-PI staining and electron microscopic analysis indicated that HHV-6A was an inducer of apoptosis. The cell death was associated with activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which is known to be an important substrate for activated caspase-3. Caspase-8 and -9 were also significantly activated in HHV-6A-infected cells. Moreover, HHV-6A infection led to Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation. HHV-6A infection increased the release of Smac/Diablo, AIF and cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, which induced apoptosis via the caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. In addition, we also found that anti-apoptotic factors such as IAPs and NF-κB decreased in HHV-6A infected PHFAs. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in HHV-6A-infected glial cells. These findings would be helpful in understanding the mechanisms of CNS diseases caused by HHV-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Kofman A, Marcinkiewicz L, Dupart E, Lyshchev A, Martynov B, Ryndin A, Kotelevskaya E, Brown J, Schiff D, Abounader R. The roles of viruses in brain tumor initiation and oncomodulation. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:451-66. [PMID: 21720806 PMCID: PMC3278219 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
While some avian retroviruses have been shown to induce gliomas in animal models, human herpesviruses, specifically, the most extensively studied cytomegalovirus, and the much less studied roseolovirus HHV-6, and Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, currently attract more and more attention as possible contributing or initiating factors in the development of human brain tumors. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the most provoking findings indicating a potential causative link between brain tumors, specifically malignant gliomas, and viruses in the context of the concepts of viral oncomodulation and the tumor stem cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kofman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lucasz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Evan Dupart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anton Lyshchev
- St. Petersburg State Department of Health, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital #31, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Boris Martynov
- S.M.Kirov Medical Academy, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Anatolii Ryndin
- Clinical Diagnostic Center, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Elena Kotelevskaya
- St. Petersburg State Department of Health, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital #31, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Jay Brown
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - David Schiff
- Department of Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Roger Abounader
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Skalsky RL, Cullen BR. Reduced expression of brain-enriched microRNAs in glioblastomas permits targeted regulation of a cell death gene. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24248. [PMID: 21912681 PMCID: PMC3166303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive malignant tumor involving glial cells in the human brain. We used high-throughput sequencing to comprehensively profile the small RNAs expressed in glioblastoma and non-tumor brain tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) made up the large majority of small RNAs, and we identified over 400 different cellular pre-miRNAs. No known viral miRNAs were detected in any of the samples analyzed. Cluster analysis revealed several miRNAs that were significantly down-regulated in glioblastomas, including miR-128, miR-124, miR-7, miR-139, miR-95, and miR-873. Post-transcriptional editing was observed for several miRNAs, including the miR-376 family, miR-411, miR-381, and miR-379. Using the deep sequencing information, we designed a lentiviral vector expressing a cell suicide gene, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene, under the regulation of a miRNA, miR-128, that was found to be enriched in non-tumor brain tissue yet down-regulated in glioblastomas, Glioblastoma cells transduced with this vector were selectively killed when cultured in the presence of ganciclovir. Using an in vitro model to recapitulate expression of brain-enriched miRNAs, we demonstrated that neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells transduced with the miRNA-regulated HSV-TK vector are protected from killing by expression of endogenous miR-128. Together, these results provide an in-depth analysis of miRNA dysregulation in glioblastoma and demonstrate the potential utility of these data in the design of miRNA-regulated therapies for the treatment of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Skalsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bryan R. Cullen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chronic viral infection and primary central nervous system malignancy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:387-403. [PMID: 20387126 PMCID: PMC2914282 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. While some of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of neuro-oncogenesis are known, much less is known about possible epigenetic contributions to disease pathophysiology. Over the last several decades, chronic viral infections have been associated with a number of human malignancies. In primary CNS malignancies, two families of viruses, namely polyomavirus and herpesvirus, have been detected with varied frequencies in a number of pediatric and adult histological tumor subtypes. However, establishing a link between chronic viral infection and primary CNS malignancy has been an area of considerable controversy, due in part to variations in detection frequencies and methodologies used among researchers. Since a latent viral neurotropism can be seen with a variety of viruses and a widespread seropositivity exists among the population, it has been difficult to establish an association between viral infection and CNS malignancy based on epidemiology alone. While direct evidence of a role of viruses in neuro-oncogenesis in humans is lacking, a more plausible hypothesis of neuro-oncomodulation has been proposed. The overall goals of this review are to summarize the many human investigations that have studied viral infection in primary CNS tumors, discuss potential neuro-oncomodulatory mechanisms of viral-associated CNS disease and propose future research directions to establish a more firm association between chronic viral infections and primary CNS malignancies.
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Abstract
Az 1986-ban felfedezett emberi 6-os herpeszvírus A és B változata molekuláris tulajdonságai alapján a legősibb emberi herpeszvírus. A B változat cseppfertőzéssel terjed a tünetmentes vírusürítő felnőttekről a két év alatti kisgyermekekre, akikben alkalmilag exanthema subitum jöhet létre. A vírus a CD4+ macrophagokat, lymphocytákat fertőzi, utóbbiakban élethossziglan lappangás, időnként a nyálmirigyekben vírustermeléssel járó perzisztencia alakul ki. Felnőttkorban ez a változat csontvelő- és szervátültetések kapcsán, immunszuppresszió talaján reaktiválódik, és akár halálos szövődményeket hoz létre. Sclerosis multiplex, idült fáradtság tünetegyüttes, Hodgkin- és nem Hodgkin-lymphomák kialakulásában kofaktor. A CD+-sejteket fertőző és bennük lappangó A változat közvetlen kórokozó képessége nem ismert. A HIV-fertőzést rendkívül erősen transzaktiváljain vitroés betegekben egyaránt. Papillomavírusok által okozott daganatokban is transzaktivátor. Mindkét vírusváltozat kórokozó képessége a megváltozott citokin- és kemokinegyensúlyon alapszik. A két változat elkülönítése szerológiailag nehézkes, erre a savóból vagy a fehérvérsejtekből végzett változatspecifikus PCR alkalmas. A súlyos komplikációk kezelésére, esetleg kemoprofilaxisára ganciclovir, esetleg foscarnet és cidofovir használható.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Ongrádi
- 1 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Közegészségtani Intézet Budapest Nagyvárad tér 4. 1089
| | - Valéria Kövesdi
- 1 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Közegészségtani Intézet Budapest Nagyvárad tér 4. 1089
| | - G. Péter Medveczky
- 2 University of South Florida College of Medicine Department of Molecular Medicine Tampa FL
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Abstract
Viral infections of the pediatric central nervous system (CNS) encompass a broad spectrum of both perinatally and postnatally acquired diseases with potentially devastating effects on the developing brain. In children, viral infections have been associated with chronic encephalopathy, encephalitis, demyelinating disease, tumors, and epilepsy. Older diagnostic techniques of biopsy, viral culture, electron microscopy, gel-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral titer quantification are being replaced with more rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time and microarray-based PCR technologies. Advances in neuroimaging technologies have provided for earlier recognition of CNS injury without elucidation of specific viral etiology. Although the mainstay therapy of many pediatric neurovirologic diseases, aside from HIV, includes intravenous acyclovir, much work is being done to develop novel antiviral immunotherapies aimed at both treating and preventing pediatric CNS viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive Box 0935, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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