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Aanish Ali M, Rehman N, Park TJ, Basit MA. Antiviral role of nanomaterials: a material scientist's perspective. RSC Adv 2022; 13:47-79. [PMID: 36605642 PMCID: PMC9769549 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present world continues to face unprecedented challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Collaboration between researchers of multiple disciplines is the need of the hour. There is a need to develop antiviral agents capable of inhibiting viruses and tailoring existing antiviral drugs for efficient delivery to prevent a surge in deaths caused by viruses globally. Biocompatible systems have been designed using nanotechnological principles which showed appreciable results against a wide range of viruses. Many nanoparticles can act as antiviral therapeutic agents if synthesized by the correct approach. Moreover, nanoparticles can act as carriers of antiviral drugs while overcoming their inherent drawbacks such as low solubility, poor bioavailability, uncontrolled release, and side effects. This review highlights the potential of nanomaterials in antiviral applications by discussing various studies and their results regarding antiviral potential of nanoparticles while also suggesting future directions to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aanish Ali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Nagina Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Allama Iqbal Road Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University Ansan 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Abdul Basit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
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2
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Siemiradzka W, Bułaś L, Dolińska B. Permeation of albumin through the skin depending on its concentration and the substrate used in simulated conditions in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113722. [PMID: 36152412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many drugs applied to the skin with a systemic effect do not have a therapeutic effect, due to the barrier posed by the complex structure of the skin. To counteract this, absorption promoters are often added to the drug formulation. The use of albumin as an effective drug carrier is increasingly being addressed. Albumin, a natural, non-toxic polymer, can target drugs to specific cells and extend their biological half-life. This study was designed to trace the permeation of albumin after topical administration to the skin as a potential carrier of therapeutic substances. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four dermal formulations based on different polymers were prepared: methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, hypromellose and chitosan with methyl cellulose, obtaining final concentrations of albumin of 2%, 1.5% and 1%. The permeation of albumin through the skin was examined under simulated in vivo conditions. RESULTS Most albumin permeated from the methylcellulose-based hydrogel. Depending on the concentration of albumin, permeation profiles were plotted and permeation rate constant and AUC(0-24 h) were calculated. CONCLUSION Methylcellulose was the optimal polymer for albumin release, whereas hypromellose was the least favorable. The concentration of albumin influences the amount and rate of permeation of this protein. The optimal concentration was 10 mg/g, from which the most albumin penetrated and the fastest. Human skin appeared to be more permeable to albumin than pig skin. However, the similar permeation profile through both membranes successfully allows the use of pig skin to track and evaluate the permeation of therapeutic substances with systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Siemiradzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Lucyna Bułaś
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Barbara Dolińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Suwannoi P, Sarisuta N. Preparation process by desolvation method for enhanced loading of acyclovir nanoparticles. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e86907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to qualitatively study on preparation process of enhanced loading acyclovir (ACV) in ACV-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) prepared by desolvation method with submerged jet of desolvating agent. The prepared ACV-loaded BSA nanoparticles in sterile water for injection (SWI) and isotonic trehalose solution were shown to be monodisperse with sizes of around 120 to 200 nm and zeta potentials of around -7 to -50 mV. However, those in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were found to exhibit much larger sizes with polydispersity, which might be attributed to the effect of ionic strength. The loading efficiency was found to be around 60%. An increase in the amount of ACV added to the system could significantly improve the loading capacity by almost the same ratio, which may be due to molecular mixing behavior of submerged jet of desolvating agent.
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Casey-Power S, Ryan R, Behl G, McLoughlin P, Byrne ME, Fitzhenry L. Hyaluronic Acid: Its Versatile Use in Ocular Drug Delivery with a Specific Focus on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071479. [PMID: 35890371 PMCID: PMC9323903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research is currently being conducted into novel ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS) that are capable of surpassing the limitations associated with conventional intraocular anterior and posterior segment treatments. Nanoformulations, including those synthesised from the natural, hydrophilic glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA), have gained significant traction due to their enhanced intraocular permeation, longer retention times, high physiological stability, inherent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, conventional nanoformulation preparation methods often require large volumes of organic solvent, chemical cross-linkers, and surfactants, which can pose significant toxicity risks. We present a comprehensive, critical review of the use of HA in the field of ophthalmology and ocular drug delivery, with a discussion of the physicochemical and biological properties of HA that render it a suitable excipient for drug delivery to both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The pivotal focus of this review is a discussion of the formation of HA-based nanoparticles via polyelectrolyte complexation, a mild method of preparation driven primarily by electrostatic interaction between opposing polyelectrolytes. To the best of our knowledge, despite the growing number of publications centred around the development of HA-based polyelectrolyte complexes (HA-PECs) for ocular drug delivery, no review articles have been published in this area. This review aims to bridge the identified gap in the literature by (1) reviewing recent advances in the area of HA-PECs for anterior and posterior ODD, (2) describing the mechanism and thermodynamics of polyelectrolyte complexation, and (3) critically evaluating the intrinsic and extrinsic formulation parameters that must be considered when designing HA-PECs for ocular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoirse Casey-Power
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Richie Ryan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Gautam Behl
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Peter McLoughlin
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Mark E. Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
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5
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Tiwari R, Sethiya NK, Gulbake AS, Mehra NK, Murty USN, Gulbake A. A review on albumin as a biomaterial for ocular drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:591-599. [PMID: 34562538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of ocular drug delivery system is one of the most technically challenging tasks, when compared with other routes of drug delivery. Eye (an intricate organ) is highly sophisticated and sensitive organ due to presence of various structurally differed anatomical layers, which many times limits the drug delivery approaches. Despite several limitations, many advancements have been made as evidence from various recent studies involving improvement of both residence time and permeation of the drug at the ocular region. In the last few decades, albumin(s) based ophthalmic products have been gained most attention to solve the major challenges associated with conventional ocular drug delivery systems. Interestingly, an albumin-based micro, nano, conjugates, and genetically fused target specific to ligand(s) formulation being exploited through many studies for successful ocular delivery of bioactives (mostly repurposed drugs). Past and current studies suggested that albumin(s) based ocular drug delivery system is multifunctional in nature and capable of extending both drug residence time and sustaining the release of drugs to deliver desired pharmacological outcomes. Despite wide applications, still complete progress made in albumin based ocular drug delivery is limited in literature and missing in market. So, herein we presented an overview to explore the key concepts of albumin-based nanocarrier(s) including strategies involved in the treatment of ocular disease, that have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tiwari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie Diversion Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248009, India
| | - Neeraj K Sethiya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie Diversion Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248009, India
| | - Anamika Sahu Gulbake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie Diversion Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248009, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - U S N Murty
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Arvind Gulbake
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India.
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Wu B, Li M, Li K, Hong W, Lv Q, Li Y, Xie S, Han J, Tian B. Cell penetrating peptide TAT-functionalized liposomes for efficient ophthalmic delivery of flurbiprofen: Penetration and its underlying mechanism, retention, anti-inflammation and biocompatibility. Int J Pharm 2021; 598:120405. [PMID: 33647409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In treating eye diseases, topical administration on the ocular surface is the most convenient and acceptable route. However, the intraocular efficiency of non-invasive drug delivery systems is still considerably hampered by the eye's defense barriers. In this work, cell-penetrating peptide TAT-functionalized, flurbiprofen-loaded liposomes (TAT-FB-Lip) were designed to enable transcorneal drug delivery and prolong ocular surface retention. The corneal penetration-promoting properties of TAT-functionalized liposomes (TAT-Lip) were confirmed in vitro using a corneal permeability assay and the HCE-T cell sphere model and in vivo by aqueous humor pharmacokinetics assessment. TAT-Lip induced an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration and membrane potential depolarization. F-actin images of HCE-T cells treated with TAT-Lip show the tight junctions between cells partly opened. The cellular internalization pathway mainly depended on the electrostatic interaction between TAT-Lip and the cell membrane, and there is a certain degree of energy dependence. The pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen in tears demonstrated TAT-Lip could reduce the drug loss rate. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of TAT-FB-Lip was enhanced by markedly suppressing PGE2, IL-6, and TNF-α production in tears and aqueous humor in a rabbit conjunctivitis model. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that TAT-Lip is an effective ocular drug carrier system that facilitates transcorneal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Mengshun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Keke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Wei Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Qingzhi Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Youjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuyang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jingtian Han
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, PR China.
| | - Baocheng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Zhou J, Krishnan N, Jiang Y, Fang RH, Zhang L. Nanotechnology for virus treatment. NANO TODAY 2021; 36:101031. [PMID: 33519948 PMCID: PMC7836394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The continued emergence of novel viruses poses a significant threat to global health. Uncontrolled outbreaks can result in pandemics that have the potential to overburden our healthcare and economic systems. While vaccination is a conventional modality that can be employed to promote herd immunity, antiviral vaccines can only be applied prophylactically and do little to help patients who have already contracted viral infections. During the early stages of a disease outbreak when vaccines are unavailable, therapeutic antiviral drugs can be used as a stopgap solution. However, these treatments do not always work against emerging viral strains and can be accompanied by adverse effects that sometimes outweigh the benefits. Nanotechnology has the potential to overcome many of the challenges facing current antiviral therapies. For example, nanodelivery vehicles can be employed to drastically improve the pharmacokinetic profile of antiviral drugs while reducing their systemic toxicity. Other unique nanomaterials can be leveraged for their virucidal or virus-neutralizing properties. In this review, we discuss recent developments in antiviral nanotherapeutics and provide a perspective on the application of nanotechnology to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and future virus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nishta Krishnan
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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8
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Yoon HY, Yang HM, Kim CH, Goo YT, Kang MJ, Lee S, Choi YW. Current status of the development of intravesical drug delivery systems for the treatment of bladder cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1555-1572. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1810016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yub Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Mang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yoon Tae Goo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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Capistrano G, Sousa-Junior AA, Silva RA, Mello-Andrade F, Cintra ER, Santos S, Nunes AD, Lima RM, Zufelato N, Oliveira AS, Pereira M, Castro CH, Lima EM, Cardoso CG, Silveira-Lacerda E, Mendanha SA, Bakuzis AF. IR-780-Albumin-Based Nanocarriers Promote Tumor Regression Not Only from Phototherapy but Also by a Nonirradiation Mechanism. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4523-4538. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Capistrano
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | | | - Roosevelt A. Silva
- Nucleo Colaborativo de BioSistemas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 75804-020 Jataí−GO, Brasil
| | - Francyelli Mello-Andrade
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, 74055-110 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Emilio R. Cintra
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-220 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Sônia Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Allancer D. Nunes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Raisa M. Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Nicholas Zufelato
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - André S. Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Carlos H. Castro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório Integrado de Fisiopatologia Cardiovascular e Neurológica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Eliana M. Lima
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-220 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | - Clever G. Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
| | | | | | - Andris F. Bakuzis
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia−GO, Brasil
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Yadavalli T, Suryawanshi R, Ali M, Iqbal A, Koganti R, Ames J, Aakalu VK, Shukla D. Prior inhibition of AKT phosphorylation by BX795 can define a safer strategy to prevent herpes simplex virus-1 infection of the eye. Ocul Surf 2019; 18:221-230. [PMID: 31770600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prophylactic antiviral efficacy, corneal tolerance and toxicity of topically dosed BX795, a non-nucleoside small-molecule inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). METHODS Prophylactic treatment with BX795 was performed both in-vitro on human corneal epithelial cells and in-vivo on mice prior to HSV-1 challenge. Viral burden was evaluated using a standard plaque assay. In a separate experiment, mice were treated topically 3-times daily for 4-weeks with BX795 to evaluate corneal tolerance and toxicity. Phenol-red thread measurements, fluorescein staining and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to evaluate tear production, dryness and corneal structural changes. Corneal sensitivity and intraocular pressure were measured using esthesiometery and tonometery respectively. RESULTS Both in-vitro and in-vivo results showed a robust suppression of HSV-1 infection when treated prophylactically with BX795. The fluorescein stain and phenol-red results for the BX795-treated eyes did not show signs of corneal surface dryness when compared to trifluridine (TFT), an FDA-approved topical antiviral. The OCT measurements showed no signs of structural changes to the cornea suggesting that BX795 treatment was well tolerated without any apparent signs of toxicity or inflammation. The corneal sensitivity of BX795-treated eyes was not significantly different from TFT-treated eyes. No significant increase in the intraocular pressure of BX795-treated mice was observed. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic treatment with BX795 protects corneal cells from HSV-1 infection. The antiviral is well-tolerated on murine corneas without any detectable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marwan Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Aqsa Iqbal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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