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Impact of Cryopreservation and Freeze-Thawing on Therapeutic Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and Other Common Cellular Therapeutics. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2022; 8:72-92. [PMID: 35502223 PMCID: PMC9045030 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-022-00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cryopreservation and its associated freezing and thawing procedures–short “freeze-thawing”–are among the final steps in economically viable manufacturing and clinical application of diverse cellular therapeutics. Translation from preclinical proof-of-concept studies to larger clinical trials has indicated that these processes may potentially present an Achilles heel to optimal cell product safety and particularly efficacy in clinical trials and routine use. Recent Findings We review the current state of the literature on how cryopreservation of cellular therapies has evolved and how the application of this technique to different cell types is interlinked with their ability to engraft and function upon transfer in vivo, in particular for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), their progeny, and therapeutic cell products derived thereof. We also discuss pros and cons how this may differ for non-hematopoietic mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapeutics. We present different avenues that may be crucial for cell therapy optimization, both, for hematopoietic (e.g., effector, regulatory, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T and NK cell based products) and for non-hematopoietic products, such as MSCs and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to achieve optimal viability, recovery, effective cell dose, and functionality of the cryorecovered cells. Summary Targeted research into optimizing the cryopreservation and freeze-thawing routines and the adjunct manufacturing process design may provide crucial advantages to increase both the safety and efficacy of cellular therapeutics in clinical use and to enable effective market deployment strategies to become economically viable and sustainable medicines.
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Yang J, Wang X, Fan Y, Song X, Wu J, Fu Z, Li T, Huang Y, Tang Z, Meng S, Liu N, Chen J, Liu P, Yang L, Gong X, Chen C. Tropoelastin improves adhesion and migration of intra-articular injected infrapatellar fat pad MSCs and reduces osteoarthritis progression. Bioact Mater 2021; 10:443-459. [PMID: 34901559 PMCID: PMC8636741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. However, more and more studies reveal that the injected MSCs have poor adhesion, migration, and survival in the joint cavity. A recent study shows that tropoelastin (TE) regulates adhesion, proliferation and phenotypic maintenance of MSCs as a soluble additive, indicating that TE could promote MSCs-homing in regenerative medicine. In this study, we used TE as injection medium, and compared it with classic media in MSCs intra-articular injection such as normal saline (NS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). We found that TE could effectively improve adhesion, migration, chondrogenic differentiation of infrapatellar fat pad MSCs (IPFP-MSCs) and enhance matrix synthesis of osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OACs) in indirect-coculture system. Moreover, TE could significantly enhance IPFP-MSCs adhesion via activation of integrin β1, ERK1/2 and vinculin (VCL) in vitro. In addition, intra-articular injection of TE-IPFP MSCs suspension resulted in a short-term increase in survival rate of IPFP-MSCs and better histology scores of rat joint tissues. Inhibition of integrin β1 or ERK1/2 attenuated the protective effect of TE-IPFP MSCs suspension in vivo. In conclusion, TE promotes performance of IPFP-MSCs and protects knee cartilage from damage in OA through enhancement of cell adhesion and activation of integrin β1/ERK/VCL pathway. Our findings may provide new insights in MSCs intra-articular injection for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yahan Fan
- Blood Transfusion Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiongbo Song
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiangyi Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Zhenlan Fu
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - ZheXiong Tang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuo Meng
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Na Liu
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pingju Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zunyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zunyi, 563099, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gong
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Calcat-i-Cervera S, Sanz-Nogués C, O'Brien T. When Origin Matters: Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells From Different Sources for Clinical Translation in Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:728496. [PMID: 34616756 PMCID: PMC8488400 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.728496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) offer new prospects to improve the treatment of conditions with unmet medical needs. Kidney diseases are a current major health concern with an increasing global prevalence. Chronic renal failure appears after many years of impairment, which opens a temporary window to apply novel therapeutic approaches to delay or halt disease progression. The immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-regenerative properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have sparked interest for their use in cell-based regenerative therapies. Currently, several early-phase clinical trials have been completed and many are ongoing to explore MSC safety and efficacy in a wide range of nephropathies. However, one of the current roadblocks to the clinical translation of MSC therapies relates to the lack of standardization and harmonization of MSC manufacturing protocols, which currently hinders inter-study comparability. Studies have shown that cell culture processing variables can have significant effects on MSC phenotype and functionality, and these are highly variable across laboratories. In addition, heterogeneity within MSC populations is another obstacle. Furthermore, MSCs may be isolated from several sources which adds another variable to the comparative assessment of outcomes. There is now a growing body of literature highlighting unique and distinctive properties of MSCs according to the tissue origin, and that characteristics such as donor, age, sex and underlying medical conditions may alter the therapeutic effect of MSCs. These variables must be taken into consideration when developing a cell therapy product. Having an optimal scale-up strategy for MSC manufacturing is critical for ensuring product quality while minimizing costs and time of production, as well as avoiding potential risks. Ideally, optimal scale-up strategies must be carefully considered and identified during the early stages of development, as making changes later in the bioprocess workflow will require re-optimization and validation, which may have a significant long-term impact on the cost of the therapy. This article provides a summary of important cell culture processing variables to consider in the scale-up of MSC manufacturing as well as giving a comprehensive review of tissue of origin-specific biological characteristics of MSCs and their use in current clinical trials in a range of renal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), CÚRAM, Biomedical Science Building, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Rallapalli S, Guhathakurta S, Bishi DK, Subbarayan R, Mathapati S, Korrapati PS. A critical appraisal of humanized alternatives to fetal bovine serum for clinical applications of umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:2067-2083. [PMID: 34499291 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study is aimed to verify the possibility of using humanized alternatives to fetal bovine serum (FBS) such as umbilical cord blood plasma (CBP) and AB+ plasma to support the long-term growth of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from the umbilical cord. We hypothesized that umbilical CBP would be a potential substitute to FBS, especially for small scale autologous clinical transplantations. METHODS The MSCs were cultured for six consecutive passages to evaluate xeno-free media's ability to support long-term growth. Cell proliferation rates, colony-forming-unit (CFU) efficiency and population doublings of expanded MSCs, were investigated. Ex vivo expanded MSCs were further characterized using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. The impact of cryopreservation and composition of cryomedium on phenotype, viability of MSC was also assessed. RESULTS Our results on cell proliferation, colony-forming unit efficiency suggested that the expansion of the cells was successfully carried out in media supplemented with humanized alternatives. MSCs showed lower CFU counts in FBS (~ 25) than humanized alternatives (~ 35). The gene expression analysis revealed that transcripts showed significant differential expression by two to three folds in the FBS group compared with MSCs grown in medium with humanized alternatives (p < 0.05). In addition, MSCs grown in a medium with FBS had more osteogenic activity, a signature of unwanted differentiation. The majority of ex vivo expanded MSCs at early and late passages expressed CD44+, CD73+, CD105+, CD90+, and CD166+ in all the experimental groups tested (~ 90%). In contrast to the other MSC surface markers, expression levels of STRO-1+ (~ 21-10%) and TNAP+ (~ 29-11%) decreased with the increase in passage number for MSCs cultured in a FBS-supplemented medium (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results established that CBP supported culture of umbilical cord tissue-derived MSCs and is a safer Xeno free replacement to FBS. The use of CBP also enables the storage of umbilical cord tissue derived MSCs in patient-specific conditions to minimize adverse events if cells are delivered directly to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Rallapalli
- Biological Material Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | | | - Dillip Kumar Bishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Santosh Mathapati
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Purna Sai Korrapati
- Biological Material Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
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Xu Y, Li-Ying Chan L, Chen S, Ying B, Zhang T, Liu W, Guo H, Wang J, Xu Z, Zhang X, He X. Optimization of UC-MSCs cold-chain storage by minimizing temperature fluctuations using an automatic cryopreservation system. Cryobiology 2021; 99:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Egorikhina MN, Rubtsova YP, Aleynik DY. Long-Term Cryostorage of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Containing Hybrid Hydrogel Scaffolds Based on Fibrin and Collagen. Gels 2020; 6:E44. [PMID: 33255558 PMCID: PMC7709639 DOI: 10.3390/gels6040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The most difficult issue when using tissue engineering products is enabling the ability to store them without losing their restorative capacity. The numbers and viability of mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a hydrogel scaffold after cryostorage at -80 °C (by using, individually, two kinds of cryoprotectors-Bambanker and 10% DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) solution) for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were determined, with subsequent assessment of cell proliferation after 96 h. The analysis of the cellular component was performed using fluorescence microscopy and the two fluorochromes-Hoechst 3334 and NucGreenTM Dead 488. The experimental protocol ensured the preservation of cells in the scaffold structure, retaining both high viability and proliferative activity during storage for 3 months. Longer storage of scaffolds led to their significant changes. Therefore, after 6 months, the proliferative activity of cells decreased. Cryostorage of scaffolds for 9 months led to a decrease in cells' viability and proliferative activity. As a result of cryostorage of scaffolds for 12 months, a decrease in viability and proliferative activity of cells was observed, as well as pronounced changes in the structure of the hydrogel. The described scaffold cryostorage protocol could become the basis for the development of storage protocols for such tissue engineering products, and for helping to extend the possibilities of their clinical use while accelerating their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa N. Egorikhina
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBEI HE PRMU MOH), 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.R.); (D.Y.A.)
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Moquin-Beaudry G, Colas C, Li Y, Bazin R, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Beauséjour C. The Tumor-Immune Response Is Not Compromised by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Humanized Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2735-2745. [PMID: 31578272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic uses of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged over the past decade. Yet, their effect on tumor growth remains highly debated, particularly in an immune competent environment. In this study, we wanted to investigate the impact of human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) on tumor growth in humanized mice generated by the human adoptive transfer of PBMCs or the cotransplantation of hematopoietic stem cells and human thymic tissue (human BLT [Hu-BLT]). Our results showed that the growth and immune rejection of engineered human fibroblastic tumors was not altered by the injection of hUC-MSCs in immune-deficient or humanized mice, respectively. This was observed whether tumor cells were injected s.c. or i.v. and independently of the injection route of the hUC-MSCs. Moreover, only in Hu-BLT mice did hUC-MSCs have some effects on the tumor-immune infiltrate, yet without altering tumor growth. These results demonstrate that hUC-MSCs do not promote fibroblastic tumor growth and neither do they prevent tumor infiltration and rejection by immune cells in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Moquin-Beaudry
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Chloé Colas
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Yuanyi Li
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Direction de l'Innovation, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Quebec G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux, Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; and.,Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christian Beauséjour
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; .,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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