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Wu MY, Huang SW, Kao IF, Yen SK. The Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Calcium Phosphate Composite Microspheres for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:167. [PMID: 38256966 PMCID: PMC10820865 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we successfully prepared porous composite microspheres composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp), di-calcium phosphate di-hydrated (DCPD), and chitosan through the hydrothermal method. The chitosan played a crucial role as a chelating agent to facilitate the growth of related calcium phosphates. The synthesized porous composite microspheres exhibit a specific surface area of 38.16 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.24 cm3/g, with the pore size ranging from 4 to 100 nm. Given the unique properties of chitosan and the exceptional porosity of these composite microspheres, they may serve as carriers for pharmaceuticals. After being annealed, the chitosan transforms into a condensed form and the DCPD transforms into Ca2P2O7 at 300 °C. Then, the Ca2P2O7 initially combines with HAp to transform into β tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) at 500 °C where the chitosan is also completely combusted. Finally, the microspheres are composed of Ca2P2O7, β-TCP, and HAp, also making them suitable for applications such as injectable bone graft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ying Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-W.H.)
- Department of Orthopedics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - I-Fang Kao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - Shiow-Kang Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-Y.W.); (S.-W.H.)
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Iqbal Y, Ahmed I, Irfan MF, Chatha SAS, Zubair M, Ullah A. Recent advances in chitosan-based materials; The synthesis, modifications and biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121318. [PMID: 37739510 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The attention to polymer-based biomaterials, for instance, chitosan and its derivatives, as well as the techniques for using them in numerous scientific domains, is continuously rising. Chitosan is a decomposable naturally occurring polymeric material that is mostly obtained from seafood waste. Because of its special ecofriendly, biocompatible, non- toxic nature as well as antimicrobial properties, chitosan-based materials have received a lot of interest in the field of biomedical applications. The reactivity of chitosan is mainly because of the amino and hydroxyl groups in its composition, which makes it further fascinating for various uses, including biosensing, textile finishing, antimicrobial wound dressing, tissue engineering, bioimaging, gene, DNA and drug delivery and as a coating material for medical implants. This study is an overview of the different types of chitosan-based materials which now a days have been fabricated by applying different techniques and modifications that include etherification, esterification, crosslinking, graft copolymerization and o-acetylation etc. for hydroxyl groups' processes and acetylation, quaternization, Schiff's base reaction, and grafting for amino groups' reactions. Furthermore, this overview summarizes the literature from recent years related to the important applications of chitosan-based materials (i.e., thin films, nanocomposites or nanoparticles, sponges and hydrogels) in different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Iqbal
- Lipid Utilization, Polymers/Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Agriculture Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Irfan
- Lipid Utilization, Polymers/Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Agriculture Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Zubair
- Lipid Utilization, Polymers/Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Agriculture Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Aman Ullah
- Lipid Utilization, Polymers/Materials Chemistry Group, Department of Agriculture Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Komisarek D, Taskiran E, Vasylyeva V. Maleic Acid as a Co-Former for Pharmaceutically Active GABA Derivatives: Mechanochemistry or Solvent Crystallization? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2242. [PMID: 36984121 PMCID: PMC10054091 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compare the mechanochemical and classical solvent crystallization methods for forming maleates of GABA and its pharmaceutically active derivatives: Pregabalin, Gabapentin, Phenibut, and Baclofen. Common characterization techniques, like powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR-spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, are used for the evaluation of structural and physicochemical properties. Our work shows that maleate formation is possible with all investigated target compounds. Large increases in solubility can be achieved, especially for Pregabalin, where up to twentyfold higher solubility in its maleate compared to the pure form can be reached. We furthermore compare the mechanochemical and solvent crystallization regarding quickness, reliability of phase production, and overall product quality. A synthetic route is shown to have an impact on certain properties such as melting point or solubility of the same obtained products, e.g., for Gabapentin and Pregabalin, or lead to the formation of hydrates vs. anhydrous forms. For the GABA and Baclofen maleates, the method of crystallization is not important, and similarly, good results can be obtained by either route. In contrast, Phenibut maleate cannot be obtained pure and single-phase by either method. Our work aims to elucidate promising candidates for the multicomponent crystal formation of blockbuster GABA pharmaceuticals and highlight the usefulness of mechanochemical production routes.
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Rehman S, Madni A, Jameel QA, Usman F, Raza MR, Ahmad F, Shoukat H, Aali H, Shafiq A. Natural Polymer-Based Graphene Oxide Bio-nanocomposite Hydrogel Beads: Superstructures with Advanced Potentials for Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:304. [PMID: 36396831 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study sought to create graphene oxide-based superstructures for gastrointestinal drug delivery. Graphene oxide has a large surface area that can be used to load anti-cancer drugs via non-covalent methods such as surface adsorption and hydrogen bonding. To enhance the bio-applicability of graphene oxide, nano-hybrids were synthesized by encapsulating the graphene oxide into calcium alginate hydrogel beads through the dripping-extrusion technique. These newly developed bio-nanocomposite hybrid hydrogel beads were evaluated in structural analysis, swelling study, drug release parameters, haemolytic assay, and antibacterial activity. Doxorubicin served as a model drug. The drug entrapment efficiency was determined by UV-spectroscopy analysis and was found to be high at ⁓89% in graphene oxide hybrid hydrogel beads. These fabricated hydrogel beads ensure the drug release from a hybrid polymeric matrix in a more controlled and sustained pattern avoiding the problems associated with a non-hybrid polymeric system. The drug release study of 12 h shows about 83% release at pH 6.8. In vitro drug release kinetics proved that drug release was a Fickian mechanism. The cytotoxic effect of graphene oxide hybrid alginate beads was also determined by evaluating the morphology of bacterial cells and red blood cells after incubation. Additionally, it was determined that the sequential encapsulation of graphene oxide in alginate hydrogel beads hides its uneven edges and lessens the graphene oxide's negative impacts. Also, the antibacterial study and biocompatibility of fabricated hydrogel beads made them potential candidates for gastrointestinal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Qazi Adnan Jameel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Usman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - M Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hina Shoukat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Quaid-E-Azam College of Pharmacy, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan
| | - Hamdan Aali
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Shafiq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Bohra BS, Pandey N, Pandey S, Rana S, Chaurasia A, Sahoo NG. Effect of terephthalic acid functionalized graphene oxide on the molecular interaction, and mechanical and thermal properties of Hytrel polymer. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7112-7122. [PMID: 36082826 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00595f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of incorporating functionalized graphene oxide (terephthalic acid functionalized GO; GO-g-TPA) on the thermal and mechanical properties of Hytrel (HTL; a thermoplastic elastomeric polymer). Initially, the synthesis of GO-g-TPA was performed via chemical methods and subsequently characterized using various spectroscopic and imaging techniques. The melt mixing technique was executed in preparing the nanocomposites of HTL/GO and HTL/GO-g-TPA. An excellent GO dispersion was observed in the HTL polymeric matrix, which could be attributed to the significant effect of hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction between the HTL and GO-g-TPA. As a result of incorporating GO and GO-g-TPA into the HTL matrix, the overall mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were significantly improved. For the HTL/5 wt% GO-g-TPA nanocomposite, the tensile strength and storage modulus significantly increased by 61% and 224%, respectively. In addition, the melting temperature and crystalline temperature are increased by a notable 20 °C and 21 °C, respectively. Thus, the current study found that by improving the dispersion ability of the GO sheets, the properties of the HTL can be significantly enhanced and the prepared composite materials can be relevant for a wide range of applications including sports goods, hose jackets, wire and cable jackets, electronics, fluid power, sheeting belting seals, and footwear, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhashkar Singh Bohra
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Neema Pandey
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sandeep Pandey
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun-248007, India
| | | | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
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