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Peláez SS, Mahler HC, Huwyler J, Allmendinger A. Directional freezing and thawing of biologics in drug substance bottles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024:114427. [PMID: 39094667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Biological drug substance (DS) is typically stored frozen to increase stability. However, freezing and thawing (F/T) of DS can impact product quality and therefore F/T processes need to be controlled. Because active F/T systems for DS bottles are lacking, freezing is often performed uncontrolled in conventional freezers, and thawing at ambient temperature or using water baths. In this study, we evaluated a novel device for F/T of DS in bottles, which can be operated in conventional freezers, generating a directed air stream around bottles. We characterized the F/T geometry and process performance in comparison to passive F/T using temperature mapping and analysis of concentration gradients. The device was able to better control the F/T process by inducing directional bottom-up F/T. As a result, it reduced cryo-concentration during freezing as well as ice mound formation. However, freezing with the device was dependent on freezer performance, i.e. prolonged process times in a highly loaded freezer were accompanied by increased cryo-concentrations. Thawing was faster compared to without the device, but had no impact on concentration gradients and was slower compared to thawing in a water bath. High-performance freezers might be required to fully exploit the potential of directional freezing with this device and allow F/T process harmonization and scaling across sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Peláez
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hanns-Christian Mahler
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Allmendinger
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Peláez SS, Mahler HC, Vila PR, Huwyler J, Allmendinger A. Characterization of Freezing Processes in Drug Substance Bottles by Ice Core Sampling. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:102. [PMID: 38714592 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Freezing of biological drug substance (DS) is a critical unit operation that may impact product quality, potentially leading to protein aggregation and sub-visible particle formation. Cryo-concentration has been identified as a critical parameter to impact protein stability during freezing and should therefore be minimized. The macroscopic cryo-concentration, in the following only referred to as cryo-concentration, is majorly influenced by the freezing rate, which is in turn impacted by product independent process parameters such as the DS container, its size and fill level, and the freezing equipment. (At-scale) process characterization studies are crucial to understand and optimize freezing processes. However, evaluating cryo-concentration requires sampling of the frozen bulk, which is typically performed by cutting the ice block into pieces for subsequent analysis. Also, the large amount of product requirement for these studies is a major limitation. In this study, we report the development of a simple methodology for experimental characterization of frozen DS in bottles at relevant scale using a surrogate solution. The novel ice core sampling technique identifies the axial ice core in the center to be indicative for cryo-concentration, which was measured by osmolality, and concentrations of histidine and polysorbate 80 (PS80), whereas osmolality revealed to be a sensitive read-out. Finally, we exemplify the suitability of the method to study cryo-concentration in DS bottles by comparing cryo-concentrations from different freezing protocols (-80°C vs -40°C). Prolonged stress times during freezing correlated to a higher extent of cryo-concentration quantified by osmolality in the axial center of a 2 L DS bottle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Peláez
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hanns-Christian Mahler
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Allmendinger
- ten23 health AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Wang Z, Liu W, Duan X, Ren G, Li L, Cao W, Guo J, Jiao X, Zhu L, Wei X. Effects of freezing and drying programs on IgY aggregation and activity during microwave freeze-drying: Protective effects and interactions of trehalose and mannitol. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129448. [PMID: 38228204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The acquisition of high quality lyophilized IgY products, characterized by an aesthetically pleasing visage, heightened stability, and a marked preservation of activity, constitutes an indispensable pursuit in augmenting the safety and pragmatic utility of IgY. Within this context, an exploration was undertaken to investigate an innovative modality encompassing microwave freeze-drying (MFD) as a preparatory methodology of IgY. Morphological assessments revealed that both cryogenic freezing and subsequent MFD procedures resulted in aggregation of IgY, with the deleterious influence posed by the MFD phase transcending that of the freezing phase. The composite protective agent comprised of trehalose and mannitol engendered a safeguarding effect on the structural integrity of IgY, thereby attenuating reducing aggregation between IgY during the freeze-drying process. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) outcomes demonstrated a discernible correlation between IgY aggregation and a notable reduction in its binding affinity towards the pertinent antigen. Comparative analysis vis-à-vis the control sample delineated that when the trehalose-to-mannitol ratio was upheld at 1:3, a two-fold outcome was achieved: a mitigation of the collapse susceptibility within the final product as well as a deterrence of IgY agglomeration, concomitant with an elevated preservation rate of active antibodies (78.57 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, 462300 Luohe, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China.
| | - Xu Duan
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China.
| | - Guangyue Ren
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China.
| | - Linlin Li
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China
| | - Jingfang Guo
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, 462300 Luohe, China
| | - Xueyuan Jiao
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China
| | - Lewen Zhu
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China
| | - Xinyu Wei
- School of Food and Biobiological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471000 Luoyang, China
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4
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Veselý L, Závacká K, Štůsek R, Olbert M, Neděla V, Shalaev E, Heger D. Impact of secondary ice in a frozen NaCl freeze-concentrated solution on the extent of methylene blue aggregation. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123691. [PMID: 38072147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Freezing and lyophilization have been utilized for decades to stabilize pharmaceutical and food products. Freezing a solution that contains dissolved salt and/or organic matter produces pure primary ice crystal grains separated by freeze-concentrated solutions (FCS). The microscopic size of the primary ice crystals depends on the cooling conditions and the concentration of the solutes. It is generally accepted that primary ice crystals size influences the rate of sublimation and also can impact physico-chemical behaviour of the species in the FCS. This article, however, presents a case where the secondary ice formed inside the FCS plays a critical role. We microscoped the structures of ice-cast FCS with an environmental scanning electron microscope and applied the aggregation-sensitive spectroscopic probe methylene blue to determine how the microstructure affects the molecular arrangement. We show that slow cooling at -50 °C produces large salt crystals with a small specific surface, resulting in a high degree of molecular aggregation within the FCS. In contrast, fast liquid nitrogen cooling yields an ultrafine structure of salt crystals having a large specific surface area and, therefore, inducing smaller aggregation. The study highlights a critical role of secondary ice in solute aggregation and introduces methylene blue as a molecular probe to investigate freezing behaviour of aqueous systems with crystalline solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Veselý
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Závacká
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Štůsek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Olbert
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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5
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Tan M, Ding Z, Chu Y, Xie J. Potential of Good's buffers to inhibit denaturation of myofibrillar protein upon freezing. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112484. [PMID: 36869497 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic study sought to examine the potential use of three Good's buffers (MES, MOPS and HEPES) in inhibiting myofibrillar protein (MFP) denaturation induced by acidity changes. The highest degree of acidity variation was found in the center and bottom of large bottles due to the freeze-concentration effect. Good's buffer tended to basify during freezing, and it could prevent the crystallization of sodium phosphate (Na-P) buffer. Acidification upon freezing Na-P disrupted the natural conformation of MFP and induced the formation of large proteins aggregates with tight packing. The 15 mM MES, 20 mM MOPS, and 30 mM HEPES were respectively added to neutralize the strong acidity drop induced by freezing 20 mM Na-P, and all of them significantly improved the stability of the MFP conformation (P < 0.05). This work is not only critical to meet the growing demand for protein, but also groundbreaking for broadening the applicability of Good's buffers in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yuanming Chu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116034, China.
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6
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Gong H, Liu J, Wang L, You L, Yang K, Ma J, Sun W. Strategies to optimize the structural and functional properties of myofibrillar proteins: Physical and biochemical perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4202-4218. [PMID: 36305316 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2139660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Myofibrillar protein (MP), as the main meat protein, have high nutritional value. However, the relatively poor solubility of MP at low ionic strength sometimes limits the utilization of MP to produce products rich in meat protein. Accordingly, appropriate modification of MP is needed to improve their functional properties. In general, MP modification strategies are categorized into biochemical and physical approaches. Different from other available reviews, the review focuses on summarizing the principles and applications of several techniques of physical modification, briefly depicting biochemical modification as a comparison. Modification of MP with a certain intensity of direct current magnetic field, ultrasound, high pressure, microwave, or radio frequency can improve solubility, emulsification, stability, and gel formation. Of these, magnetic field and microwave-modified MP have shown some potential in reducing salt in meat. These physical techniques can also have synergistic effects with other conditions (temperature, pH, physical or chemical techniques) to compensate for the deficiencies of individual treatment techniques. However, these strategies still need further research for practical applications.HIGHLIGHTSThe current status and findings of research on direct current magnetic field in meat processing are presented.Several physical strategies to modify the microstructure and functional properties of MPs.The synergistic effects of these techniques in combination with other methods to modify MPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Gong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Life Science, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Limei Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Li You
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Sun
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P. R. China
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7
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Jenewein R, Breitrainer M. Accomplishing Scalability by Using Plate‐Based Freeze and Thaw Technologies. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Tan M, Ding Z, Xie J. Freezing-induced myofibrillar protein denaturation: Contributions of freeze-concentration and role of cellobiose. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Duran T, Minatovicz B, Bellucci R, Bai J, Chaudhuri B. Molecular Dynamics Modeling Based Investigation of the Effect of Freezing Rate on Lysozyme Stability. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2585-2596. [PMID: 35948746 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The stability of protein drug products frozen during fill finish operations is greatly affected by the freezing rate applied. Non-optimal freezing rates may lead to the denaturation of protein's complex macromolecular conformation. However, limited work has been done to address the effect of different freezing rates on protein stability at nano-scale level. METHODS The stability of a model protein, lysozyme, was investigated at atomic and molecular scale under varying freezing rates and moving ice-water interface. Ice seeding approach was adopted to initiate ice formation in this present simulation. RESULTS The faster freezing rate (11-12 K/490 ns) applied resulted in overall smaller ice fraction within the simulation box with a larger freeze-concentrated liquid (FCL) region. Consequently, the faster freezing rate better maintained protein stability with less secondary structure deviations, higher hydration level and structural compactness, and less fluctuations at individual residues than observed following slow (5-6 K/490 ns) and medium (7-8 K/490 ns) freezing rates. The present study also identified the residues near and within helices 3, 6, 7, and 8 dominate the structural instability of the lysozyme at 247 K freezing temperature. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, ice formation in therapeutic protein solution was studied "non-isothermally" at different freezing rates using molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, a good understanding of freezing rates on protein instability was revealed by applying the developed computational model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo Duran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bruna Minatovicz
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research and Development, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Ryan Bellucci
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. .,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. .,Institute of Material Sciences (IMS), University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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de Albuquerque Sousa TC, Ferreira VCDS, da Silva Araújo ÍB, da Silva FAP. Natural Additives as Quality Promoters in Surimi: a Brief Review. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2022.2092434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thamyres César de Albuquerque Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Agrifood Technology, Center for Human, Social and Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
| | - Valquiria Cardoso da Silva Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Agrifood Technology, Center for Human, Social and Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
| | - Íris Braz da Silva Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Agrifood Technology, Center for Human, Social and Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
| | - Fábio Anderson Pereira da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Agrifood Technology, Center for Human, Social and Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
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11
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Tan M, Ye J, Xie J. Freezing-induced myofibrillar protein denaturation: Role of pH change and freezing rate. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Tan M, Ding Z, Mei J, Xie J. Effect of cellobiose on the myofibrillar protein denaturation induced by pH changes during freeze-thaw cycles. Food Chem 2021; 373:131511. [PMID: 34763934 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate myofibrillar protein (MFP) denaturation induced by pH changes during freeze-thaw (FT) cycles, and to propose an effective mitigation strategy. Owing to the selective crystallization of Na2HPO4·12H2O and the consequent pH change, a pH change of 3.32 units was observed when the MFP solution were frozen. The surface hydrophobicity, particle size and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the protein molecules gradually unfolded and formed larger protein aggregation as the number of FT cycles increases. Additionally, protein degradation, secondary and tertiary structure alterations suggested that the FT cycle could disrupt structural integrity. The addition of cellobiose could maximize the inhibition of pH changes (decrease of ∼0.62 unit), no Na2HPO4·12H2O crystallization was observed by X-ray diffraction. Cellobiose could minimize FT damage to myofibrillar protein, which was closest to the control. Thus, cellobiose can be used as a new and effective cryoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing&Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing&Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing&Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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13
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Sonje J, Thakral S, Krueger S, Suryanarayanan R. Reversible Self-Association in Lactate Dehydrogenase during Freeze-Thaw in Buffered Solutions Using Neutron Scattering. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4459-4474. [PMID: 34709831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to evaluate the effect of freezing and thawing stresses on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) stability under three conditions. (i) In a solution buffered with sodium phosphate (NaP; 10 and 100 mM). The selective crystallization of disodium hydrogen phosphate during freezing caused a pronounced pH shift. (ii) In a solution buffered with histidine, where there was no pH shift due to buffer salt crystallization. (iii) At different concentrations of LDH so as to determine the self-stabilizing ability of LDH. The change in LDH tetrameric conformation was measured by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The pH of the phosphate buffer solutions was monitored as a function of temperature to quantify the pH shift. The conditions of buffer component crystallization from solution were identified using low-temperature X-ray diffractometry. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) enabled us to determine the effect of freeze-thawing on the protein aggregation behavior. LDH, at a high concentration (1000 μg/mL; buffer concentration 10 mM), has a pronounced self-stabilizing effect and did not aggregate after five freeze-thaw cycles. At lower LDH concentrations (10 and 100 μg/mL), only with the selection of an appropriate buffer, irreversible aggregation could be avoided. While SANS provided qualitative information with respect to protein conformation, the insights from DLS were quantitative with respect to the particle size of the aggregates. SANS is the only technique which can characterize the protein both in the frozen and thawed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sonje
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Seema Thakral
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Minatovicz B, Bogner R, Chaudhuri B. Use of a Design of Experiments (DoE) Approach to Optimize Large-Scale Freeze-Thaw Process of Biologics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:153. [PMID: 33982230 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Large volumes of protein solutions are commonly stored in a frozen state before further drug product fill and finish. This study aimed to establish a design space to perform large-scale freeze-thaw (F/T) processes of biotherapeutics without inducing protein destabilization. A response surface model was designed to evaluate the following main factors and interactions: fill volume of the protein solution in 1-L containers, distance among nine containers during both F/T, freezer set temperature, and a novel forced air flow methodology during thawing. The analysis from 46 experimental runs indicated over 4-fold increase in the freezing rate by lowering the freezing temperature from -20 to -80°C, and the forced air flow at 98 fpm doubled the thawing rate. Furthermore, multivariate linear regression modeling revealed the significant impact of all main factors investigated on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) quality attributes. The factor that most strongly affected the retention of LDH activity was the loading distance: ≥ 5 cm among containers positively affected the LDH activity response in 50.6%. The factor that most strongly retained the LDH tetramers was the set freezer temperature towards the lower range of -80°C (2.2% higher tetramer retention compared to -20°C freezing, due to faster freezing rate). In summary, this DoE-based systematic analysis increased F/T process understanding at large scale, identified critical F/T process parameters, and confirmed the feasibility of applying faster freezing and forced air thawing procedures to maintain the stability of LDH solutions subject to large-scale F/T.
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15
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Duran T, Minatovicz B, Bai J, Shin D, Mohammadiarani H, Chaudhuri B. Molecular Dynamics Simulation to Uncover the Mechanisms of Protein Instability During Freezing. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2457-2471. [PMID: 33421436 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Freezing is a common process applied in the pharmaceutical industry to store and transport biotherapeutics. Herewith, multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) protein in phosphate buffer with/without ice formation performed to uncover the still poorly understood mechanisms and molecular details of protein destabilization upon freezing. Both fast and slow ice growing conditions were simulated at 243 K from one or two-side of the simulation box, respectively. The rate of ice formation at all-atom simulations was crucial to LDH stability, as faster freezing rates resulted in enhanced structural stability maintained by a higher number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, less flexible protein's residues, lower solvent accessibility and greater structural compactness. Further, protein aggregation investigated by coarse-grained simulations was verified to be initiated by extended protein structures and retained by electrostatic interactions of the salt bridges between charged residues and hydrogen bonds between polar residues of the protein. Lastly, the study of free energy of dissociation through steered molecular dynamics simulation revealed LDH was destabilized by the solvation of the hydrophobic core and the loss of hydrophobic interactions. For the first time, experimentally validated molecular simulations revealed the detailed mechanisms of LDH destabilization upon ice formation and cryoconcentration of solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo Duran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bruna Minatovicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Dongkwan Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Hossein Mohammadiarani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Institute of Material Sciences (IMS), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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