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Kapoor DU, Singh S, Sharma P, Prajapati BG. Amorphization of Low Soluble Drug with Amino Acids to Improve Its Therapeutic Efficacy: a State-of-Art-Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:253. [PMID: 38062314 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low aqueous solubility of drug candidates is an ongoing challenge and pharmaceutical manufacturers pay close attention to amorphization (AMORP) technology to improve the solubility of drugs that dissolve poorly. Amorphous drug typically exhibits much higher apparent solubility than their crystalline form due to high energy state that enable them to produce a supersaturated state in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby improve bioavailability. The stability and augmented solubility in co-amorphous (COA) formulations is influenced by molecular interactions. COA are excellent carriers-based drug delivery systems for biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II and class IV drugs. The three important critical quality attributes, such as co-formability, physical stability, and dissolution performance, are necessary to illustrate the COA systems. New amorphous-stabilized carriers-based fabrication techniques that improve drug loading and degree of AMORP have been the focus of emerging AMORP technology. Numerous low-molecular-weight compounds, particularly amino acids such as glutamic acid, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, glycine, etc., have been employed as potential co-formers. The review focus on the prevailing drug AMORP strategies used in pharmaceutical research, including in situ AMORP, COA systems, and mesoporous particle-based methods. Moreover, brief characterization techniques and the application of the different amino acids in stabilization and solubility improvements have been related.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Office of Research Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Pratishtha Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Raffles University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, 301020, India
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, 384012, India.
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2
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Li J, Wang Y, Yu D. Effects of Additives on the Physical Stability and Dissolution of Polymeric Amorphous Solid Dispersions: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:175. [PMID: 37603110 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a popular approach for enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, achieving both physical stability and dissolution performance in an ASD prepared with a single polymer can be challenging. Therefore, a secondary excipient can be added. In this paper, we review three classes of additives that can be added internally to ASDs: (i) a second polymer, to form a ternary drug-polymer-polymer ASD, (ii) counterions, to facilitate in situ salt formation, and (iii) surfactants. In an ASD prepared with a combination of polymers, each polymer exerts a unique function, such as a stabilizer in the solid state and a crystallization inhibitor during dissolution. In situ salt formation in ASD usually leads to substantial increases in the glass transition temperature, contributing to improved physical stability. Surfactants can enhance the wettability of ASD particles, thereby promoting rapid drug release. However, their potential adverse effects on physical stability and dissolution, resulting from enhanced molecular mobility and competitive molecular interaction with the polymer, respectively, warrant careful consideration. Finally, we discuss the impact of magnesium stearate and inorganic salts, excipients added externally upon downstream processing, on the solid-state stability as well as the dissolution of ASD tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Dongyue Yu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA.
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3
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Bierbrauer KL, Comini LR, Leonhard V, Escobar Manzanelli MA, Castelli G, Farfán S, Alasino RV, Beltramo DM. Eudragit Films as Carriers of Lipoic Acid for Transcorneal Permeability. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071793. [PMID: 37050407 PMCID: PMC10097161 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent disease affecting almost 10% of the world population; it is characterized by acute and chronic conditions. Diabetic patients have twenty-five times higher risk of going blind and developing cataracts early than the general population. Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) is a highly valuable natural antioxidant for the prevention and treatment of ophthalmic complications, such as diabetic keratopathy and retinopathy. However, its applicability is limited due to its low solubility in water; therefore, suitable systems are required for its formulation. In this work we developed an erodible insert based on Eudragit E100 (E PO) and Lipoic Acid (LA) for the delivery of this compound for the preventive treatment of ocular diseases especially in diabetic patients. Film evaluation was carried out by mechanical and thermal properties, mucoadhesivity, drug release, dynamic light scattering and corneal permeability as the concentration of LA increased. It was shown that upon LA release, it forms nanoparticles in combination with E PO that favor corneal permeation and LA retention in the cornea. These E PO-LA films also resulted non-irritable hence they are promising for their application in the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L. Bierbrauer
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
| | - Laura R. Comini
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
| | - Victoria Leonhard
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
| | - Micaela A. Escobar Manzanelli
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Castelli
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
| | - Silvia Farfán
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
| | - Roxana V. Alasino
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
| | - Dante M. Beltramo
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba CP 5164, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
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4
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Shikha S, Lee YW, Doyle PS, Khan SA. Microfluidic Particle Engineering of Hydrophobic Drug with Eudragit E100─Bridging the Amorphous and Crystalline Gap. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4345-4356. [PMID: 36268657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-processing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with excipients is a promising particle engineering technique to improve the API physical properties, which can lead to more robust downstream drug product manufacturing and improved drug product attributes. Excipients provide control over critical API attributes like particle size and solid-state outcomes. Eudragit E100 is a widely used polymeric excipient to modulate drug release. Being cationic, it is primarily employed as a precipitation inhibitor to stabilize amorphous solid dispersions. In this work, we demonstrate how co-processing of E100 with naproxen (NPX) (a model hydrophobic API) into monodisperse emulsions via droplet microfluidics followed by solidification via solvent evaporation allows the facile fabrication of compact, monodisperse, and spherical particles with an expanded range of solid-state outcomes spanning from amorphous to crystalline forms. Low E100 concentrations (≤26% w/w) yield crystalline microparticles with a stable NPX polymorph distributed uniformly across the matrix at a high drug loading (∼89% w/w). Structurally, E100 incorporation reduces the size of primary particles comprising the co-processed microparticles in comparison to neat API microparticles made using the same technique and the as-received API powder. This reduction in primary particle size translates into an increased internal porosity of the co-processed microparticles, with specific surface area and pore volume ∼9 times higher than the neat API microparticles. These E100-enabled structural modifications result in faster drug release in acidic media compared to neat API microparticles. Additionally, E100-NPX microparticles have a significantly improved flowability compared to neat API microparticles and as-received API powder. Overall, this study demonstrates a facile microfluidics-based co-processing method that broadly expands the range of solid-state outcomes obtainable with E100 as an excipient, with multiscale control over the key attributes and performance of hydrophobic API-laden microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shikha
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore119077, Singapore
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore138602, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
| | - Saif A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore117576, Singapore
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5
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Holm TP, Knopp MM, Berthelsen R, Löbmann K. Supersaturated amorphous solid dispersions of celecoxib prepared by in situ microwave irradiation. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122115. [PMID: 35985526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of in situ amorphization using microwave irradiation in order to prepare highly supersaturated ASDs, i.e. ASDs with drug loads higher than the saturation solubility in the polymer at ambient temperature. For this purpose, compacts containing the crystalline drug celecoxib (CCX) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA), or polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), were prepared at drug loads between 30-90 % w/w. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) monohydrate was included in all compacts, as a source of water, to facilitate the dielectric heating of the compacts upon dehydration during microwave irradiation. After processing, the samples were analysed towards their solid state using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). Complete amorphisation of CCX was achieved across all the investigated polymers and with a maximal drug load of 90, 80, and 50 % w/w in PVP, PVP/VA, and PVAc, respectively. These drug loads corresponded to a 2.3-, 2.4-, and 10.0-fold supersaturation in the investigated polymers at ambient temperature. However, dissolution experiments with the in situ prepared ASDs in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF), showed a lower initial drug release (0-2 hours) compared to equivalent physical mixtures of crystalline CCX and polymers or crystalline CCX alone. The lower drug release rate was explained by the fusion of individual drug and polymer particles during microwave irradiation and, subsequently, a lack of disintegration of the monolithic ASDs. Nevertheless, supersaturation of CCX in FaSSIF was achieved with the in situ amorphised ASDs with PVP and PVP/VA, albeit only after 3-24 h. Overall, the present study confirmed that it is feasible to prepare supersaturated ASDs in situ. However, in the current experimental setup, the monolithic nature of the resulting ASDs is considered a limiting factor in the practical applicability of this preparation method, due to limited disintegration and the associated negative effect on the drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Palle Holm
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Livecchi L, McAuley WJ, Kerai-Varsani L. The use of optical differential scanning calorimetry to investigate ibuprofen miscibility in polymeric films for topical drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:125-133. [PMID: 34655768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding drug miscibility in pharmaceutically relevant systems is essential for the development and optimisation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. This is particularly true for film forming systems which are designed to become supersaturated with drug, following application on the skin surface, whilst maintaining the physical stability of the drug for a suitable period to enhance drug delivery. For such formulations, chemical penetration enhancers as well as the drug are absorbed from the formulation into the skin, making understanding drug delivery from the films challenging. This study investigated the use of an optical differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to understand drug miscibility in polymeric film forming systems and explain drug transport behaviour from film forming formulations, containing ibuprofen, a copolymer based on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate (Eudragit® E, EuE), a copolymer based on ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid ester with quaternary ammonium groups (Eudragit® RS, EuRS) and a copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (Eudragit® S, EuS), with and without the chemical penetration enhancer propylene glycol, across a model membrane. The optical DSC enabled the rapid screening of not only drug-polymer miscibility, but also drug-vehicle miscibility, while considering both the melting-point depression and melting enthalpy of the drug due to the presence of the polymer/polymer-based vehicle, obtained via thermal analysis by structural characterisation (TASC) and DSC analysis, respectively. The results obtained enable the polymers studied to be ranked in the order of EuE > EuRS > EuS, with EuE being more miscible with ibuprofen, and the incorporation of a penetration enhancer in the film forming system formulation was found to increase ibuprofen solubility in EuE- and EuRS- based films. The drug-polymer/vehicle miscibility information obtained via optical DSC provided understanding of drug transport from film forming systems with the higher miscibility of ibuprofen with EuE reducing drug transport through decreasing drug saturation in the film. The higher drug transport from films containing EuRS and EuS could also be linked to drug miscibility with the polymer and showed dependence on ibuprofen loading in the formulation. Overall optical DSC has been demonstrated to be a valuable tool for determining drug-vehicle miscibility for pharmaceutical product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Livecchi
- Centre for Research in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - W J McAuley
- Centre for Research in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - L Kerai-Varsani
- Centre for Research in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
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7
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Hempel NJ, Knopp MM, Zeitler JA, Berthelsen R, Löbmann K. Microwave-Induced in Situ Drug Amorphization Using a Mixture of Polyethylene Glycol and Polyvinylpyrrolidone. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3221-3229. [PMID: 34022194 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was investigated for microwave-induced in situ amorphization of celecoxib (CCX) inside compacts. Such amorphization requires the presence of a dipolar excipient in the formulation to ensure heating of the compact by absorption of the microwaves. Previously, the hygroscopic nature of PVP was exploited for this purpose. By exposing PVP-based compacts for set time intervals at defined relative humidity, controlled water sorption into the compacts was achieved. In the present study, PEG was proposed as the microwave absorbing excipient instead of water, to avoid the water sorption step. However, it was found that PEG alone melted upon exposure to microwave radiation and caused the compact to deform. Furthermore, CCX was found to recrystallize upon cooling in PEG-based formulations. Hence, a mixture of PEG and PVP was used, where the presence of PVP preserved the physical shape of the compact, and the physical state of the amorphous solid dispersion. To study the impact of the polymer mixture, different compact compositions of CCX, PEG and PVP were prepared. When exposing the compacts to microwave radiation, it was found that the PEG:PVP ratio was critical for in situ amorphization and that complete amorphization was only achieved above a certain temperature threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Recent Technologies for Amorphization of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081318. [PMID: 34452279 PMCID: PMC8399234 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphization technology has been the subject of continuous attention in the pharmaceutical industry, as a means to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Being in a high energy state, amorphous formulations generally display significantly increased apparent solubility as compared to their crystalline counterparts, which may allow them to generate a supersaturated state in the gastrointestinal tract and in turn, improve the bioavailability. Conventionally, hydrophilic polymers have been used as carriers, in which the amorphous drugs were dispersed and stabilized to form polymeric amorphous solid dispersions. However, the technique had its limitations, some of which include the need for a large number of carriers, the tendency to recrystallize during storage, and the possibility of thermal decomposition of the drug during preparation. Therefore, emerging amorphization technologies have focused on the investigation of novel amorphous-stabilizing carriers and preparation methods that can improve the drug loading and the degree of amorphization. This review highlights the recent pharmaceutical approaches utilizing drug amorphization, such as co-amorphous systems, mesoporous particle-based techniques, and in situ amorphization. Recent updates on these technologies in the last five years are discussed with a focus on their characteristics and commercial potential.
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9
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Vasiljević I, Turković E, Nenadović S, Mirković M, Zimmer A, Parojčić J, Aleksić I. Investigation into liquisolid system processability based on the SeDeM Expert System approach. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120847. [PMID: 34216763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquisolid systems are emerging formulation approach for poorly soluble drugs, based on adsorption/absorption of drug dispersion and obtaining free-flowing powder with good compressibility. SeDeM Expert System represents a powder processability evaluation method. It may provide additional insight into liquisolid systems critical quality attributes, but the contribution of this approach remains to be explored. The aims of this study were: pellet preparation by combination of liquisolid technology and water granulation/extrusion, evaluation of liquisolid based systems (pellets/admixtures) and investigation into the applicability of SeDeM Expert System in liquisolid systems characterization. Pellets/admixtures were prepared with microcrystalline cellulose as carrier and crospovidone/silicon dioxide as coating agent. Ibuprofen solution in polyethylene glycol 400 was used as liquid phase. After comprehensive sample characterization, experimentally obtained parameters were mathematically transformed and evaluated in the SeDeM Expert System framework. Pellets exhibited low aspect ratio and excellent flowability, despite liquid load up to 52.2%. The investigated liquisolid admixtures exhibited good flowability and faster drug dissolution than pellets. Single pellet crushing test results exhibited strong correlation with compact indentation hardness and may be used as indentation hardness predictor. SeDeM Expert System provides useful insight into liquisolid system processability and comparative evaluation and it may facilitate final solid dosage form development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vasiljević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Erna Turković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Nenadović
- Department of Materials Science, "VINČA", Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljana Mirković
- Department of Materials Science, "VINČA", Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Parojčić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Aleksić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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The Influence of Drug-Polymer Solubility on Laser-Induced In Situ Drug Amorphization Using Photothermal Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060917. [PMID: 34205754 PMCID: PMC8234654 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, laser-induced in situ amorphization (i.e., amorphization inside the final dosage form) of the model drug celecoxib (CCX) with six different polymers was investigated. The drug-polymer combinations were studied with regard to the influence of (i) the physicochemical properties of the polymer, e.g., the glass transition temperature (Tg) and (ii) the drug-polymer solubility on the rate and degree of in situ drug amorphization. Compacts were prepared containing 30 wt% CCX, 69.25 wt% polymer, 0.5 wt% lubricant, and 0.25 wt% plasmonic nanoparticles (PNs) and exposed to near-infrared laser radiation. Upon exposure to laser radiation, the PNs generated heat, which allowed drug dissolution into the polymer at temperatures above its Tg, yielding an amorphous solid dispersion. It was found that in situ drug amorphization was possible for drug-polymer combinations, where the temperature reached during exposure to laser radiation was above the onset temperature for a dissolution process of the drug into the polymer, i.e., TDStart. The findings of this study showed that the concept of laser-induced in situ drug amorphization is applicable to a range of polymers if the drug is soluble in the polymer and temperatures during the process are above TDStart.
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11
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Studying the Impact of the Temperature and Sorbed Water during Microwave-Induced In Situ Amorphization: A Case Study of Celecoxib and Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060886. [PMID: 34203828 PMCID: PMC8232578 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave-induced in situ amorphization of a drug into a polymeric amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has been suggested to follow a dissolution process of the drug into the polymeric network, at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer. Thus, increasing the compact temperature, above the Tg of the polymer, is expected to increase the rate of drug dissolution in the mobile polymer, i.e., the rate of amorphization, in a direct proportional fashion. To test this hypothesis, the present study aimed at establishing a linear correlation between the compact temperature and the rate of drug amorphization using celecoxib (CCX) and the polymers polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 12 and PVP17 as the model systems. Water sorbed into the drug–polymer compacts during 2 weeks of storage at 75% relative humidity was used as the dielectric heating source for the present drug amorphization process, and therefore directly affected the compact temperature during exposure to microwave radiation; the loss of water during heating was also studied. For this, compacts prepared with 30 wt% CCX, 69.5 wt% PVP12 or PVP17 and 0.5 wt% magnesium stearate (lubricant) were conditioned to have a final water content of approx. 20 wt%. The conditioned compacts were exposed to microwave radiation for 10 min at variable power outputs to achieve different compact temperatures. For compacts containing CCX in both PVP12 and PVP17, a linear correlation was established between the measured compact end temperature and the rate of drug amorphization during 10 min of exposure to microwave radiation. For compacts containing CCX in PVP12, a fully amorphous ASD was obtained after 10 min of exposure to microwave radiation with a measured compact end temperature of 71 °C. For compacts containing CCX in PVP17, it was not possible to obtain a fully amorphous ASD. The reason for this is most likely that a fast evaporation of the sorbed water increased the Tg of the conditioned drug–polymer compacts to temperatures above the highest reachable compact temperature during exposure to microwave radiation in the utilized experimental setup. Supporting this conclusion, evaporation of the sorbed water was observed to be faster for compacts containing PVP17 compared to compacts containing PVP12.
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12
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The Influence of Temperature and Viscosity of Polyethylene Glycol on the Rate of Microwave-Induced In Situ Amorphization of Celecoxib. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010110. [PMID: 33383672 PMCID: PMC7796040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwaved-induced in situ amorphization of a drug in a polymer has been suggested to follow a dissolution process, with the drug dissolving into the mobile polymer at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer. Thus, based on the Noyes–Whitney and the Stoke–Einstein equations, the temperature and the viscosity are expected to directly impact the rate and degree of drug amorphization. By investigating two different viscosity grades of polyethylene glycol (PEG), i.e., PEG 3000 and PEG 4000, and controlling the temperature of the microwave oven, it was possible to study the influence of both, temperature and viscosity, on the in situ amorphization of the model drug celecoxib (CCX) during exposure to microwave radiation. In this study, compacts containing 30 wt% CCX, 69 wt% PEG 3000 or PEG 4000 and 1 wt% lubricant (magnesium stearate) were exposed to microwave radiation at (i) a target temperature, or (ii) a target viscosity. It was found that at the target temperature, compacts containing PEG 3000 displayed a faster rate of amorphization as compared to compacts containing PEG 4000, due to the lower viscosity of PEG 3000 compared to PEG 4000. Furthermore, at the target viscosity, which was achieved by setting different temperatures for compacts containing PEG 3000 and PEG 4000, respectively, the compacts containing PEG 3000 displayed a slower rate of amorphization, due to a lower target temperature, than compacts containing PEG 4000. In conclusion, with lower viscosity of the polymer, at temperatures above its Tg, and with higher temperatures, both increasing the diffusion coefficient of the drug into the polymer, the rate of amorphization was increased allowing a faster in situ amorphization during exposure to microwave radiation. Hereby, the theory that the microwave-induced in situ amorphization process can be described as a dissolution process of the drug into the polymer, at temperatures above the Tg, is further strengthened.
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Hempel NJ, Morsch F, Knopp MM, Berthelsen R, Löbmann K. The Use of Glycerol as an Enabling Excipient for Microwave-Induced In Situ Drug Amorphization. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:155-163. [PMID: 33058897 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-induced in situ amorphization is a promising approach to circumvent stability and manufacturing issues associated with amorphous solid dispersions (ASD). Using in situ amorphization, the crystalline state of the drug is converted into its amorphous form inside the dosage form, e.g. a compact, upon exposure to microwave radiation. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using glycerol as an enabling excipient in compacts prepared from mixtures of indomethacin and Soluplus®. Additionally, the possibility to form a supersaturated ASD upon exposure to microwave radiation due to elevated temperatures was investigated. It was found that glycerol i) acts as a dielectric heating source absorbing the microwaves, ii) plasticizes the polymer Soluplus® and iii) increases the solubility of the drug indomethacin in the polymer Soluplus®. Additionally, it was found that fully amorphous ASDs could be achieved with drug loadings below -, and slightly above the saturation solubility of indomethacin in the Soluplus®/glycerol mixtures, after exposure to 20 min of microwave radiation. Hence, glycerol was a feasible excipient for the microwave-induced in situ amorphization and allowed the preparation of a, at room temperature, supersaturated ASD, due to the elevated temperatures obtained during exposure to microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flemming Morsch
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Qiang W, Löbmann K, McCoy CP, Andrews GP, Zhao M. Microwave-Induced In Situ Amorphization: A New Strategy for Tackling the Stability Issue of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070655. [PMID: 32664477 PMCID: PMC7408542 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermodynamically unstable nature of amorphous drugs has led to a persistent stability issue of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Lately, microwave-induced in situ amorphization has been proposed as a promising solution to this problem, where the originally loaded crystalline drug is in situ amorphized within the final dosage form using a household microwave oven prior to oral administration. In addition to circumventing issues with physical stability, it can also simplify the problematic downstream processing of ASDs. In this review paper, we address the significance of exploring and developing this novel technology with an emphasis on systemically reviewing the currently available literature in this pharmaceutical arena and highlighting the underlying mechanisms involved in inducing in situ amorphization. Specifically, in order to achieve a high drug amorphicity, formulations should be composed of drugs with high solubility in polymers, as well as polymers with high hygroscopicity and good post-plasticized flexibility of chains. Furthermore, high microwave energy input is considered to be a desirable factor. Lastly, this review discusses challenges in the development of this technology including chemical stability, selection criteria for excipients and the dissolution performance of the microwave-induced ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (W.Q.); (C.P.M.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Colin P. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (W.Q.); (C.P.M.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (W.Q.); (C.P.M.); (G.P.A.)
- China Medical University- Queen’s University Belfast Joint College (CQC), China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (W.Q.); (C.P.M.); (G.P.A.)
- China Medical University- Queen’s University Belfast Joint College (CQC), China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-028-9097-2798; +86-024-31939488
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Tian Y, Jacobs E, Jones DS, McCoy CP, Wu H, Andrews GP. The design and development of high drug loading amorphous solid dispersion for hot-melt extrusion platform. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119545. [PMID: 32553496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a formulation strategy extensively used to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Despite this, they are limited by various factors such as limited drug loading, poor stability, drug-excipient miscibility and the choice of process platforms. In this work, we have developed a strategy for the manufacture of high drug loaded ASD (HDASD) using hot-melt extrusion (HME) based platform. Three drug-polymer combinations, indomethacin-Eudragit®E, naproxen-Eudragit®E and ibuprofen-Eudragit®E, were used as the model systems. The design spaces were predicted through Flory-Huggins based theory, and the selected HDASDs at pre-defined conditions were manufactured using HME and quench-cooled melt methods. These HDASD systems were also extensively characterised via small angle/wide angle x-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It was verified that HDASDs were successfully produced via HME platform at the pre-defined conditions, with maximum drug loadings of 0.65, 0.70 and 0.60 w/w for drug indomethacin, ibuprofen and naproxen respectively. Enhanced physical stability was further confirmed by high humidity (95%RH) storage stability studies. Through this work, we have demonstrated that by the implementation of predictive thermodynamic modelling, HDASD formulation design can be integrated into the HME process design to ensure the desired quality of the final dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Esther Jacobs
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - David S Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Colin P McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Centre for Nature Inspired Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Gavin P Andrews
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
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Convection-Induced vs. Microwave Radiation-Induced in situ Drug Amorphization. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051068. [PMID: 32121006 PMCID: PMC7179224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the suitability of a convection oven to induce in situ amorphization. The study was conducted using microwave radiation-induced in situ amorphization as reference, as it has recently been shown to enable the preparation of a fully (100%) amorphous solid dispersion of celecoxib (CCX) in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) after 10 min of continuous microwaving. For comparison, the experimental setup of the microwave-induced method was mimicked for the convection-induced method. Compacts containing crystalline CCX and PVP were prepared and either pre-conditioned at 75% relative humidity or kept dry to investigate the effect of sorbed water on the amorphization kinetics. Subsequently, the compacts were heated for 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 min in the convection oven at 100 °C. The degree of amorphization of CCX in the compacts was subsequently quantified using transmission Raman spectroscopy. Using the convection oven, the maximum degree of amorphization achieved was 96.1% ± 2.1% (n = 3) for the conditioned compacts after 30 min of heating and 14.3% ± 1.4% (n = 3) for the dry compacts after 20 min of heating, respectively. Based on the results from the convection and the microwave oven, it was found that the sorbed water acts as a plasticizer in the conditioned compacts (i.e., increasing molecular mobility), which is advantageous for in situ amorphization in both methods. Since the underlying mechanism of heating between the convection oven and microwave oven differs, it was found that convection-induced in situ amorphization is inferior to microwave radiation-induced in situ amorphization in terms of amorphization kinetics with the present experimental setup.
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Hempel NJ, Knopp MM, Berthelsen R, Zeitler JA, Löbmann K. The influence of drug and polymer particle size on the in situ amorphization using microwave irradiation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:77-84. [PMID: 32035238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of drug and polymer particle size on the in situ amorphization using microwave irradiation at a frequency of 2.45 GHz were investigated. Using ball milling and sieve fractioning, the crystalline drug celecoxib (CCX) and the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were divided into two particle size fractions, i.e. small (<71 µm) and large (>71 µm) particles. Subsequently, compacts containing a drug load of 30% (w/w) crystalline CCX in PVP were prepared and subjected to microwave radiation for an accumulated duration of 600 sec in intervals of 60 sec as well as continuously for 600 sec. It was found that the compacts containing small CCX particles displayed faster rates of amorphization and a higher degree of amorphization during microwave irradiation as compared to the compacts containing large CCX particles. For compacts with small CCX particles, interval exposure to microwave radiation resulted in a maximum degree of amorphization of 24%, whilst a fully amorphous solid dispersion (100%) was achieved after 600 sec of continuous exposure to microwave radiation. By monitoring the temperature in the core of the compacts during exposure to microwave radiation using a fiber optic temperature probe, it was found that the total exposure time above the glass transition temperature (Tg) was shorter for the interval exposure method compared to continuous exposure to microwave radiation. Therefore, it is proposed that the in situ formation of an amorphous solid dispersion is governed by the dissolution of drug into the polymer, which most likely is accelerated above the Tg of the compacts. Hence, prolonging the exposure time above the Tg, and increasing the surface area of the drug by particle size reduction will increase the dissolution rate and thus, rate and degree of amorphization of CCX during exposure to microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Petry I, Löbmann K, Grohganz H, Rades T, Leopold CS. In situ co-amorphisation in coated tablets – The combination of carvedilol with aspartic acid during immersion in an acidic medium. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:357-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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In situ co-amorphisation of arginine with indomethacin or furosemide during immersion in an acidic medium – A proof of concept study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Blaabjerg LI, Grohganz H, Lindenberg E, Löbmann K, Müllertz A, Rades T. The Influence of Polymers on the Supersaturation Potential of Poor and Good Glass Formers. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040164. [PMID: 30241425 PMCID: PMC6320775 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of poorly water-soluble drug candidates in pharmaceutical development is a major challenge. Enabling techniques such as amorphization of the crystalline drug can result in supersaturation with respect to the thermodynamically most stable form of the drug, thereby possibly increasing its bioavailability after oral administration. The ease with which such crystalline drugs can be amorphized is known as their glass forming ability (GFA) and is commonly described by the critical cooling rate. In this study, the supersaturation potential, i.e., the maximum apparent degree of supersaturation, of poor and good glass formers is investigated in the absence or presence of either hypromellose acetate succinate L-grade (HPMCAS-L) or vinylpyrrolidine-vinyl acetate copolymer (PVPVA64) in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF). The GFA of cinnarizine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, naproxen, phenytoin, and probenecid was determined by melt quenching the crystalline drugs to determine their respective critical cooling rate. The inherent supersaturation potential of the drugs in FaSSIF was determined by a solvent shift method where the respective drugs were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and then added to FaSSIF. This study showed that the poor glass formers naproxen, phenytoin, and probenecid could not supersaturate on their own, however for some drug:polymer combinations of naproxen and phenytoin, supersaturation of the drug was enabled by the polymer. In contrast, all of the good glass formers—cinnarizine, itraconazole, and ketoconazole—could supersaturate on their own. Furthermore, the maximum achievable concentration of the good glass formers was unaffected by the presence of a polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse I Blaabjerg
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Eleanor Lindenberg
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermwattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20521 Turku, Finland.
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Petry I, Löbmann K, Grohganz H, Rades T, Leopold CS. Undesired co-amorphisation of indomethacin and arginine during combined storage at high humidity conditions. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:172-180. [PMID: 29669257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of co-amorphous systems for solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs has recently gained interest in the field of pharmaceutical technology. However, undesired co-amorphisation of a drug may lead to an alteration of the performance of the drug product, e.g. the previously observed co-amorphisation of indomethacin and arginine upon storage of tablets containing both components in an initially crystalline form at room temperature (RT) and 75% relative humidity (RH). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to further investigate this unintended co-amorphisation by storing plain crystalline γ-indomethacin and arginine as well as physical mixtures of both components at RT and three different RH levels (28, 58, and 75% RH). After storage for up to 101 days, their properties were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and HPLC. Results showed that the solid state of plain γ-indomethacin did not change during storage at all three storage conditions. In contrast, arginine was found to form a dihydrate upon storage at RT/58% RH and RT/75% RH. The physical mixtures, stored at RT/28% RH and RT/58% RH, remained crystalline and were chemically stable, while the formation of a co-amorphous salt between indomethacin and arginine as well as basic hydrolysis of indomethacin started already 1 day after exposure to RT/75% RH. Moreover, formation of a crystalline salt of indomethacin and arginine upon storage at RT/75% RH was observed. As neither of these instabilities occurred, if indomethacin was stored separately, the simultaneous effects of arginine and moisture on the solid state properties and chemical stability of indomethacin should be taken into account, if selecting arginine as excipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Petry
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Claudia S Leopold
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Saal W, Ross A, Wyttenbach N, Alsenz J, Kuentz M. Unexpected Solubility Enhancement of Drug Bases in the Presence of a Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Copolymer. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:186-192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Saal
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Ross
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wyttenbach
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Alsenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Yani Y, Kanaujia P, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Effect of API-Polymer Miscibility and Interaction on the Stabilization of Amorphous Solid Dispersion: A Molecular Simulation Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yani
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Parijat Kanaujia
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Pui Shan Chow
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Reginald B. H. Tan
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576 Singapore
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Doreth M, Löbmann K, Priemel P, Grohganz H, Taylor R, Holm R, Lopez de Diego H, Rades T. Influence of PVP molecular weight on the microwave assisted in situ amorphization of indomethacin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 122:62-69. [PMID: 28986296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In situ amorphization is an approach that enables a phase transition of a crystalline drug to its amorphous form immediately prior to administration. In this study, three different polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP K12, K17 and K25) were selected to investigate the influence of the molecular weight of the polymer on the degree of amorphization of the model drug indomethacin (IND) upon microwaving. Powder mixtures of crystalline IND and the respective PVP were compacted at 1:2 (w/w) IND:PVP ratios, stored at 54% RH and subsequently microwaved with a total energy input of 90 or 180kJ. After storage, all compacts had a similar moisture content (∼10% (w/w)). Upon microwaving with an energy input of 180kJ, 58±4% of IND in IND:PVP K12 compacts was amorphized, whereas 31±8% of IND was amorphized by an energy input of 90kJ. The drug stayed fully crystalline in all IND:PVP K17 and IND:PVP K25 compacts. After plasticization by moisture, PVP K12 reached a Tg below ambient temperature (16±2°C) indicating that the Tg of the plasticized polymer is a key factor for the success of in situ amorphization. DSC analysis showed that the amorphized drug was part of a ternary glass solution consisting of IND, PVP K12 and water. In dissolution tests, IND:PVP K12 compacts showed a delayed initial drug release due to a lack of compact disintegration, but reached a higher total drug release eventually. In summary, this study showed that the microwave assisted in situ amorphization was highly dependent on the Tg of the plasticized polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Doreth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Petra Priemel
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Robert Taylor
- Sirius Analytical Instruments Ltd., Station Rd, Forest Row RH18 5DW, United Kingdom.
| | - René Holm
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Heidi Lopez de Diego
- Analytical Development & Compliance, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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25
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Laitinen R, Löbmann K, Grohganz H, Priemel P, Strachan CJ, Rades T. Supersaturating drug delivery systems: The potential of co-amorphous drug formulations. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Sheng Y, Nesbitt H, Callan B, Taylor MA, Love M, McHale AP, Callan JF. Oxygen generating nanoparticles for improved photodynamic therapy of hypoxic tumours. J Control Release 2017; 264:333-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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The flow properties and presence of crystals in drug-polymer mixtures: Rheological investigation combined with light microscopy. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:383-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Saal W, Ross A, Wyttenbach N, Alsenz J, Kuentz M. A Systematic Study of Molecular Interactions of Anionic Drugs with a Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Copolymer Regarding Solubility Enhancement. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1243-1250. [PMID: 28287743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methacrylate-copolymer Eudragit EPO (EPO) has raised interest in solubility enhancement of anionic drugs. Effects on aqueous drug solubility at rather low polymer concentrations are barely known despite their importance upon dissolution and dilution of oral dosage forms. We provide evidence for substantial enhancement (factor 4-230) of aqueous solubility of poorly water-soluble anionic drugs induced by low (0.1-5% (w/w)) concentration of EPO for a panel of seven acidic crystalline drugs. Diffusion data (determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) indicate that the solubility increasing effect monitored by quantitative ultraperformance liquid chromatography was caused primarily by molecular API polymer interactions in the bulk liquid phase. Residual solid API remained unaltered as tested by X-ray powder diffraction. The solubility enhancement (SE) revealed a significant rank correlation (rSpearman = -0.83) with rDiffAPI, where SE and rDiffAPI are defined ratios of solubility and diffusion coefficient in the presence and absence of EPO. SE decreased in the order of indomethacin, mefenamic acid, warfarin, piroxicam, furosemide, bezafibrate, and tolbutamide. The solubilizing effect was attributed to both ionic and hydrophobic interactions between drugs and EPO. The excellent solubilizing properties of EPO are highly promising for pharmaceutical development, and the data set provides first steps toward an understanding of drug-excipient interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Saal
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Ross
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wyttenbach
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Alsenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Amorphization within the tablet: Using microwave irradiation to form a glass solution in situ. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:343-351. [PMID: 28115260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ amorphization is a concept that allows to amorphize a given drug in its final dosage form right before administration. Hence, this approach can potentially be used to circumvent recrystallization issues that other amorphous formulation approaches are facing during storage. In this study, the feasibility of microwave irradiation to prepare amorphous solid dispersions (glass solutions) in situ was investigated. Indomethacin (IND) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K12 (PVP) were tableted at a 1:2 (w/w) ratio. In order to study the influence of moisture content and energy input on the degree of amorphization, tablet formulations were stored at different relative humidity (32, 43 and 54% RH) and subsequently microwaved using nine different power-time combinations up to a maximum energy input of 90kJ. XRPD results showed that up to 80% (w/w) of IND could be amorphized within the tablet. mDSC measurements revealed that with increasing microwaving power and time, the fractions of crystalline IND and amorphous PVP reduced, whereas the amount of in situ formed IND-PVP glass solution increased. Intrinsic dissolution showed that the dissolution rate of the microwaved solid dispersion was similar to that of a quench cooled, fully amorphous glass solution even though the microwaved samples contained residual crystalline IND.
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