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Pornpitchanarong C, Akkaramongkolporn P, Nattapulwat N, Opanasopit P, Patrojanasophon P. Development and Optimization of Andrographis paniculata Extract-Loaded Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Using Experimental Design Model. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:166. [PMID: 38399227 PMCID: PMC10893082 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to develop an optimized formulation for an Andrographis paniculata extract (AGPE)-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using an experimental design and evaluate the characteristics of the developed SMEDDS. The solubility of andrographolide (AGP) in various solvents was investigated. The pseudo-ternary phase was constructed to provide an optimal range for each component to form microemulsions (MEs). The formulation was optimized using an I-optimal design mixture type, where the physical stability, droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were examined. Soft capsules of the optimized AGPE-loaded SMEDDS were manufactured. The dissolution and ex vivo membrane permeation were studied. Oleic acid, Tween® 80, and PEG 400 were the best solubilizers for AGP. The promising surfactant to co-surfactant ratio to generate ME was 3:1. The optimized SMEDDS contained 68.998% Tween® 80, with 13.257% oleic acid and 17.745% PEG 400. The assayed content of AGP, uniformity of dosage unit, and stability complied with the expected specifications. The dissolution and membrane permeability of AGPE-loaded SMEDDS was significantly improved from the A. paniculata extract (p < 0.05). All in all, the developed optimized AGPE-loaded SMEDDS was proven to contain optimal composition and AGP content where a stable ME could spontaneously be formed with enhanced delivery efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Prasopchai Patrojanasophon
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (C.P.); (P.A.); (N.N.); (P.O.)
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Zhou F, Peterson T, Fan Z, Wang S. The Commonly Used Stabilizers for Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles: Stabilization Effects, Mechanisms, and Applications. Nutrients 2023; 15:3881. [PMID: 37764665 PMCID: PMC10534333 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals, such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin, have many benefits for health, but most of them have a low bioavailability due to their poor water solubility and stability, quick metabolism, and clearance, which restricts the scope of their potential applications. To overcome these issues, different types of nanoparticles (NPs), especially biocompatible and biodegradable NPs, have been developed. NPs can carry phytochemicals and increase their solubility, stability, target specificity, and oral bioavailability. However, NPs are prone to irreversible aggregation, which leads to NP instability and loss of functions. To remedy this shortcoming, stabilizers like polymers and surfactants are incorporated on NPs. Stabilizers not only increase the stability of NPs, but also improve their characteristics. The current review focused on discussing the state of the art in research on synthesizing phytochemical-based NPs and their commonly employed stabilizers. Furthermore, stabilizers in these NPs were also discussed in terms of their applications, effects, and underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to provide more references for developing stabilizers and NPs for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Tiffany Peterson
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
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Andrographis paniculata Dosage Forms and Advances in Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems: An Overview. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196164. [PMID: 36234698 PMCID: PMC9570691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is a well-known Asian medicinal plant with a major phytoconstituent of diterpene lactones, such as andrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and neoandrographolide. A World Health Organization (WHO) monograph on selected medicinal plants showed that A. paniculata extracts and its major diterpene lactones have promising anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. However, these active phytochemicals have poor water solubility and bioavailability when delivered in a conventional dosage form. These biological barriers can be mitigated if the extract or isolated compound are delivered as nanoparticles. This review discusses existing studies and marketed products of A. paniculata in solid, liquid, semi-solid, and gaseous dosage forms, either as an extract or isolated pure compounds, as well as their deficits in reaching maximum bioavailability. The pharmaceutics and pharmacological activity of A. paniculata as a nano-delivery system are also discussed.
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siRNA Targeting Mcl-1 Potentiates the Anticancer Activity of Andrographolide Nanosuspensions via Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061196. [PMID: 35745769 PMCID: PMC9230779 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. However, recurrence is frequently found despite adjuvant therapy being available. Combination therapy with cytotoxic drugs and gene therapy is being developed to be a new promising cancer treatment strategy. Introducing substituted dithiocarbamate moieties at the C12 position of andrographolide (3nAG) could improve its anticancer selectivity in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. However, its hydrophobicity is one of its main drawbacks. This work successfully prepared 3nAG nanosuspension stabilized with the chitosan derivative NSC (3nAGN-NSC) to increase solubility and pharmacological effectiveness. siRNAs have emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative for interfering with particular mRNA. The 3nAGN-NSC had also induced Mcl-1 mRNA expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells at 8, 12, and 24 h. This indicates that, in addition to Mcl-1 silencing by siRNA (siMcl-1) in MCF-7 with substantial Mcl-1 reliance, rationally devised combination treatment may cause the death of cancer cells in breast cancer. The Fa-CI analysis showed that the combination of 3nAGN-NSC and siMcl-1 had a synergistic effect with a combination index (CI) value of 0.75 (CI < 1 indicating synergistic effects) at the fractional inhibition of Fa 0.7. The synergistic effect was validated by flow cytometry, with the induction of apoptosis as the mechanism of reduced cell viability. Our findings suggested the rational use of 3nAGN-NSC in combination with siMcl-1 to kill breast cancer cells.
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Yang L, Shuyuan S, Huang G, Yingchong C, Shen B, Yue P. Nanocrystals based mucosal delivery system: Research Advances. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1700-1712. [PMID: 35287534 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2053985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystal technology is a new way to increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. As an intermediate preparation technology, nanocrystals are widely used in drug delivery for oral, venous, percutneous and inhalation administration, which exhibits a broad application prospect. By referring to the domestic anforeign literatures, this paper mainly reviews the preparation methods of nanocrystals for poorly soluble natural products and its application in the mucosal delivery for skin, eye, oral cavity and nasal cavity. This can provide the reference for the research and development of nanocrystal technology in natural product preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, NanChang 330004, China
| | - Shuai Shuyuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, NanChang 330004, China
| | - Guiting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, NanChang 330004, China
| | - Chen Yingchong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, NanChang 330004, China
| | - Baode Shen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, NanChang 330004, China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, NanChang 330004, China
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Mitra Ghosh T, Kansom T, Mazumder S, Davis J, Alnaim AS, Jasper SL, Zhang C, Bird A, Opanasopit P, Mitra AK, Arnold RD. The Andrographolide analogue 3A.1 synergizes with Taxane derivatives in aggressive metastatic prostate cancers by upregulation of Heat Shock proteins and downregulation of MAT2A-mediated cell migration and invasion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 380:180-201. [PMID: 34949650 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatment with taxanes (docetaxel-DTX or cabazitaxel-CBZ) increases survival rates of aggressive metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to some extent since the majority of patients acquire resistance to taxanes. The andrographolide analogue, 19-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-8,7-epoxy andrographolide (3A.1), has shown anticancer activity against various cancers. In this study, we investigated the effect of 3A.1 alone and in combination with DTX/CBZ against mCRPC and their mechanism of action. Exposure to 3A.1 alone exhibited a dose- and time-dependent antitumor activity in mCRPC. Chou-Talalay's combination index (CI) values of all 3A.1+ TX combinations were less than 0.5, indicating synergism. Co-treatment of 3A.1 with TX reduced the required dose of DTX and CBZ (p<0.05). Caspase assay (apoptosis) results concurred with in vitro cytotoxicity data. RNAseq followed by IPA analysis identified that upregulation of heat-shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp40, Hsp27 and Hsp90) and downregulation of MAT2A as the key player for 3A.1 response. Further, the top treatment-induced DEGs belong to DNA damage, cell migration, hypoxia, autophagy (MMP1, MMP9, HIF-1α, Bag-3, H2AX, HMOX1, PSRC1) and cancer progression pathways. Most importantly, top downregulated DEG MAT2A has earlier been shown to be involved in cell migration and invasion. Further, using in silico analysis on the TCGA database, we found that MAT2A and highly co-expressed (r>0.7) genes, TRA2B and SF1, were associated with worse Gleason score and nodal metastasis status in prostate adenocarcinoma patients (PRAD-TCGA). Immunoblotting, COMET, and migration assays corroborated these findings. These results suggest that 3A.1 may be useful in increasing the anticancer efficacy of taxanes to treat aggressive PCa. Significance Statement The andrographolide analogue, 19-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-8,7-epoxy andrographolide (3A.1) has shown anticancer activity against metastatic Castration resistance and neuroendocrine variant prostate cancers (mCRPC/NEPC). Additionally, 3A.1 exhibited synergistic anticancer effect in combination with standard therapy docetaxel and cabazitaxel in mCRPC/NEPC. Post-treatment gene expression studies revealed that heat-shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp40, Hsp27, Hsp90) and MAT2A are major players in the mechanism of 3A.1 action and drug response. Further, DNA damage, cell migration, hypoxia, and autophagy were the crucial pathways for the anticancer activity of 3A.1.
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Influence of Stabilizer on the Development of Luteolin Nanosuspension for Cutaneous Delivery: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111812. [PMID: 34834227 PMCID: PMC8621241 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a natural drug used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, but unfortunately, it possesses low water solubility, which hinders its delivery via the skin. The main objective of this study was to prepare a luteolin-loaded nanosuspension by the antisolvent precipitation/sonication technique and study the effects of four stabilizers (two nonionic stabilizers, Pluronic F127 and Tween 80, and two polymeric stabilizers, HPMC and alginate) on the physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations. The selected formulations were incorporated into a gel base to evaluate their skin permeability and anti-inflammatory efficacy. The particle size was in the nanosize range (in the range from 468.1 ± 18.6 nm to 1024.8 ± 15.9 nm), while the zeta potential was negative and in the range from −41.7 ± 6.3 mV to −15.3 ± 1.9 mV. In particular, alginate-stabilized nanosuspensions showed the smallest particle size, the highest zeta potential value, and excellent stability due to the dual stabilizing effects (electrostatic and steric effects). The DSC results revealed a less crystalline structure of luteolin in lyophilized NS2 and NS12. Formulations stabilized by 1% Pluronic (NS2) and 2% alginate (NS12) were incorporated into a carbopol 940 gel base and showed good organoleptic character (homogenous with no evidenced phase separation or grittiness). In vitro dissolution studies showed that NS12 enhanced luteolin release rates, indicating the effect of particle size on the drug release pattern. On the other hand, NS2 showed enhanced skin permeability and anti-inflammatory effect in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, revealing the surface activity role of the stabilizers. In conclusion, while alginate increased the nanosuspension stability by means of dual stabilizing effects, Pluronic F127 improved the skin delivery and pharmacodynamic efficacy of luteolin.
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Pornpitchanarong C, Rojanarata T, Opanasopit P, Ngawhirunpat T, Patrojanasophon P. Clotrimazole nanosuspensions-loaded hyaluronic acid-catechol/polyvinyl alcohol mucoadhesive films for oral candidiasis treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ding X, Yu W, Wan Y, Yang M, Hua C, Peng N, Liu Y. A pH/ROS-responsive, tumor-targeted drug delivery system based on carboxymethyl chitin gated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for anti-tumor chemotherapy. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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The role of stabilizers and mechanical processes on physico-chemical and anti-inflammatory properties of methotrexate nanosuspensions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Long J, Song J, Zhang X, Deng M, Xie L, Zhang L, Li X. Tea saponins as natural stabilizers for the production of hesperidin nanosuspensions. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119406. [PMID: 32387309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tea saponins (TS), a novel multifunctional stabilizer, were explored to stabilize the nanosuspensions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of TS on the stability and redispersibility of nanosuspensions. In present work, hesperidin (HDN), a poorly soluble drug, was used as a model drug. HDN nanosuspensions (HDN-NS) with particle size of 250-270 nm were prepared by high-speed shearing and high-pressure homogenization. The zeta potential of HDN-NS was -23.16 ± 1.12 mV. Compared with traditional stabilizers, TS were superior in stabilization efficiency at low concentrations. Nanosuspensions freeze-dried powder using TS and lactose as cryoprotectants had good redispersibility, and the average particle size was 266.5 ± 9.0 nm after reconstitution. TS and lactose can effectively prevent the irreversible agglomeration of HDN-NS during freeze-drying. The dissolution was enhanced owing to particle size reduction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that HDN nanocrystals were irregularly lumpy. The chemical structure and crystal state of HDN had not significantly changed during production. In conclusion, TS have the potential to stabilize and disperse nanosuspensions and provide a promising strategy for the development of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Jiawen Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Mao Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China.
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