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Kafimola S, Azimi M, Saberi-Pirooz R, Ilgaz Ç, Kashani GM, Kapli P, Ahmadzadeh F. Diversification in the mountains: Evolutionary history and molecular phylogeny of Anatolian rock lizards. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107675. [PMID: 36528333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mountains play a key role in forming biodiversity by acting both as barriers to gene flow among populations and as corridors for the migration of populations adapted to the conditions prevailing at high elevations. The Anatolian and the Zagros Mountains are located in the Alpine-Himalayan belt. The formation of these mountains has influenced the distribution and isolation of the animal population since the late Cenozoic. Apathya is a genus of lacertid lizards distributed along these mountains with two species, i.e., Apathya cappadocica and Apathya yassujica. The taxonomy status of lineages within the genus is complicated. In this study, we tried to collect extensive samples from throughout the distribution range, especially within the Zagros Mountains. Also, we used five genetic markers, two mitochondrial (COI and Cyt b) and three nuclear (C-mos, NKTR, and MCIR), to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the genus and explain several possible scenarios that shaped multiple genetic structures. The combination of results in the current study indicated eight well-support monophyletic lineages that separated to two main groups; group 1 including A. c. cappadocica, A. c. muhtari and A. c. wolteri, group 2 contains four regional clades Turkey, Urmia, Baneh and Ilam, and finally a single clade belonging to the species A. yassujica. In contrast to previous studies, Apathya cappadocica urmiana was divided into four clades and three clades were recognized within Iranian boundaries. The clades have dispersed from Anatolia to adjacent regions in the south of Anatolia and the western Zagros Mountains. According to the evidence generated in this study this clade is paraphyletic. Based on our assumption, orogeny activities and also climate fluctuations in Middle Miocene and Pleistocene have influenced to formation of lineages. In this study we revisit the taxonomy of the genus and demonstrate that the species diversity was substantially underestimated. Our findings suggest that each of the eight clades corresponding to subspecies and distinct geographic regions deserve to be promoted to species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kafimola
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Saberi-Pirooz
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Çetin Ilgaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca- İzmir, Turkey; Research and Application Center for Fauna Flora, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Paschalia Kapli
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Faraham Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran.
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Ghaedi Z, Badri S, Saberi-Pirooz R, Vaissi S, Javidkar M, Ahmadzadeh F. The Zagros Mountains acting as a natural barrier to gene flow in the Middle East: more evidence from the evolutionary history of spiny-tailed lizards (Uromasticinae: Saara). Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the phylogeographic structure of the genus Saara and studied whether the Zagros Mountain ranges influence the gene flow and dispersal at the landscape scale between the Iranian Saara species, including S. asmussi in the central Iranian plateau and S. loricata in the Mesopotamian lowlands. Phylogenetic analyses clearly show three well-supported species, including S. loricata, S. asmussi and S. hardwickii, that are distinct from Uromastyx species. The S-DIVA and BBM analyses demonstrate that species of Saara originated from an ancestor somewhere in the Iranian Plateau and then dispersed to its current geographical range. Our results indicate that the separation of S. loricata from S. asmussi coincides with the orogenic events of the Zagros Mountains during the Pliocene, and thus it may show a vicariance event. Diversification within populations of S. loricata and S. assmussi are estimated to have occurred during the Pleistocene. The haplotype network indicates one haplogroup for each of the Iranian Saara species. Population genetic analyses shows signals of demographic expansions at the beginning of the Holocene for S. loricata. Our results support the hypothesis that the Zagros Mountains act as a barrier for gene flow and Quaternary climatic oscillations affected intraspecific genetic divergences of S. loricata and S. asmussi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ghaedi
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Badri
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Saberi-Pirooz
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Vaissi
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Baghabrisham, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javidkar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Faraham Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
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Kafash A, Ashrafi S, Yousefi M, Rastegar-Pouyani E, Rajabizadeh M, Ahmadzadeh F, Grünig M, Pellissier L. Reptile species richness associated to ecological and historical variables in Iran. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18167. [PMID: 33097758 PMCID: PMC7584626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial gradients of species richness can be shaped by the interplay between historical and ecological factors. They might interact in particularly complex ways in heterogeneous mountainous landscapes with strong climatic and geological contrasts. We mapped the distribution of 171 lizard species to investigate species richness patterns for all species (171), diurnal species (101), and nocturnal species (70) separately. We related species richness with the historical (past climate change, mountain uplifting) and ecological variables (climate, topography and vegetation). We found that assemblages in the Western Zagros Mountains, north eastern and north western parts of Central Iranian Plateau have the highest number of lizard species. Among the investigated variables, annual mean temperature explained the largest variance for all species (10%) and nocturnal species (31%). For diurnal species, temperature change velocity shows strongest explained variance in observed richness pattern (26%). Together, our results reveal that areas with annual temperature of 15–20 °C, which receive 400–600 mm precipitation and experienced moderate level of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) have highest number of species. Documented patterns of our study provide a baseline for understanding the potential effect of ongoing climate change on lizard diversity in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anooshe Kafash
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sohrab Ashrafi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. .,Ecology and Conservation Research Group (ECRG), Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Masoud Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Ecology and Conservation Research Group (ECRG), Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rajabizadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faraham Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marc Grünig
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Evidences for ecological niche differentiation on the Anatolian lizard (Apathya cappadocica ssp.) (Reptilia: Lacertidae) in western Asia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Forcina G, Guerrini M, Panayides P, Hadjigerou P, Khan AA, Barbanera F. Molecular taxonomy and intra-Palaearctic boundary: new insights from the biogeography of the black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) by means of microsatellite DNA. SYST BIODIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2019.1691673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Forcina
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
| | - Monica Guerrini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
| | - Panicos Panayides
- Game & Fauna Service, Ministry of Interior, Nicosia, CY-1453, Cyprus
| | | | - Aleem Ahmed Khan
- Institute of Pure & Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Filippo Barbanera
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
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