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Ahmari A, Pourmadadi M, Yazdian F, Rashedi H, Khanbeigi KA. A green approach for preparation of chitosan/hydroxyapatite/graphitic carbon nitride hydrogel nanocomposite for improved 5-FU delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128736. [PMID: 38101677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the side effects of cancer treatment methods is an important issue. The loading efficiency and sustained release of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) have been significantly improved by creating a new method. A nanocarrier with pH sensitivity has been developed through the w/o/w emulsification method. It is loaded with 5-FU and comprises of chitosan (CS), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). g-C3N4 nanosheets were incorporated in CS/HAp hydrogel to improve the entrapment and loading efficiency. Drug loading efficiency and entrapment efficiency reached 48 % and 87 %, respectively, and the FTIR and XRD tests verified evidence of the formation of chemical bonds among the drug and nanocarrier. Structural analysis was done using FE-SEM. DLS and zeta potential were employed to obtain average size distribution and surface charge. The release profile of 5-FU in various conditions shows the nanoparticles' pH dependence, and the nanocomposite's controlled release is consistent with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity were evaluated in vitro using flow cytometry and MTT analysis. The biocompatibility of CS/HAp/g-C3N4 against MCF-7 cells was shown by the MTT method and confirmed by flow cytometry. CS/HAp/g-C3N4@5-FU led to the highest apoptosis rate in MCF-7 cells, indicating the nanocarrier's efficiency in killing cancer cells. These data indicate that the designed CS/HAp/g-C3N4@5-FU can be a potential drug for treating cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, GC, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Ahmad Khanbeigi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Padmanabhan VP, Sivashanmugam P, S M M, Sagadevan S, Kulandaivelu R. The development of ZnO nanoparticle-embedded graphitic-carbon nitride towards triple-negative breast cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24333-24342. [PMID: 37583658 PMCID: PMC10424565 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study deals with the effects of curcumin-loaded ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) sheets for breast cancer cells. The synthesis of these sheets was carried out by a simple co-precipitation method. The physicochemical and thermal properties of the composite sheets were studied using various characterization techniques. The powder X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of the ZnO nanoparticles, which were randomly distributed on the g-C3N4 nanosheets, generating a finely bonded interface between the two components. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful formation of the g-C3N4@ZnO composite, while the thermal studies revealed the thermal stability of the composite. In addition, the drug release and kinetics studies proved that the release of curcumin was more significant under acidic conditions (pH 5) compared with neutral pH (7.4). Further, the biological assays verified the antibacterial activity (against two different cultures of E. coli and S. aureus) and anticancer activity (against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells) of the g-C3N4@ZnO/C nanocomposite. Finally, the lactate dehydrogenase activity assay presented the cytotoxic assessment of the nanocomposite based on its cytoplasmic activity and the extent of enzymes released from the damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pugalmani Sivashanmugam
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai India
| | - Mubashera S M
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University Chennai 600 025 India
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
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Kumar S, Shukla MK, Sharma AK, Jayaprakash GK, Tonk RK, Chellappan DK, Singh SK, Dua K, Ahmed F, Bhattacharyya S, Kumar D. Metal-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites as promising frontier in cancer chemotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e253. [PMID: 37025253 PMCID: PMC10072971 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease associated with complex pathology and one of the most prevalent and leading reasons for mortality in the world. Current chemotherapy has challenges with cytotoxicity, selectivity, multidrug resistance, and the formation of stemlike cells. Nanomaterials (NMs) have unique properties that make them useful for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cancer research. NMs can be engineered to target cancer cells for early detection and can deliver drugs directly to cancer cells, reducing side effects and improving treatment efficacy. Several of NMs can also be used for photothermal therapy to destroy cancer cells or enhance immune response to cancer by delivering immune-stimulating molecules to immune cells or modulating the tumor microenvironment. NMs are being modified to overcome issues, such as toxicity, lack of selectivity, increase drug capacity, and bioavailability, for a wide spectrum of cancer therapies. To improve targeted drug delivery using nano-carriers, noteworthy research is required. Several metal-based NMs have been studied with the expectation of finding a cure for cancer treatment. In this review, the current development and the potential of plant and metal-based NMs with their effects on size and shape have been discussed along with their more effective usage in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesShoolini UniversitySolanHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Monu Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesShoolini UniversitySolanHimachal PradeshIndia
| | | | | | - Rajiv K. Tonk
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDelhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research UniversityNew DelhiDelhiIndia
| | | | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of HealthUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative MedicineUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Faheem Ahmed
- Department of PhysicsCollege of ScienceKing Faisal UniversityAl‐HofufAl‐AhsaSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesShoolini UniversitySolanHimachal PradeshIndia
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Pourmadadi M, Rahmani E, Eshaghi MM, Shamsabadipour A, Ghotekar S, Rahdar A, Romanholo Ferreira LF. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a new carrier for drug delivery applications: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Helmy ET, Ali MA, Ayyad MA, Mohamedbakr HG, Varma RS, Pan JH. Molluscicidal and biochemical effects of green-synthesized F-doped ZnO nanoparticles against land snail Monacha cartusiana under laboratory and field conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119691. [PMID: 35792294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The glass clover snail, Monacha cartusiana (M. cartusiana) is one of the most seriously impacting economic animal pests spreading across Egypt which inflicts severe damages to the agriculture. A green route is developed by deploying an abundant Rosemary plant leaves aqueous extract to synthesize ZnO and F-doped ZnO (F-ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) that display high molluscicidal activities against the M. cartusiana land snails via leaf dipping and contact techniques. The effect of lethal concentrations, that kills 50% of exposed snails (LC50) value of the treatments, is examined on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), enzymes, total protein (TP), total lipids (TL) and cholesterol level of snails, including the histopathological evaluation of the digestive gland and foot of M. Cartusiana. Their molluscicidal activity as poisonous baits under field conditions is also evaluated and compared to the recommended molluscicide, Neomyl. The results show that F- doping dramatically improves the snail control capability of ZnO NPs, and promotes a considerable increase in both ALT and AST enzymes with an enhancement of TL and Cholesterol levels, but a significant decrease in TP content and ALP activity in treated snails compared to the control group. The LC50 values are found to be 1381.55 and 2197.59 ppm using the leaf dipping for F-ZnO and ZnO, while 237.51 and 245.90 ppm can be achieved using the contact technique, respectively. The greenly synthesized F-ZnO and ZnO NPs induce severe histological alterations in the digestive gland and foot of M. cartusiana, including a complete destruction of the digestive tubules. The histological evaluation of the foot of M. cartusiana exposed to ZnO, shows a rupture of the epithelial layer of the foot sole, while F- ZnO NPs causes the folds of the foot becoming deeper and the rupture of epithelial layer. Our field experiments further demonstrate that F-ZnO achieves 60.08% reduction, while ZnO attains 56.39% diminution in snail population compared to the commercial, Neomyl (69.55%), exhibiting great potentials in controlling the harmful land snail populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed T Helmy
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, KayetBey, Elanfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona A Ali
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ayyad
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - H G Mohamedbakr
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Jazan University 2097 Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jia Hong Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Selvakumar T, Rajaram M, Natarajan A, Harikrishnan L, Alwar K, Rajaram A. Highly Efficient Sulfur and Nitrogen Codoped Graphene Quantum Dots as a Metal-Free Green Photocatalyst for Photocatalysis and Fluorescent Ink Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12825-12834. [PMID: 35474775 PMCID: PMC9026095 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The demand for modern organic pollutant treatment has prompted the development of environmentally acceptable photocatalytic processes. In this work, we report novel nitrogen and sulfur codoped graphene quantum dot (S,N-GQD) based photocatalysts and fluorescent ink for the first time. For the degradation of organic dyes under visible irradiation, a hydrothermal technique was employed to generate S,N-GQD green nanomaterials. The synthesized samples were examined using XRD, HR-TEM, EDX, FT-IR, PL, and UV-vis spectroscopy. UV-DRS was used to determine the energy band gap of S,N-GQDs, and it was obtained to be around ∼2.54 eV. To explore the catalytic behavior of the produced S,N-GQDs as green nanomaterials, organic dyes (i.e., crystal violet and Alizarin yellow) have been used as a reference dye in this study. Using several radical scavenging agents, the photocatalytic mechanism was examined. This novel photocatalyst offers a promising alternative for the breakdown of organic pollutants. Moreover, these S,N-GQDs can also be used as fluorescent ink for imaging purposes and security reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamizharasan Selvakumar
- Department
of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muralidharan Rajaram
- Department
of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Abirami Natarajan
- Department
of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Leelavathi Harikrishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumarasamy Alwar
- Department
of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arulmozhi Rajaram
- Department
of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu, India
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