1
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Liu C, Liao Y, Liu L, Xie L, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li Y. Application of injectable hydrogels in cancer immunotherapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1121887. [PMID: 36815890 PMCID: PMC9935944 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a revolutionary and promising approach to cancer treatment. However, traditional cancer immunotherapy often has the disadvantages of limited immune response rate, poor targeting, and low treatment index due to systemic administration. Hydrogels are drug carriers with many advantages. They can be loaded and transported with immunotherapeutic agents, chemical anticancer drugs, radiopharmaceuticals, photothermal agents, photosensitizers, and other therapeutic agents to achieve controlled release of drugs, extend the retention time of drugs, and thus successfully trigger anti-tumor effects and maintain long-term therapeutic effects after administration. This paper reviews recent advances in injectable hydrogel-based cancer immunotherapy, including immunotherapy alone, immunotherapy with combination chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, and DNA hydrogel-based immunotherapy. Finally, we review the potential and limitations of injectable hydrogels in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junbo Liu
- *Correspondence: Junbo Liu, ; Yumao Zhang, ; Yuzhen Li,
| | - Yumao Zhang
- *Correspondence: Junbo Liu, ; Yumao Zhang, ; Yuzhen Li,
| | - Yuzhen Li
- *Correspondence: Junbo Liu, ; Yumao Zhang, ; Yuzhen Li,
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2
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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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3
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Zhang XW, Huck K, Jähne K, Cichon F, Sonner JK, Ufer F, Bauer S, Woo MS, Green E, Lu K, Kilian M, Friese MA, Platten M, Sahm K. Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein/activity-regulated gene 3.1 (Arc/Arg3.1) enhances dendritic cell vaccination in experimental melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1920739. [PMID: 34026332 PMCID: PMC8128181 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1920739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has proven to be an effective and safe adjuvant for cancer immunotherapies. As the presence of DCs within the tumor microenvironment promotes adaptive antitumor immunity, enhancement of DC migration toward the tumor microenvironment following DC vaccination might represent one possible approach to increase its therapeutic efficacy. While recent findings suggest the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein/activity-regulated gene 3.1 (Arc/Arg3.1) as critical regulator of DC migration in the context of autoimmune diseases, we aimed to investigate the impact of Arc/Arg3.1 expression for DC-based cancer vaccines. To this end, DC migration capacity as well as the induction of T cell-mediated antitumor immunity was assessed in an experimental B16 melanoma model with Arc/Arg3.1−/- and Arc/Arg3.1-expressing BMDCs applied as a subcutaneous vaccine. While antigen presentation on DCs was critical for unleashing effective T cell mediated antitumor immune responses, Arc/Arg3.1 expression enhanced DC migration toward the tumor and secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, Arc/Arg3.1-expressing BMDCs shape the tumor immune microenvironment by facilitating tumor recruitment of antigen-specific effector T cells. Thus, Arc/Arg3.1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in DCs in order to increase the therapeutic efficacy of DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Huck
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristine Jähne
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Cichon
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana K Sonner
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Ufer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Bauer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Seungsu Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ed Green
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kilian
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Sahm
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Jain S, Kumar S. Cancer immunotherapy: dawn of the death of cancer? Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:1-18. [PMID: 32530336 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1775827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the proficient evaders of the immune system which claims millions of lives every year. Developing therapeutics against cancer is extremely challenging as cancer involves aberrations in self, most of which are not detected by the immune system. Conventional therapeutics like chemotherapy, radiotherapy are not only toxic but they significantly lower the quality of life. Immunotherapy, which gained momentum in the 20th century, is emerging as one of the alternatives to the conventional therapies and is relatively less harmful but more costly. This review explores the modern advances in an array of such therapies and try to compare them along with a limited analysis of concerns associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
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5
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Guo J, Muse E, Christians AJ, Swanson SJ, Davila E. An Anticancer Drug Cocktail of Three Kinase Inhibitors Improved Response to a Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Vaccine. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1523-1534. [PMID: 31266784 PMCID: PMC6726569 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC)-based cancer therapies intended to elicit antitumor T-cell responses have limited efficacy in most clinical trials. However, potent and sustained antitumor activity in a limited number of patients highlights the therapeutic potential of moDCs. In vitro culture conditions used to generate moDCs can be inconsistent, and moDCs generated in vitro are less effective than natural DCs. On the basis of our study highlighting the ability for certain kinase inhibitors to enhance tumor antigenicity, we therefore screened kinase inhibitors for their ability to improve DC immunogenicity. We identified AKT inhibitor MK2206, DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441, and MEK inhibitor trametinib as the compounds most effective at modulating moDC immunogenicity. The combination of these drugs, referred to as MKNUTRA, enhanced moDC activity over treatment with individual drugs while exhibiting minimal toxicity. An evaluation of 335 activation and T-cell-suppressive surface proteins on moDCs revealed that MKNUTRA treatment more effectively matured cells and reduced the expression of tolerogenic proteins as compared with control moDCs. MKNUTRA treatment imparted to ICT107, a glioblastoma (GBM) DC-based vaccine that has completed phase II trials, an increased ability to stimulate patient-derived autologous CD8+ T cells against the brain tumor antigens IL13Rα2(345-354) and TRP2(180-188) In vivo, treating ICT107 with MKNUTRA, prior to injection into mice with an established GBM tumor, reduced tumor growth kinetics. This response was associated with an increased frequency of tumor-reactive lymphocytes within tumors and in peripheral tissues. These studies broaden the application of targeted anticancer drugs and highlight their ability to increase moDC immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Guo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elena Muse
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Allison J Christians
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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6
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Clappaert EJ, Murgaski A, Van Damme H, Kiss M, Laoui D. Diamonds in the Rough: Harnessing Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells for Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2250. [PMID: 30349530 PMCID: PMC6186813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches that engage immune cells to treat cancer are becoming increasingly utilized in the clinics and demonstrated durable clinical benefit in several solid tumor types. Most of the current immunotherapies focus on manipulating T cells, however, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is abundantly infiltrated by a heterogeneous population of tumor-associated myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Educated by signals perceived in the TME, these cells often acquire tumor-promoting properties ultimately favoring disease progression. Upon appropriate stimuli, myeloid cells can exhibit cytoxic, phagocytic, and antigen-presenting activities thereby bolstering antitumor immune responses. Thus, depletion, reprogramming or reactivation of myeloid cells to either directly eradicate malignant cells or promote antitumor T-cell responses is an emerging field of interest. In this review, we briefly discuss the tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive roles of myeloid cells in the TME, and describe potential therapeutic strategies in preclinical and clinical development that aim to target them to further expand the range of current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile J. Clappaert
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aleksandar Murgaski
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Van Damme
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mate Kiss
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Cornel AM, van Til NP, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S. Strategies to Genetically Modulate Dendritic Cells to Potentiate Anti-Tumor Responses in Hematologic Malignancies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:982. [PMID: 29867960 PMCID: PMC5968097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has been investigated as a potential strategy to target hematologic malignancies, while generating sustained immunological responses to control potential future relapse. Nonetheless, few clinical trials have shown robust long-term efficacy. It has been suggested that a combination of surmountable shortcomings, such as selection of utilized DC subsets, DC loading and maturation strategies, as well as tumor-induced immunosuppression may be targeted to maximize anti-tumor responses of DC vaccines. Generation of DC from CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may provide potential in patients undergoing allogeneic HSPC transplantations for hematologic malignancies. CD34+ HSPC from the graft can be genetically modified to optimize antigen presentation and to provide sufficient T cell stimulatory signals. We here describe beneficial (gene)-modifications that can be implemented in various processes in T cell activation by DC, among which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II presentation, DC maturation and migration, cross-presentation, co-stimulation, and immunosuppression to improve anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelisa M Cornel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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López-Marín LM, Rivera AL, Fernández F, Loske AM. Shock wave-induced permeabilization of mammalian cells. Phys Life Rev 2018; 26-27:1-38. [PMID: 29685859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled permeabilization of mammalian cell membranes is fundamental to develop gene and cell therapies based on macromolecular cargo delivery, a process that emerged against an increasing number of health afflictions, including genetic disorders, cancer and infections. Viral vectors have been successfully used for macromolecular delivery; however, they may have unpredictable side effects and have been limited to life-threatening cases. Thus, several chemical and physical methods have been explored to introduce drugs, vaccines, and nucleic acids into cells. One of the most appealing physical methods to deliver genes into cells is shock wave-induced poration. High-speed microjets of fluid, emitted due to the collapse of microbubbles after shock wave passage, represent the most significant mechanism that contributes to cell membrane poration by this technique. Herein, progress in shock wave-induced permeabilization of mammalian cells is presented. After covering the main concepts related to molecular strategies whose applications depend on safer drug delivery methods, the physics behind shock wave phenomena is described. Insights into the use of shock waves for cell membrane permeation are discussed, along with an overview of the two major biomedical applications thereof-i.e., genetic modification and anti-cancer shock wave-assisted chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to summarize 30 years of data showing underwater shock waves as a safe, noninvasive method for macromolecular delivery into mammalian cells, encouraging the development of further research, which is still required before the introduction of this promising tool into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M López-Marín
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
| | - Ana Leonor Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares & Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Fernández
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
| | - Achim M Loske
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
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9
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Non-protein biologic therapeutics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 53:65-75. [PMID: 29289799 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While the therapeutic biologics are dominated by therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies, a wide range of non-protein therapeutic biologics are rapidly gaining ground both in clinical studies and approved products. Many of these first-in-class therapies provide novel treatment modalities and address previously untreatable conditions or undruggable targets. In particular, novel treatments for rare genetic disorders and qualitatively different oncology therapeutics have been approved in the last two years. This review discusses recent advances in peptide, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, vaccine, and cell-based therapies as well as the manufacturing and commercialization challenges associated with these novel therapeutics.
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10
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The development of dendritic cell vaccine-based immunotherapies for glioblastoma. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:225-239. [PMID: 28138787 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the biologic advantages of dendritic cell-based vaccinations as a therapeutic strategy for cancer as well as preclinical and emerging clinical data associated with such approaches for glioblastoma patients.
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11
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Powell AB, Williams K, Cruz CRY. Gene-modified, cell-based therapies—an overview. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1351-1359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Editorial. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1349-1350. [PMID: 27686830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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