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Zhou L, Han D, Wang X, Chen Z. Probiotic Formulation VSL#3 Interacts with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells To Protect Dopaminergic Neurons via Centrally and Peripherally Suppressing NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0320822. [PMID: 36728426 PMCID: PMC10100967 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03208-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic immunomodulation is increasingly recognized among the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), while the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. With the growing popularity of using probiotics as an adjuvant approach in PD treatment, concerns about the added effects of probiotics have been raised. In addition to the molecular mechanism mediating the neuroprotective effects of MSCs, the combined effects of a probiotic formulation, VSL#3, and MSC infusion were also evaluated in PD mice. The animals were weekly treated with human MSCs (hMSCs) via the tail vein, VSL#3 via the gastrointestinal tract, or their combination six times. hMSCs, VSL#3 alone, and their combination markedly ameliorated the decreased striatal dopamine content, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNAs in striatum and peripheral tissues induced by MPTP. Furthermore, hMSCs, VSL#3, and their combination notably downregulated mRNA expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1 in brain and peripheral tissues of PD mice. These results suggest that hMSCs, VSL#3, and their combination prevent neurodegenerative changes in PD mice via anti-inflammatory activities in both the central and peripheral systems, possibly through suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that VSL#3 interacts with hMSCs to attenuate neurodegeneration and inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation without altering the effects of hMSCs. Major findings of our study support the usage of probiotic formulation VSL#3 as an adjuvant therapy to hMSC infusion in PD treatment. IMPORTANCE This study provides evidence for the neuroprotective activities of human umbilical cord MSCs from the aspect of anti-inflammation actions. hMSCs inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and MPTP-induced inflammation in both brain and periphery to relieve the degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons in PD mice. Furthermore, as an additional therapeutic agent, probiotic formulation VSL#3 interacts with hMSCs in suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome as well as the central and peripheral anti-inflammatory effects to exert neuroprotective actions in PD mice without altering the actions of hMSCs, suggesting the potential of VSL#3 as an adjuvant therapy in PD treatment. The findings of the present study give a further understanding of the anti-inflammatory activity and the molecular mechanism for the beneficial effects of MSCs as well as the potential application of probiotic formulation as an adjuvant approach to MSC therapy in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhou
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Han
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhe Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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Neuroprotective effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in PD mice via centrally and peripherally suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory responses. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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A Two-Stage Process for Differentiation of Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Neuronal-like Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6631651. [PMID: 34135973 PMCID: PMC8177978 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6631651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With no permanent cure for neurodegenerative diseases, the symptoms reappear shortly after the withdrawal of medicines. A better treatment outcome can be expected if the damaged neurons are partly replaced by functional neurons and/or they are repaired using trophic factors. In this regard, safe cell therapy has been considered as a potential alternative to conventional treatment. Here, we have described a two-stage culture process to differentiate Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) into neuronal-like cells in the presence of various cues involved in neurogenesis. The fate of cells at the end of each stage was analyzed at the morphometric, transcriptional, and translational levels. In the first stage of priming, constitutively, wingless-activated WJ-MSCs crossed the lineage boundary in favor of neuroectodermal lineage, identified by the loss of mesenchymal genes with concomitant expression of neuron-specific markers, like SOX1, PAX6, NTRK1, and NEUROD2. Neuronal-like cells formed in the second stage expressed many mature neuronal proteins like Map2, neurofilament, and Tuj1 and possessed axon hillock-like structures. In conclusion, the differentiation of a large number of neuronal-like cells from nontumorigenic and trophic factors secreting WJ-MSCs promises the development of a therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Singh M, Jain M, Bose S, Halder A, Nag TC, Dinda AK, Mohanty S. 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol for dopaminergic neuronal specification of MSCs and amelioration of Parkinsonian symptoms in rats. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33454721 PMCID: PMC7811530 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols play vital roles in the human body, ranging from cell cycle regulation and progression to dopaminergic neurogenesis. While naïve human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been explored to have neurogenic effect, there is still a grey area to explore their regenerative potential after in vitro differentiation. Hence, in the current study, we have investigated the neurogenic effect of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22-HC) on hMSCs obtained from bone marrow, adipose tissue and dental pulp. Morphological and morphometric analysis revealed physical differentiation of stem cells into neuronal cells. Detailed characterization of differentiated cells affirmed generation of neuronal cells in culture. The percentage of generation of non-DA cells in the culture confirmed selective neurogenic potential of 22-HC. We substantiated the efficacy of these cells in neuro-regeneration by transplanting them into Parkinson's disease Wistar rat model. MSCs from dental pulp had maximal regenerative effect (with 80.20 ± 1.5% in vitro differentiation efficiency) upon transplantation, as shown by various behavioural examinations and immunohistochemical tests. Subsequential analysis revealed that 22-HC yields a higher percentage of functional DA neurons and has differential effect on various tissue-specific primary human MSCs. 22-HC may be used for treating Parkinson's disease in future with stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Manish Jain
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Samrat Bose
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Ashutosh Halder
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Chia YC, Anjum CE, Yee HR, Kenisi Y, Chan MKS, Wong MBF, Pan SY. Stem Cell Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: How Do Stem Cells Bypass the Blood-Brain Barrier and Home to the Brain? Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8889061. [PMID: 32952573 PMCID: PMC7487096 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8889061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a term describing the highly selective barrier formed by the endothelial cells (ECs) of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by restricting movement across the BBB. An intact BBB is critical for normal brain functions as it maintains brain homeostasis, modulates immune cell transport, and provides protection against pathogens and other foreign substances. However, it also prevents drugs from entering the CNS to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cells, on the other hand, have been reported to bypass the BBB and successfully home to their target in the brain and initiate repair, making them a promising approach in cellular therapy, especially those related to neurodegenerative disease. This review article discusses the mechanism behind the successful homing of stem cells to the brain, their potential role as a drug delivery vehicle, and their applications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Cashinn Chia
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Germany
- Baden Research and Testing (Asia Pac) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
| | - Clarice Evey Anjum
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Germany
- Baden Research and Testing (Asia Pac) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
| | - Hui Rong Yee
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Germany
- Baden Research and Testing (Asia Pac) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
| | - Yenny Kenisi
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Germany
- Baden Research and Testing (Asia Pac) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
| | - Mike K. S. Chan
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Germany
- Baden Research and Testing (Asia Pac) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
| | - Michelle B. F. Wong
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Germany
- Baden Research and Testing (Asia Pac) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
| | - Shing Yi Pan
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Germany
- Baden Research and Testing (Asia Pac) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia
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Li H, Yahaya BH, Ng WH, Yusoff NM, Lin J. Conditioned Medium of Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Endometrial Stem Cells Protects Against MPP +-Induced Cytotoxicity in vitro. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:80. [PMID: 31024252 PMCID: PMC6460823 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed the potential to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it is unknown whether the conditioned medium of human menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells (MenSCs-CM) has the function to alleviate syndromes of PD. In this study, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) for inducing a range of response characteristics of PD. After culturing this cell model with 24 h/48 h collected MenSCs-CM for different days, cell viability, pro-inflammation cytokines, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis were detected. Finally, protein assay was performed to detect 12 kinds of neurotrophic factors inside MenSCs-CM. Our results showed that MPP+ caused SH-SY5Y cell viability reduction as an increasing dose and time dependent manner. MPP+ treatment resulted in inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production accumulation, and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y at its IC50 concentration. Forty-eight hours-collected MenSCs-CM and culturing with the MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y for 2 days are the optimized condition to increase cell viability. Besides, MenSCs-CM was efficacious against MPP+ induced inflammation, ΔΨm loss, ROS generation, and it could significantly decrease cells numbers in late apoptosis stage. What’s more, protein assay showed that MenSCs-CM contained various neuroprotective factors. Our study provided the first evidence that MenSCs-CM has a protective effect on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in various aspects, and firstly showed that MenSCs can release at least 12 kinds of neurotrophic factors to medium, which may contribute to the protective function of MenSCs-CM to treat PD. This research enlightening that MenSCs-CM is beneficial in the therapy for PD and probably also for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life, Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wai Hoe Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life, Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Joint International Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Singh M, Kakkar A, Sharma R, Kharbanda OP, Monga N, Kumar M, Chowdhary S, Airan B, Mohanty S. Synergistic Effect of BDNF and FGF2 in Efficient Generation of Functional Dopaminergic Neurons from human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10378. [PMID: 28871128 PMCID: PMC5583182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the process of neurogenesis, generation of functional dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is important. BDNF has been reported to be responsible for inducing neuronal maturation and functionality. Previously, we have reported the efficient generation of neurons from human bone marrow derived MSCs using FGF2 alone. We hypothesize that hMSCs from various tissues [(bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AD) and dental pulp (DP)], if treated with BDNF on 9th day of induction, alongwith FGF2 will generate functional DAergic neurons. Hence, cells were characterized at morphometric, transcription and translational levels for various markers like MAP2, TH, NGN2, PITX3, DAT, synaptophysin, Kv4.2 and SCN5A. Functionality of in vitro generated neurons was studied by calcium ion imaging. Result analysis depicted that BDNF has effect on expression of dopaminergic neuronal markers at gene and protein levels and functionality of neurons. Among these hMSCs, DP-MSC showed significantly better neuronal characteristics in terms of morphology, expression of neuronal markers and foremost, functionality of neurons. From the present study, therefore, we concluded that i) BDNF has additive effect on neuronal characteristics and functionality ii) DP-MSC are better MSC candidate to study DAergic neurogenesis and perform future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupama Kakkar
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rinkey Sharma
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - O P Kharbanda
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research (CDER), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitika Monga
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research (CDER), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Balram Airan
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Rezniczek GA, Kumbruch S, Scheich J, Jensen A, Tempfer CB. Factors influencing yield and neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood and matrix. Regen Med 2016; 11:465-74. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Umbilical cord blood and Wharton's jelly (WJ) are potential sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We investigated whether harvesting and donor characteristics affected yield and neuronal differentiation, and compared human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) and WJ-derived MSCs regarding neuronal differentiation and cytokine secretion. Materials & methods: MSCs were analyzed by immunoblotting after seven days of differentiation; cytokine protein arrays were used to analyze conditioned medium. Results: Birth weight and blood/anticoagulant ratio influenced MSC yield per unit blood volume, but not maternal and gestational age, delivery mode or fetal gender. Expression of the early neuronal differentiation marker nestin was unaffected by these variables. hUCB- and WJ-derived MSC secrete distinct cytokine profiles. Conclusion: Cell yield is affected by certain donor characteristics. hUCB- and WJ-derived MSCs may serve distinct therapeutic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther A Rezniczek
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Sandra Kumbruch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Jan Scheich
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Arne Jensen
- Campus Clinic Gynecology, Universitätsstraße 140, Bochum, Germany
| | - Clemens B Tempfer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
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Liang C, Xu Y, Zheng D, Sun X, Xu Q, Duan D. RNAi-mediated silencing of HLA A2 suppressed acute rejection against human fibroblast xenografts in the striatum of 6-OHDA lesioned rats. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:28-37. [PMID: 27397073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class l (MHC I) molecules play a role in determining whether transplanted cells will be accepted or rejected, and masking of MHC I on donor cells has been found useful for immunoprotection of neural xenografts. In the present study, primary human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF), HELF treated with lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA A2, MHC I in humans) (siHELF), and rat embryonic lung fibroblasts (RELF) were stereotaxically grafted into the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats to explore whether knockdown of HLA A2 could reduce host immune responses against xenografts. Before lentiviral infection, the cells were transduced with retroviruses harboring tyrosine hydroxylase cDNA. Knockdown of HLA A2 protein was examined by Western blotting. The immune responses (the number of CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the brain and peripheral blood), glial reaction, and survival of human fibroblasts were quantitatively evaluated by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry at 4d, 2w, and 6w post-graft. Animal behaviors were assessed by counting apomorphine-induced rotations pre- and post-grafts. It was shown that a lower level of HLA A2 was observed in siHELF grafts than in HELF grafts, and knockdown of HLA A2 decreased rat immune responses, as indicated by less remarkable increases in the number of CD8 and CD4 T-cells in the brain and the ratio of CD4:CD8 T-cells in the peripheral blood in rats grafted with siHELF. Rats grafted with siHELF exhibited a significant improvement in motor asymmetry post-transplantation and a better survival of human fibroblasts at 2w. The increasing number of activated microglia and the decreasing number of astrocytes were found in three groups of rats post-implantation. These data suggested that RNAi-mediated knockdown of HLA A2 could suppress acute rejection against xenogeneic human cell transplants in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Liang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Deyu Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qunyuan Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Deyi Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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