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Sun XD, Liu TT, Wang QQ, Zhang J, Cao MS. Surface Modification and Functionalities for Titanium Dental Implants. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4442-4461. [PMID: 37523241 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Dental implants have become the mainstream strategy for oral restoration, and implant materials are the most important research hot spot in this field. So far, Ti implants dominate all kinds of implants. The surface properties of the Ti implant play decisive roles in osseointegration and antibacterial performance. Surface modifications can significantly change the surface micro/nanotopography and composition of Ti implants, which will effectively improve their hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, osseointegration performance, antibacterial performance, etc. These optimizations will thus improve implant success and service life. In this paper, the latest surface modification techniques of Ti dental implants are systematically and comprehensively reviewed. The various biomedical functionalities of surface modifications are discussed in-depth. Finally, a profound comment on the challenges and opportunities of this frontier is proposed, and the most promising directions for the future were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Sun
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Francese R, Cecone C, Costantino M, Hoti G, Bracco P, Lembo D, Trotta F. Identification of a βCD-Based Hyper-Branched Negatively Charged Polymer as HSV-2 and RSV Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158701. [PMID: 35955832 PMCID: PMC9369026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives were demonstrated to improve the antiviral potency of numerous drugs, but also to be endowed with intrinsic antiviral action. They are suitable building blocks for the synthesis of functionalized polymer structures with potential antiviral activity. Accordingly, four water-soluble hyper-branched beta cyclodextrin (βCD)-based anionic polymers were screened against herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rotavirus (HRoV), and influenza virus (FluVA). They were characterized by FTIR-ATR, TGA, elemental analyses, zeta-potential measurements, and potentiometric titrations, while the antiviral activity was investigated with specific in vitro assays. The polymer with the highest negative charge, pyromellitic dianhydride-linked polymer (P_PMDA), showed significant antiviral action against RSV and HSV-2, by inactivating RSV free particles and by altering HSV-2 binding to the cell. The polymer fraction with the highest molecular weight showed the strongest antiviral activity and both P_PMDA and its active fractions were not toxic for cells. Our results suggest that the polymer virucidal activity against RSV can be exploited to produce new antiviral materials to counteract the virus dissemination through the air or direct contact. Additionally, the strong HSV-2 binding inhibition along with the water solubility of P_PMDA and the acyclovir complexation potential of βCD are attractive features for developing new therapeutic topical options against genital HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Cecone
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Costantino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Gjylije Hoti
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Pierangiola Bracco
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (F.T.)
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Lehmann J, Agel MR, Engelhardt KH, Pinnapireddy SR, Agel S, Duse L, Preis E, Wojcik M, Bakowsky U. Improvement of Pulmonary Photodynamic Therapy: Nebulisation of Curcumin-Loaded Tetraether Liposomes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081243. [PMID: 34452205 PMCID: PMC8397990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes for a high number of cancer related mortalities worldwide. Therefore, it is important to improve the therapy by finding new targets and developing convenient therapies. One of these novel non-invasive strategies is the combination of pulmonary delivered tetraether liposomes and photodynamic therapy. In this study, liposomal model formulations containing the photosensitiser curcumin were nebulised via two different technologies, vibrating-mesh nebulisation and air-jet nebulisation, and compared with each other. Particle size and ζ-potential of the liposomes were investigated using dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler anemometry, respectively. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the morphological characteristics. Using a twin glass impinger, suitable aerodynamic properties were observed, with the fine particle fraction of the aerosols being ≤62.7 ± 1.6%. In vitro irradiation experiments on lung carcinoma cells (A549) revealed an excellent cytotoxic response of the nebulised liposomes in which the stabilisation of the lipid bilayer was the determining factor. Internalisation of nebulised curcumin-loaded liposomes was visualised utilising confocal laser scanning microscopy. Based on these results, the pulmonary application of curcumin-loaded tetraether liposomes can be considered as a promising approach for the photodynamic therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lehmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael R. Agel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Konrad H. Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Shashank R. Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Sabine Agel
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Lili Duse
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthias Wojcik
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Wychowański P, Starzyńska A, Adamska P, Słupecka-Ziemilska M, Sobocki BK, Chmielewska A, Wysocki B, Alterio D, Marvaso G, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Kowalski J. Methods of Topical Administration of Drugs and Biological Active Substances for Dental Implants-A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:919. [PMID: 34438969 PMCID: PMC8388631 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental implants are, nowadays, established surgical devices for the restoration of lost teeth. Considered as an alternative for traditional prosthetic appliances, dental implants surpass them in reliability and patient feedback. Local drug delivery around the implants promotes osseointegration and reduces peri-implantitis. However, there are currently no methods of a multiple, precise topical administration of drugs to the implant area. Engineering coatings on the implants, drug application on carriers during implantation, or gingival pockets do not meet all requirements of dental surgeons. Therefore, there is a need to create porous implants and other medical devices that will allow a multiple drug delivery at a controlled dose and release profile without traumatic treatment. Due to the growing demand for the use of biologically active agents to support dental implant treatment at its various stages (implant placement, long-term use of dental superstructures, treatment of the peri-implant conditions) and due to the proven effectiveness of the topical application of pharmacological biologically active agents to the implant area, the authors would like to present a review and show the methods and devices that can be used by clinicians for local drug administration to facilitate dental implant treatment. Our review concludes that there is a need for research in the field of inventions such as new medical devices or implants with gradient solid-porous structures. These devices, in the future, will enable to perform repeatable, controllable, atraumatic, and repeatable injections of active factors that may affect the improvement of osteointegration and the longer survival of implants, as well as the treatment of peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wychowański
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 6 St. Binieckiego Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Starzyńska
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.A.); (B.K.S.)
| | - Paulina Adamska
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.A.); (B.K.S.)
| | - Monika Słupecka-Ziemilska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Kamil Sobocki
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.A.); (B.K.S.)
- International Research Agenda 3P—Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3a Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmielewska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Wołoska Street, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bartłomiej Wysocki
- Center of Digital Science and Technology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
- Additive Manufacturing Research Center, College of Engineering, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | - Daniela Alterio
- Division of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 435 Ripamonti Street, 20141 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (G.M.); (B.A.J.-F.)
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Division of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 435 Ripamonti Street, 20141 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (G.M.); (B.A.J.-F.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 7 Festa del Perdono Street, 20112 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa
- Division of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 435 Ripamonti Street, 20141 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (G.M.); (B.A.J.-F.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 7 Festa del Perdono Street, 20112 Milan, Italy
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 6 St. Binieckiego Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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Akgöl S, Ulucan-Karnak F, Kuru Cİ, Kuşat K. The usage of composite nanomaterials in biomedical engineering applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2906-2922. [PMID: 34050923 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is still developing over the decades and it is commonly used in biomedical applications with the design of nanomaterials due to the several purposes. With the investigation of materials on the molecular level has increased the develop composite nanomaterials with exceptional properties using in different applications and industries. The application of these composite nanomaterials is widely used in the fields of textile, chemical, energy, defense industry, electronics, and biomedical engineering which is growing and developing on human health. Development of biosensors for the diagnosis of diseases, drug targeting and controlled release applications, medical implants and imaging techniques are the research topics of nanobiotechnology. In this review, overview of the development of nanotechnology and applications which is use of composite nanomaterials in biomedical engineering is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Akgöl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Cansu İlke Kuru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kuşat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
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Verma V, Ryan KM, Padrela L. Production and isolation of pharmaceutical drug nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120708. [PMID: 33992712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanosizing of pharmaceutical drug particles is one of the most important drug delivery platforms approaches for the commercial development of poorly water-soluble drug molecules. Though nanosizing of drug particles has been proven to greatly enhance drugs dissolution rate and apparent solubility, nanosized materials have presented significant challenges for their formulation as solid dosage forms (e.g. tablets, capsules). This is due to the strong Van der Waals attraction forces between dry nanoparticles leading to aggregation, cohesion, and consequently poor flowability. In this review, the broad area of nanomedicines is overviewed with the primary focus on drug nanocrystals and the top-down and bottom-up methods used in their fabrication. The review also looks at how nanosuspensions of pharmaceutical drugs are generated and stabilised, followed by subsequent strategies for isolation of the nanoparticles. A perspective on the future outlook for drug nanocrystals is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Luis Padrela
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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7
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Long acting anti-infection constructs on titanium. J Control Release 2020; 326:91-105. [PMID: 32580044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peri-prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are a serious adverse event following joint replacement surgeries; antibiotics are usually added to bone cement to prevent infection offset. For uncemented prosthesis, alternative antimicrobial approaches are necessary in order to prevent PJI; however, despite elution of drug from the surface of the device being shown one of the most promising approach, no effective antimicrobial eluting uncemented device is currently available on the market. Consequently, there is a clinical need for non-antibiotic antimicrobial uncemented prosthesis as these devices present numerous benefits, particularly for young patients, over cemented artificial joints. Moreover, non-antibiotic approaches are driven by the need to address the growing threat posed by antibiotic resistance. We developed a multilayers functional coating on titanium surfaces releasing chlorhexidine, a well-known antimicrobial agent used in mouthwash products and antiseptic creams, embedding the drug between alginate and poly-beta-amino-esters. Chlorhexidine release was sustained for almost 2 months and the material efficacy and safety was proven both in vitro and in vivo. The coatings did not negatively impact osteoblast and fibroblast cells growth and were capable of reducing bacterial load and accelerating wound healing in an excisional wound model. As PJI can develop weeks and months after the initial surgery, these materials could provide a viable solution to prevent infections after arthroplasty in uncemented prosthetic devices and, simultaneously, help the fight against antibiotic resistance.
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Abstract
Dental implants are frequently used to support fixed or removable dental prostheses to replace missing teeth. The clinical success of titanium dental implants is owed to the exceptional biocompatibility and osseointegration with the bone. Therefore, the enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of dental implants had always been preferred. Several concepts for implant coating and local drug delivery had been developed during the last decades. A drug is generally released by diffusion-controlled, solvent-controlled, and chemical controlled methods. Although a range of surface modifications and coatings (antimicrobial, bioactive, therapeutic drugs) have been explored for dental implants, it is still a long way from designing sophisticated therapeutic implant surfaces to achieve the specific needs of dental patients. The present article reviews various interdisciplinary aspects of surface coatings on dental implants from the perspectives of biomaterials, coatings, drug release, and related therapeutic effects. Additionally, the various types of implant coatings, localized drug release from coatings, and how released agents influence the bone–implant surface interface characteristics are discussed. This paper also highlights several strategies for local drug delivery and their limitations in dental implant coatings as some of these concepts are yet to be applied in clinical settings due to the specific requirements of individual patients.
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Baghdan E, Raschpichler M, Lutfi W, Pinnapireddy SR, Pourasghar M, Schäfer J, Schneider M, Bakowsky U. Nano spray dried antibacterial coatings for dental implants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Curcumin loaded nanoparticles as efficient photoactive formulations against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 178:460-468. [PMID: 30921681 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The constant increase in multi-resistant bacterial strains and the decline in the number of newly approved antibiotics necessitate the development of alternative approaches to antibiotic treatment. In this study, a modern alternative approach to antibiotic therapy using photosensitiser encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles is presented. Cationic nanoparticles were prepared using a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), a stabiliser poly (vinyl alcohol) and chitosan. Dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler anemometry were used to determine particle size distribution and ζ-potential respectively. To quantify the antibacterial photodynamic effect of the nanoparticles, in vitro studies were performed using Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis and Escherichia coli DH5 alpha to represent both a gram-positive as well as a gram-negative strain. It was demonstrated that the particle ζ-potential significantly influenced the antibacterial phototoxicity, gaining up to 3 log10 higher efficacy for chitosan coated nanoparticles. Furthermore, neither irradiation alone nor curcumin in absence of light led to a significant growth reduction, confirming the photodynamic effect of curcumin. Electron microscopy has been used to study the morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles as well as their interaction with bacteria and the changes of bacterial morphology and ultrastructure upon photodynamic treatment. An increased adherence of the chitosan modified nanoparticles to the bacteria and structural damage upon photodynamic treatment was clearly evident and confirmed the results from in vitro studies.
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Development of inhalable curcumin loaded Nano-in-Microparticles for bronchoscopic photodynamic therapy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 132:63-71. [PMID: 30797026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is amongst the most rapidly developing therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, most photosensitizers are administered intravenously with very few reports about pulmonary applications. To address this issue, an inhalable formulation consisting of nanoparticles loaded with photosensitizer (i.e. curcumin) was developed. The nanoparticles were prepared using nanoprecipitation method. Dynamic light scattering measurements of the curcumin loaded nanoparticles revealed a hydrodynamic diameter of 181.20 ± 11.52 nm. In vitro irradiation experiments with human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549) showed a selective cellular toxicity of the nanoparticles upon activation using LED irradiating device. Moreover, curcumin nanoparticles exhibited a dose-dependent photocytotoxicity and the IC50 values of curcumin were directly dependent on the radiation fluence used. The nanoparticles were subsequently spray dried using mannitol as a stabilizer to produce Nano-in-Microparticles with appropriate aerodynamic properties for a sufficient deposition in the lungs. This was confirmed using the next generation impactor, which revealed a large fine particle fraction (64.94 ± 3.47%) and a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 3.02 ± 0.07 μm. Nano-in-Microparticles exhibited a good redispersibility and disintegrated into the original nanoparticles upon redispersion in aqueous medium. The Langmuir monolayer experiments revealed an excellent compatibility of the nanoparticles with the lung surfactant. Results from this study showed that the Nano-in-Microparticles are promising drug carriers for the photodynamic therapy of lung cancer.
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